Cool-down Research Articles

Twelve-week intradialytic cycling exercise improves physical functional performance with gain in muscle strength and endurance: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intradialytic cycling exercise on physical functional performance with gain in muscle strength and endurance in end-stage renal disease patients with haemodialysis. Design: Randomized controlled trial, with repeated measurements at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of intradialytic cycling exercise. Setting: A 50-bed haemodialysis centre in a regional hospital in Taiwan. Subjects: Seventy-six regular haemodialysis patients, recruited and equally and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. Intervention: The intradialytic cycling exercise was performed for 12 weeks and comprised warm-up, main, and cool-down exercise phases. A stationary cycling equipment was used, which involved aerobic and resistance modalities. The intensity was maintained at somewhat hard exertion. Each intradialytic cycling exercise was implemented for 30 minutes, starting at the second hour of treatment. Main measure: Measured outcomes were 6-minute walk distance, time taken to complete 10 sit-to-stand-to-sit cycles and number of sit-to-stand-to-sit cycles in 60 seconds. Results: Average (standard deviation) participant age was 55.47 (13.00) years. Therefore, the 6-minute walk distance was significantly different at weeks 8 (P = 0.01) and 12 (P < 0.001) in the exercise group compared with that in the control group at baseline. Notably, sit-to-stand-to-sit outcomes (P = 0.01) significantly influenced the 6-minute walk distance. Sit-to-stand-to-sit outcomes significantly improved in the exercise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Twelve-week intradialytic exercise for patients on haemodialysis can improve physical functional performance with gain muscle strength and endurance. This is a safe and effective method for improving health.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Aquatic Cycling for Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly People

Objective: To assess the effects of aqua-cycling on pain, physical function, and muscle strength among elderly people with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: We performed a randomized controlled trial from November 2016 through July 2017 in an outpatient clinic of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University Hospital. Patients were 60 years and older and had knee osteoarthritis. Among 32 patients who were randomly allocated to the groups aqua-cycling and control, 30 completed the study. We used the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score to assess the patients' opinion about their knees and associated problems. The measurements were performed at the baseline, and after 4, 8, and 12 sessions of aqua-cycling. Participants in the intervention group performed aqua-cycling, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Each session lasted 50 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of cycling, and 10 minutes of cool-down exercises. Both groups used acetaminophen, if needed, and followed lifestyle recommendations for 4 weeks. Results: There were significant improvements in pain reduction, physical function, and muscle strength in favor of aqua-cycling (all P &lt; .001). Within-group analyses showed that participants in the aqua-cycling group experienced significant pain reduction (P &lt; .001), and improved in physical function (P &lt; .001), quadriceps (P &lt; .001), and hamstring muscle strength (P &lt; .001). Within-group comparisons for the group control were not significant (all P &gt; .05). Conclusion: Aqua-cycling is effective, and can be used alone or combined with other treatments in the management of osteoarthritis.

Discrete-Event Simulation and Optimization of Spare Parts Inventory and Preventive Maintenance Integration Model Considering Cooling Down and Machine Dismantling Time Factor

Discrete-Event Simulation and Optimization of Spare Parts Inventory and Preventive Maintenance Integration Model Considering Cooling Down and Machine Dismantling Time Factor

Effects of a dynamic combined training on impulse response for middle-aged and elderly patients with osteoporosis and knee osteoarthritis: a randomized control trial.

Dynamic combined training is a crucial component in treating musculoskeletal conditions to increase muscle strength and improve functional ability. This randomized control trial aimed to examine the effect of dynamic combined training on muscle strength and contractile rate of force development (RFD) in patients with osteoporosis (OP) and knee osteoarthritis (KOA). 58 participants with OP or KOA were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) (CGOP, n = 12; CGKOA, n = 15) or training group (TG) (TGOP, n = 14; TGKOA, n = 17). The training group participated in a 12-week, three-days-per-week supervised program consisting of stretching and warm-up exercises (10min), hydraulic resistance training (40min), and cool-down and relaxation exercises (10min). All participants were evaluated at baseline and post-training. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and contractile RFD at 0-200ms increased significantly in middle-aged and older patients with OP. As for KOA, the dynamic combined training program was effective in improving the muscle strength. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and contractile RFD at 0-200ms increased significantly (by 29.22%, P = .000 and 27.25%, P = .019, respectively) in middle-aged and older patients with OP. In the KOA group, MVC and contractile RFD improved but did not reach statistical significance. The dynamic combined training program is effective for health promotion in older adults with OP or KOA.

Mieczysław Jastrun w Łodzi 1931–1939

The paper discusses the inter-war Łódź stage in the biography and work of Mieczysław Jastrun, which forms a part of a broader first period of the writer’s activities (1923–1941). The author of the text, based on source materials and historical documents, reconstructs the sources of the contemporary world-view of Jastrun, characterises philosophical inspirations of the poet and the feeling of threat by fascism (short story “Civitas Diaboli”), as well as the moment of his left-wing ideological turn, including consequences of Marxist reflections. The paper also focuses on the contemporary social relations of the author of Dzieje nieostygłe [History Is Cooling Down], presents Jastrun’s critical opinion of the Łódź literary milieu and some of its initiatives (e.g. the Wymiary [Dimensions] magazine), as well as sketches the image of Łódź as a juggernaut-city of the 1930s, manifested in the poems and the prose of the writer, and combines it with the contemporary personal stance of Jastrun (professional work, marriage to Krystyna Bilska, friendship with painter Karol Hiller).

The Effect of Lower Extremity Strengthening Exercise Using Sliding Stander on Balance and Spasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose: Generally, patients with stroke present with decreased balance and increased spasticity following weakness of the paralyzed muscles. Muscle weakness caused by stroke has two causes. This is caused by a decrease in motor output and an adaptive muscle change, resulting in muscle weakness and muscle paralysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strengthening ex ercise on balance and spasticity in chronic stroke patients and to suggest the basis of clinical treatment. Methods: Twenty subjects were divided into two groups: a lower-extremity strengthening group (experimental group) and a general physical therapy group (control group). The sliding stander equipment was used for the experimental group and a regimen of warm-up exercise, the main exercise routine, and cool-down exercise were used for the muscle strengthening exercise program. Balance and spas ticity were measured before and after the training period. Balance ability was measured by the Berg balance scale, the Timed up and Go test and the weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles by the Spacebalance 3D. Spasticity was measured by the Biodex system. Results: After the training periods, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in BBS, weight distribution of the para lyzed muscles, and decreased spasticity when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study supported the hypothesis that lower-extremity strengthening exercise improves the balance and decreases the spasticity of stroke patients. If it is combined with conventional neurologic physiotherapy, it would be effective rehabilitation for stroke patients.

Effects of aerobic exercise on thyroid hormonal change responses among adolescents with intellectual disabilities

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the impact of a 16-week aerobic exercise programme on the changes in the plasma level concentration of thyroid hormones in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.MethodologyUsing purposive sampling,...

Effects of Self-Traction Exercises on the Vertebral Alignment, Muscle Strength, and Flexibility of Adults in Their Twenties with Scoliosis

Background: Effect of cervical and lumbar tractions on the reduction in the angle of curvature and the effect of a correction exercise or a general traction method on balance, muscle strength, pain, and body alignment, however insufficient research has been undertaken on self traction exercises targeting patients with scoliosis. Purpose: To determine the effect of cervical and lumbar tractions on the reduction in the angle of curvature and the effect of a correction exercise or a general traction method on balance, muscle strength, pain, and body alignment. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blinded) Methods: Twelve adults(20s) with scoliosis were included in this study and performed a traction program that was composed of a 5-min warm-up exercise, a 15-min main exercise, and a 5-min cool-down exercise (25 minutes in total), three times a week for four weeks. The Chiro traction machine was used for the self-traction exercise. Vertebral alignment, muscle strength, and flexibility were compared before and after the intervention using the paired T-test. Results: The scoliosis angle, pelvic torsion, and lumbar extensor were significantly changed by intervention; however, there was no significant difference in flexibility. Conclusion: The results revealed that self-traction exercise activated blood flow through the extension and contraction of muscles, effectively increasing the function of the muscles around the vertebrae.

What Type Of Exercise Is Appropriate For An Optimistic Affective Mind-set?

PURPOSE: “Affective mind-set” is a mental frame or lens that selectively organizes. Previous reports proved that activation of the left anterior brain region is linked with the optimistic affective mind-set. Aerobic exercise such as moderate-intensity interval training (MIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) activates the frontal area of the left hemisphere, which gives euphoric feelings. However, whether interval training is appropriate for stimulating an optimistic affective mind-set is unknown. We hypothesized that interval, rather than continuous, training activates the left brain. This study aimed to evaluate which exercise can activate the left brain more by using three different kinds of bicycle exercise. METHODS: The participants were six healthy male volunteers. The three bicycle exercises used were MCT, MIT, and high-intensity interval training (HIT). Exercise intensity was considered in the assessment of the peak heart rate (PHR) induced by the cardiopulmonary exercise test. A 70% PHR was defined as moderate intensity; and 90% PHR, as high intensity. The MCT protocol included 3 min of warm-up (WU) and 40 min of moderate-intensity (70% PHR) continuous exercise, 3 min of cooldown (CD), and 10 min of rest. The MIT protocol was composed of a 3-minute WU, 4 term of moderate-intensity (70% PHR) exercise, active rest (45% PHR), 5-min CD, and 10-min rest. The HIT protocol was composed of a 3-min WU, 4 term of high-intensity (90% PHR) exercise with active rest (70% PHR), 3-min CD, and 10-min rest. Brain activity was measured using electroencephalography (EEG; NegPos, Neuro Sky). EEG was performed during each session. Data were the mean values obtained at WU, CD, and 5-min rest. ⊿CD-WU and ⊿Rest 5-min WU were calculated. The three groups were compared via one-way analysis of variance, with the Bonferroni test for post hoc comparison. RESULTS: A slight difference was observed among the three groups in ⊿Rest 5-min WU (MIT: 42.0±42.6, HIT: −19.5±48.6, MCT:-3.8±14.8, p<0.057). ⊿CD-WU was not significantly different among the groups (MCT: −2.7±15.8, MIT: 39.1±43.7, HIT: −16.2±51.1, p<0.11). WU and CD showed no significance differences among the three groups (WU: p<0.25, CD: p<0.51). CONCLUSION: MIT is the most appropriate exercise for an optimistic affective mind-set. I have no financial relationships to disclose.

Numerical Investigation on Oil Pan Design Parameters to Improve Engine Performance During Oil Cool Down and Warm Up Periods

For developing automotive industry, one of the focusing point is reduction of engine friction level to decrease both engine emissions and fuel consumption. Important part of researchers have focused on cold engine start period, which has higher friction loses. Shorter warm up period and faster heating of engine oil help to provide better engine performance. Not only warm up time but also better cool down period after engine stops, dramatically effects engine efficiency. If oil temperature stays hot for longer time during the vehicle key-off duration, it brings an important advantageous at the next start. Main purpose of this study is to investigate oil temperature changes depending on the design parameters of the oil pan. This investigation is done for oil warm up and cool down periods by mathematical model, which is validated for 2.0 L and 4 cylinders diesel engine. Design improvement combinations against base steel oil pan has been examined throughly in terms of oil temperature changes, warm up and cool down time, fictional loses and weight reduction opportunity. As a result, 5 mm thickness plastic oil pan with windage tray application is the best solution option since it brings both 12.5 % friction decreasing in cold start after 2 hours key-off duration, and 43 % weight reduction.

Effects of static stretching duration on muscle stiffness and blood flow in the rectus femoris in adolescents.

To compare the effects of 2 and 5 min of passive static stretching (SS) on stiffness and blood flow in the rectusfemoris in adolescent athletes using shear wave elastography (SWE) and superb microvascular imaging (SMI).Material andmethods: This prospective study included 20 male athletes with median age of 14.5 (12.5-16.5) years. The subjects weredivided into two groups based on the SS duration as follows: 2 min (n=10) and 5 min (n=10). At rest and after 2 and 5 minof SS, stiffness and blood flow values were compared in the rectus femoris for each group. Inter-operator reliability was alsoanalysed. There was no significant difference between resting and 2 min of SS in terms of stiffness. The stiffnessvalues decreased significantly from resting to 5 min of SS. The blood flow increased significantly from resting to 2 and 5 minof SS. Inter-operator reliability was moderate to perfect for SWE and SMI measurements (ICC: 0.52-0.83). SWE and SMI can be used to acquire reliable quantitative data about muscle stiffness and blood flow in adolescents. Whilestiffness parameters significantly decreased from resting after only 5 min, blood flow significantly increased both after 2 and5 min. For physical rehabilitation protocols, 5 min of SS may be chosen to reduce stiffness. For competitions, 2 min of SSmay be sufficient for warm-up exercise because it increases the blood flow optimally. Five min of SS may be preferred for thecool-down exercise to enhance recovery.

Cool Down Results from a Fully Localized 250W @ 4.5 K Helium Refrigerator at TIPC

The 250W@4.5K refrigerator, which is localized at Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is composed of the compressor, turbo-expanders, cryogenic heat exchangers, JT valve and electric heater. This refrigerator operates stably and meets the design target after the test and commission. This paper describes the investigation on the optimization of the cool down scheme and the performance analysis of the refrigerator.

Effect of Sparring Training Model on Liver Enzymes and Muscle Damage in Boxers

The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effect of sparring training model on liver enzymes and muscle damage in boxers.14 voluntary athletes engaged in box (23.71±1.44 years of age; 167±5.89 cm; 62.05±8.89 kg) participated in the study. Sparring training model composed of warm-up (25 minutes), main part (30 minutes) and cool-down (15 minutes) exercises was applied to the boxers. The main theme of the study is composed of the free sub-stroke sparring training model in the liver region. Sparring training applied in the liver region and consisting of 3-minute time periods was repeated 3 times with a 1-minute interval as in the punch bag training. In venous blood samples taken from the study group before and after sparring training, AST, ALT and GGT enzyme activities and CK and LDH levels were analyzed with the spectrophotometric method in Beckman Coulter AU 5800 auto analyzer. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 package program. The significance level was accepted as p&lt;0.05 in statistical evaluations. Normal distribution of data was determined with Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired t-test was used in the statistical analysis of normally distributed data. Comparing AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK values of boxers before and after the training, it has been observed that there is a significant increase in AST, LDH and CK values after the training (p&lt;0.05) and significant decrease in GGT values (p&lt;0.05) while there is no significant difference in ALT values (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, it has been determined that sparring training model applied to boxers affects liver enzyme levels in them and significant increases occur in CK and LDH. More comprehensive prospective studies are required in order to establish the possible damage of punches to the liver region on liver in boxers.

Elbow, Wrist and Hand Tendinopathies in Badminton Players

Badminton is one of the most popular sports worldwide. Pathophysiology of badminton injuries is reported to be dominated by overuse injuries and upper limb accounts for approximately one third of overuse injuries mainly to tendons, which are known as tendinopathies. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted including 25 badminton players, to investigate occurrence and associated factors of elbow, wrist and hand tendinopathies in badminton players. A interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain descriptive data (age, sex, level of the player, standards of warm up and cool down, components of training schedule (ex. strengthening exercises, flexibility exercises), intensity of practice (Duration, frequency), duration of playing of the racquet sport and previous injuries to upper limb) from the players. Player’s height, weight, pain response, palm length, finger length, thumb length, palm width, grip strength, active/passive and painful/ pain free Range of motions of elbow, wrist, hand movements, racquet weight, racquet grip size were measured. An overall occurence of 28% of elbow, wrist and hand tendinopathies was recorded. Among them 20% were elbow tendinopathies, 4% were wrist tendinopathies and 4% were hand tendinopathies. Among all, most commonly reportedtendinopathy was lateral epicondylitis (45.9%). There was no significant association observed between occurence of elbow, wrist and hand tendinopathies with intrinsic factors as age, gender, body mass index and hand anthropometries.Out of extrinsic factors, level of player (competitive/recreational), duration of play, history of previous upper limb injuries, training hours per week, strenghening exercises to upper limb, racket characteristics warm up and cool down exercises practices did not show any significant association with elbow, wrist and hand tendinopathies. Performing upper limb flexibility exercises showed a significant association (p < 0.05) with elbow, wrist and hand tendinopathies.The occurrence of elbow, wrist or hand tendinopathy was higher in players who did not perform routine upper limb flexibility exercises.

복합운동프로그램이 비만 초등학생의 혈중지질, 성장호르몬 및 인슐린유사성장인자-1에 미치는 영향

This study aims to determine the effects that combined exercise programs have on the blood lipids, growth hormones, and insulin-like growth factor 1 of obese elementary school children. This study randomly assigned 20 obese male children with a body fat percentage of 25% and more among new participants in the ‘child health behavior improvement service’ promoted by the Community Service Investment Program of J University and the K Office of Education into two groups (exercise group: 10 participants, control group: 10 participants). The combined exercise program of this study was an exercise program that combined aerobic exercise and resistance exercise and the exercise group participated in the program 60 minutes a day, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks and the control group maintained their daily routine. The combined exercise program included warm-up exercises and cool-down exercises for 10 minutes each, aerobic exercises for 20 minutes using a 2 person pedal bike maintaining a range between 50~70%HRR, and band exercises for 20 minutes maintaining a 12-15 on Borg’s rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE, 15-point scale).BR Measurement items before and after exercise were blood lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), GH, and IGH-1 and data analysis of this study was conducted using SPSS 18.0 and ANCOVA. Research results gained through these research procedures were as follows. With regard to changes in blood, GH, and IGH-1 following combined exercise, the exercise group displayed positive changes in TC, TG, GH, and IGF-1.

Efficacy of an exercise program on balance and lower limb functional level among elderly population of Gujarat, India: A randomized controlled trial to prevent falls

Background: Altered balance and lower limb muscle weakness are the common risk factors associated with falls in elderly. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an exercise program on balance and lower limb functional level in elderly population with moderate risk of fall. Materials and Methods: An exercise program, including warm-up exercises, balancing exercises, strengthening exercises, flexibility, and cool-down exercises, was designed for this interventional study. A total of 50 participants were selected by simple random sampling method from the physiotherapy department of the hospital, Ahmedabad, and they were randomly allocated into an interventional group of 25 and a control group of 25 participants. The inclusion criteria included, age: 60–80 years, both men and women, and Berg balance scale (BBS) score of ≤45. The intervention group received the exercise program for 4 times/week for up to 6 weeks and the control group was kept in waiting period. Pre- and post-exercise programs, a comparison of all measures was done with focus on BBS and lower extremity functional scale as primary outcome measures to find out the efficacy of the treatment protocol. The general linear model: Repeated measures analysis of variance and the independent t-test was used for analysis and values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 50 participants including 28 females and 22 males aged 60–80 years with an average age of 69.2 ± 6.6 years were included in the study. The balance and lower limb functional level of the intervention group were significantly higher than the baseline values with large effect size. Furthermore, the intervention group showed statistically significant improvement in balance and lower limb function when compared with the control group. Conclusion: The randomized controlled trial indicated that the designed exercise program for elderly was effective, and there was a significant improvement in balance and lower limb functional level in participants who received the exercise program. This study suggested that elderly people with moderate risk of fall can minimize falls and related fractures by better balance and strength with exercises.

Influence of Cooling Down Exercise on Heart Rate Variability after Steady Load Exercise at the Anaerobic Threshold Intensity

Influence of Cooling Down Exercise on Heart Rate Variability after Steady Load Exercise at the Anaerobic Threshold Intensity

Intelligent Exercise Guidance System Based on Smart Clothing

In this study, we designed and developed an intelligent exercise guidance system based on smart clothing. The system comprised smart clothing for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition and heart rate (HR) monitoring, an exercise control application program, and a cloud server. Music beats were used to guide the exercise routine. The use of an empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-based ECG signal denoising algorithm and a quadratic polynomial regression model (QPRM) of HR and running cadence (running steps per minute guided by music beats) were proposed for the system. Five types of experiments were conducted: Experiments I and II, R-peak detection; Experiment III, preset QPRMs; Experiment IV, degree of completion of exercises; and Experiment V, comparison of preset and trained QPRMs. The average accuracy and sensitivity of the EMD-based R-peak detection method were respectively 99.8% and 94.87% for ECG data from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and 96.46% and 98.75% for ECG data collected from university students during the walking exercise. The coefficient of determination and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the QPRMs were respectively 97.21% and 3.12% for increasing HR and 98.09% and 2.06% for decreasing HR. The average degrees of completion for warmup, training, and cooldown exercise stages were 97.05%, 91.91%, and 98.32%, respectively. The MAPEs of the preset and trained QPRMs were respectively 6.37% and 3.84% for increasing HR and 5.25% and 3.57% for decreasing HR. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed system in exercise guidance.

Stress Analysis of Winding Process, Cooling Down, and Excitation in a 10.7 T REBCO HTS Magnet

A 25.7-T, 32-mm cold bore HTS/LTS superconducting magnet has been fabricated and tested at Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEE, CAS). The REBCO HTS insert experienced large stress state while it was energized up to the target field, which is harmful for the protection of the HTS insert. In this paper, to understand the stress distributions in the HTS insert clearly, a simulation model was proposed, in which the analysis was divided into three stages, i.e., winding process, cooling down, and excitation. The effects of winding tension, band wound over the HTS insert were considered while the HTS insert is fabricated. The residual thermal stress caused by the thermal contraction differences of the coil, mandrel, and band was analyzed during the cooling down process. The final stress state was compared with the stress induced only by the electromagnetic force, which shows a large difference. The experiments conducted after the HTS insert quenched at 25.7 T proves that is not mechanical damage in the HTS magnet and the analysis results are believable.

Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Classical Piano Students at Tertiary Institutions in Malaysia: Proportion and Associated Risk Factors.

Musicians are prone to performance injuries due to the nature of musical practice, and classical pianists are among the groups at high risk for playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). With the growing number of classical pianists in Malaysia, this study aimed to investigate the proportion of PRMDs occurring among classical piano students in tertiary institutions in Malaysia. Associations between gender, practice habits, diet, sports involvement, and PRMD were investigated. A survey was conducted among classical piano students (n=192) at tertiary institutions of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Results showed that 35.8% (n=68) students reported having PRMD. The shoulder was the most commonly affected body site, followed by the arm, finger, and wrist. Pain, fatigue, and stiffness were the most cited symptoms by those who suffered from a PRMD. Chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship between the occurrence of PRMD and practice hours (p=0.031), the habit of taking breaks during practice (p=0.045), physical cool-down exercises (p=0.037), and special diet (p=0.007). Multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed the independent correlation between PRMDs and the lack of taking a break during practice, physical cool-down exercises, and special diet. Because PRMDs are reported at various severity levels, this study should increase awareness of PRMD among classical piano students and encourage injury prevention in musicians in the future to ensure long-lasting music careers.