Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Synthesis of Zeolite from Fly Ash and Bottom Ash and Application for Biodiesel Transesterification

Burning coal in a Coal-Fired Power Plant produces by-products like fly ash and bottom ash. Zeolite synthesized from the ash in Teluk Sirih Coal-Fired Power Plant was applied as a catalyst in the biodiesel transesterification reaction. Zeolite synthesis used the hydrothermal method with acid pretreatment. The operating conditions for fly ash zeolite are a 2.4-molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 and a crystallization time of 6 hours. The bottom ash zeolite used a 2.0-molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 and a crystallization time of 8 hours. The performance test of the synthesized catalyst was carried out in the transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil as a raw material with a free fatty acid content of 0.7%. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Bruneuer-emmet-teller. The biodiesel with the highest yield was analyzed based on SNI 7182: 2015. The synthesis results of the catalyst produced type A zeolite, shown by the typical X-ray diffraction pattern and supported by the morphological test results using a cube-shaped. The surface area of zeolite fly ash and bottom ash is 12.87 m2/g and 5.13 m2/g. The test showed fly ash zeolite had the highest biodiesel yield of 89.66%. Based on the characterization using SNI 7182: 2015, the color and free glycerol met the standards, while density 40 ˚C, kinematic viscosity 40 ˚C, acid number, total glycerol, methyl ester content, and water content did not meet the standards.

Using NaOH@Graphene oxide-Fe3O4 as a magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for ultrasonic transesterification; experimental and modelling

Burning fossil fuels causes toxic gas emissions to increase, therefore, scientists are trying to find alternative green fuels. One of the important alternative fuels is biodiesel. However, using eco-friendly primary materials is a main factor. Sustainable catalysts should have high performance, good activity, easy separation from reaction cells, and regenerability. In this study, to solve the mentioned problem NaOH@Graphene oxide-Fe3O4 as a magnetic catalyst was used for the first time to generate biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The crystal structure, functional groups, surface area and morphology of catalyst were studied by XRD, FTIR, BET, and FESEM techniques. The response surface methodology based central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used for biodiesel production via ultrasonic technique. The maximum biodiesel yield was 95.88% in the following operation: 10.52:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst weight of 3.76 wt%, a voltage of 49.58 kHz, and a time of 33.29 min. The physiochemical characterization of biodiesel was based to ASTM standard. The magnetic catalyst was high standstill to free fatty acid due to the five cycle’s regeneration. The kinetic study results possess good agreement with first-order kinetics as well as the activation energy and Arrhenius constant are 49.2 kJ/min and 16.47 * 1010 min−1, respectively.

Electrohydrodynamic processing in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

In this paper we describe the design, creation, and development of immobilizing calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts onto degradable polymeric mats for environmentally friendly biodiesel production. The polyethersulfone (PES) fiber mats was prepared by electrospinning technique, in which immobilized CaO particles were physically entrapped on the fibers. Immobilized and free-flowing CaO catalysts were later successfully used in the transesterification of fresh and waste canola oil into biodiesel. Entrapped CaO particles in the PES fibers were able to be re-used up to six times in the conversion of triglycerides from fresh canola oil into biodiesel, while transesterification process of waste oil was successfully repeated with immobilized CaO for four times. The use of electrospinning technique allows the creation of a degradable, easily separable and reusable catalysts, which provides a sustainable method for future transesterification reactions of waste oil.

Assessment of greenness of catalytic deoxygenation of crop oil for green diesel production

Green fuels and chemicals significantly contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, their green nature remains questionable in the absence of proper justification of greenness. There is a need for detailed assessment of greenness of claimed processes, fuels, or chemicals. The qualitative method discussed in this study establishes the greenness of a cleaner process of catalytic deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO), leading to the production of green fuels and chemicals. All principles of green chemistry are considered for the assessment. The qualitative analysis of findings shows that 9 out of the 12 principles of green chemistry are fulfilled while the rest of the principles are not applicable for this process. Such discussion could be included in future studies to avoid any uncertainty about their claims of greenness of products or processes. If largely commercialized, catalytic deoxygenation of WCO could be a substantial benefit to the circular bioeconomy of the world.

Synthesis of Green Heterogeneous Bifunctional Zeolite-A/Biochar Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

Synthesis of Green Heterogeneous Bifunctional Zeolite-A/Biochar Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

Bioelectrochemical synthesis of rhamnolipids and energy production and its correlation with nitrogen in air-cathode microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been recently proven to synthesise biosurfactants from waste products. In classic bioreactors, the efficiency of biosynthesis process can be controlled by the concentration of nitrogen content in the electrolyte. However, it was not known whether a similar control mechanism could be applied in current-generating conditions. In this work, the effect of nitrogen concentration on biosurfactant production from waste cooking oil was investigated. The concentration of NH4Cl in the electrolyte ranged from 0 to 1 g L−1. The maximum power density equal to 17.5 W m−3 was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 g L−1 (C/N = 2.32) and was accompanied by the highest surface tension decrease (to 54.6 mN m−1) and an emulsification activity index of 95.4%. Characterisation of the biosurfactants produced by the LC-MS/MS method showed the presence of eleven compounds belonging to the mono- and di-rhamnolipids group, most likely produced by P. aeruginosa, which was the most abundant (19.6%) in the community. Importantly, we have found a strong correlation (R = −0.96) of power and biosurfactant activity in response to C/N ratio. This study shows that nitrogen plays an important role in the current-generating metabolism of waste cooking oil. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where the nitrogen optimisation was investigated to improve the synthesis of biosurfactants and power generation in a bioelectrochemical system.

Synthesis and evaluation of CuO/UiO-66 metal-organic frameworks as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent for immobilizing guest active species due to their high surface area and porosity. In this study, CuO/UiO-66 catalysts with varying amounts of CuO were successfully synthesized and used for converting waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The catalysts were characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, NH3-TPD, SEM, TEM, TGA and FTIR. The biodiesel was characterized using NMR and GC–MS. The results showed that CuO/UiO-66 displayed high catalytic activity due to the synergistic effect between UiO-66 and copper oxide in the composite. Under optimum reaction conditions, we achieved a 90.1 % conversion with the 7 %CuO/UiO-66 catalyst. This catalyst also displayed good stability and reusability with a conversion of 81.06 % after three cycles. Our kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, with 32.26 kJ/mol in activation energy, consistent with a chemically controlled reaction.

Optimization Transesterification Reaction in the Synthesis of Biodiesel from Household Catering Waste Cooking Oil

Optimization Transesterification Reaction in the Synthesis of Biodiesel from Household Catering Waste Cooking Oil

Soap Making Project from Waste Cooking Oil for High School Students’ Chemistry Learning: Qualitative Content Analysis

Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is one of hazardous waste causes serious issues, including environmental and health issues. WCO can be utilized in several bioproducts to reduce the potential of its problems. The purpose of this study is to create teaching-learning sequences from the context of utilization of waste cooking oil into soap. The teaching-learning sequences can be used as a basis to construct lesson design or teaching materials with project-based learning model. This is in line with curriculum in Indonesia known as “Kurikulum Merdeka” for a program called “Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5)”. This research used Qualitative Content Analysis as a method with four stages including material collection, descriptive analysis, category selection, and material evaluation. Data were collected through fourteen literatures analysis and expert validation. Validation experts are from an experienced chemistry teacher and two lecturers from chemistry education field. Validation results the teaching-learning sequences’ is suitable for use for learning activity in terms of content. The result of this study is a teaching-learning sequences which divided into four sections including: (A) The Phenomenon of Waste Cooking Oil, (B) The Composition of Waste Cooking Oil and The Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil, (C) The Soap Making Process with WCO, and (D) The Benefit of WCO Utilization into Soap.

Utilizing Used Cooking Oil and Organic Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Soap Production

This research examined the potential for utilizing waste materials generated during the production of dishes/meals and organic waste. Specifically, it evaluated the use of orange peel (OP), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and waste cooking oil in the production of soaps. For the purposes of this study, homemade soaps were made from used food oils using the cold saponification method using sodium hydroxide. During the soap preparation, spent coffee grounds and orange peel were added to the samples in increasing concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The quality of the individual types of homemade soaps was evaluated on the basis of physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture, total alkalinity, total fatty matter, malondialdehyde content, fat content, foaminess, and hardness. All soaps produced using the cooking oil met the ISO quality criteria and reveal a high TFM content, low moisture content, and also very good foam stability and satisfactory foaming stability. However, no relationship was observed between the use of OP and SCG in soap production and these parameters. However, according to the ABTS test, OP and SCG significantly contributed to the antioxidant properties of the soaps, while SCG-impregnated soaps performed slightly better in this respect. Soaps with SCG also had the highest levels of flavonoids. On the other hand, the fillers used for the soap formulation reduced their hardness. All soaps showed 100% solubility in water, thus confirming the biodegradability of the product. This study demonstrated the novel potential of incorporating waste products like orange peel, spent coffee grounds, and waste cooking oil into homemade soaps, highlighting their contributions to its antioxidant properties and water solubility while ensuring high quality standards.

Systematic screening for the biocatalytic hydration of fatty acids from different oily substrates by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica oleate hydratase through a Design-of-experiments approach

The edible plant oils production is associated with the release of different types of by-products. The latter represent cheap and available substrates to produce valuable compounds, such as flavours and fragrances, biologically active compounds and bio-based polymers. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Oleate hydratases (Em_OhyA) can selectively catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid, into hydroxy fatty acids, which find different industrial applications. In this study, Design-of-experiment (DoE) strategy was used to screen and identify conditions for reaching high yields in the reaction carried out by Escherichia coli whole-cell carrying the recombinant enzyme Em_OhyA using Waste Cooking Oils (WCO)-derived free fatty acids (FFA) as substrate. The identified reaction conditions for high oleic acid conversion were also tested on untreated triglycerides-containing substrates, such as pomace oil, sunflower oil, olive oil and oil mill wastewater (OMW), combining the triglyceride hydrolysis by the lipase from Candida rugosa and the E. coli whole-cell containing Em_OhyA for the production of hydroxy fatty acids. When WCO, sunflower oil and OMW were used as substrate, the one-pot bioconversion led to an increase of oleic acid conversion compared to the standard reaction. This work highlights the efficiency of the DoE approach to screen and identify conditions for an enzymatic reaction for the production of industrially-relevant products.

Biodiesel synthesis via heterogeneous catalysis: investigation of the catalytic performance of CLV98/900 on quality and yield at different production scales

This article investigated the obtaining of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) from waste cooking oil (WCO) via heterogeneous catalysis, applying a catalyst based on mixed oxides (Na-FeAlO) from the red mud (RM) sintering process with sodium carbonate, which was called CLV98/900. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry and differential calorimetric analysis (TG/DTG and DSC), Raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area (BET). The influence of the operational parameters oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:15 and 1:45), reaction time (60, 120 and 180 min) and scale-up on the yield and conversion of the reaction into biodiesel produced were investigated. The catalyst characterization indicated an efficient microstructural transformation of the red mud, thermal stability at the study temperature of 70 ºC, and a mesoporous characteristic. The best yield and reaction conversion results were obtained with the parameters: oil/ethanol ratio of 1:15, 70 °C, 1% catalyst and 60 min, achieving yield and conversion of approximately 75%. The formation of biodiesel was confirmed by GC-MS analysis, reaching a maximum of 100% conversion to the lower phase obtained after the purification process. Therefore, CLV98/900 becomes a promising option when used as a catalyst in biodiesel production through the transesterification reaction of WCO.

Effect of waste cooking oil on the performance of EVA modified asphalt and its mechanism analysis

The balance between the low and high temperature performance of asphalt materials is important to avoid either rutting deformation or low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt pavement. This is beneficial for improving the asphalt pavement comprehensive performance. Considering the excellent high temperature performance of Ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) modified asphalt, this study first modified it with Waste Biological Oil (WBO) to prepare WBO/EVA composite modified asphalt (WEMA) with different dosages. Then the samples were evaluated by the traditional physical properties, low and high temperature rheological properties. Finally, the micro mechanism of WBO on EVA modified asphalt were explored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test and atomic force microscope (AFM) experiments. The experimental results reveal that WBO has a softening effect on EVA modified asphalt, reducing its stiffness and improving its stretching performance and flowability. In addition, WBO can reduce the high-temperature deformation resistance of EMA modified asphalt, but it significantly enhances the low-temperature property of EVA modified asphalt. When the WBO content ranges from 1.5 to 2.5%, the high-temperature performance of WEMA is inferior to that of EVA-modified asphalt, however, its low-temperature performance is significantly better than that of EVA-modified asphalt. Importantly, within this WBO content range, the comprehensive performance of WEMA is superior to that of pure asphalt. Mechanism investigation showed that WBO reduces the content of macromolecular micelles and average molecular weight in EVA modified asphalt, and it also diluts the asphaltene components in the asphalt system, resulting in a slight weakening of the performance of WEMA at high temperatures and a significant performance enhancement at low temperatures. Ultimately, the utilization of WBO/EVA composite modified asphalt has a better comprehensive performance.

Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel utilizing banana peel derived heterogeneous catalyst

Scientists are considering substitute energies as a consequence of the increasing global demand for energy. An eco-friendly and high flash point biofuel, biodiesel, can be obtained from different types of animal fats, vegetable oils, and algal oils through transesterification with methanol with the support of a catalyst. The current study focused on exploring a bio-based heterogeneous catalyst, Nendran banana peel (NBP), for biodiesel production from promising feedstocks like waste cooking oil (WCO) using ultrasound-based transesterification. Catalyst morphological characterization showed a microporous structure and shows the minerals like potassium and calcium present in it which help to catalyze the reaction. The resultant biodiesel yield calculated using 1H NMR showed 72.25% conversion. The outcomes of this study showed that the Nendran banana peel can act as a potent catalyst for the biodiesel manufacturing process.Graphical

SOYBEAN AND WASTE COOKING OIL BASED FEEDSTOCKS AS A SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL

Fuel in transportation is necessary and gas release from transportation activity raises concern of pollution. Sustainable fuels sources are from biomass can convert to the alternative to the bioenergy fuel. It is actively investigated with concern in the environmental effects if using conventional fuels from reservoir of fossil fuels. Hence, to counter these consequences, Sustainable Fuels (SF) is investigated as it is considered a renewable source of fuel. Thus, this study aims to establish an experiment to determine the suitability of biomass fuel by using soybean and waste cooking oil feedstocks. An experiment is set up to produce biomass fuel by using feedstock from different biomass particularly from soybean oil, a first-generation edible feedstock and waste cooking oil, a second-generation nonedible feedstock. The method chosen to produce biomass fuel is transesterification. The experiment will test the effects of a catalyst, namely solid Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, with three levels of concentration 0.75%, 1%, and 1.5% w/w KOH. Once the biomass fuel is produced it will undergo a series of tests to study the effect of parameters such as density, kinematic viscosity, caloric value, acid value and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The results show that using the feedstock 0.75 w/w% of KOH, the yield of biomass fuel is the most for both feedstocks. It is noted that soybean oil yields slightly greater feedstock than waste cooking oil. The density for both feedstock is very similar at 0.87-0.88 g/cm3. The acid value of biomass fuel produced from waste cooking oil is much higher than soybean oil at 0.28 but still under the acceptance range of 0.5. The concentration of catalyst used is a major factor in the yield of biomass fuel. It is also noted that the first-generation edible feedstock of soybean oil produces greater quality of biomass fuel. Nevertheless, first-generation feedstock still poses the food competition threat in comparison to second-generation feedstock. Therefore, establishment of the second-generation feedstock from waste cooking oil produces biomass fuel that is close to the quality of soybean oil, it is a more preferred feedstock compared to soybean oil.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM WASTE MUSTARD OIL AND FRESH MUSTARD OIL

This study investigates the production of biodiesel from waste mustard cooking oil and fresh mustard oil, focusing on their comparative properties. Biodiesel, a renewable energy source, offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, mitigating environmental concerns and enhancing energy security. The production process involves transesterification, converting triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), the primary constituents of biodiesel. Waste cooking oil, often discarded improperly, poses environmental challenges due to its disposal. Utilizing it for biodiesel production presents an eco-friendly solution while addressing waste management issues. Mustard oil, a common edible oil, serves as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering potential economic benefits and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.

Influence of hydrogen-assisted combustion in compression ignition engines fueled with fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel using toroidal combustion chamber

In this research study, fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel (P/WCO) were examined for combustion analysis, engine performance, and emission characteristics tests. Improved combustion and engine performance were achieved using a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) and hydrogen supply as a dual fuel. The combustion behavior of fuel blends and hydrogen fuel was examined by varying the engine load at a constant speed. The results revealed that significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption for rich pine oil. Thus, a slightly lesser energy share from the fuel blends and a higher energy share from the hydrogen fuel was required for the engine to maintain the same brake power. Lower viscosity, higher flash point, and presence of oxygen in the pine oil enhance the combustion rate and brake thermal efficiency. Furthermore, hydrogen induction in the engine improves the flame velocity. A lesser crevice volume in the TCC can trap the unburnt fuel which can further increase the combustion efficiency. Thus, rich pine oil with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC causes advanced ignition, improved combustion, and more heat release during the combustion. The investigation results revealed that hydrogen induction increases the heat release rate and peak pressure by 7.4% and 2.67%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum of 24.55% increase in BTE and 18.22% reduction in BSFC was observed due to a constant 10 lpm hydrogen induction. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel significantly reduces the emissions such as CO, HC, CO2, and smoke. However, more NOx was generated due to more heat release rate during combustion. Thus, pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC improve the engine performance and mitigate the toxic pollutants and can be a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.

A Review on Synthesis, Combustion, Performance and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Waste Cooking Oil Based Biodiesel

A Review on Synthesis, Combustion, Performance and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Waste Cooking Oil Based Biodiesel

Investigation of the use of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced waste cooking oil blends in compression ignition engines.

The sustainable utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative to fossil fuels has gained considerable attention due to its potential for delivering substantial environmental and economic benefits. This research attempts to explore the impact of incorporating aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AONP) into WCO on the emissions, combustion characteristics, and overall performance of a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Comparative analyses were conducted against conventional commercial diesel fuel and pure WCO, as well as varying blends of WCO with AONP at 25ppm, 50ppm, and 75ppm concentrations. The experimental results demonstrate a notable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with a 13.2% increase observed in the WCO + 75 AONP fuel blend compared to neat WCO. Engines fueled by WCO nanoparticle blends showed significant augmentation in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates. Furthermore, these blends exhibited a substantial reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and soot emissions by 44%, 31%, and 48%, respectively, while nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions increased by 7% compared to neat WCO. Among the assessed fuel mixtures, the WCO + 75 AONP blend demonstrated higher engine performance. This study underscores the potential of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced WCO blends as viable and environmentally responsible options for sustainable energy solutions. However, challenges such as production costs and long-term fuel stability must be addressed to establish nano-fuels as financially viable alternatives.

PURIFYING USED CANOLA OIL USING Zingiber Officinale (GINGER) AS ADSORBENT

Enormous waste of cooking oil is produced daily in households and food service industries. It can harm the consumer's or the environment's health if not handled and disposed of properly. To help lessen the disposal and over-reused consumption of used cooking oil, the researchers devised purifying used cooking oil using Zingiber officinale (Ginger) as an adsorbent. The selected cooking oil employed in this study is Canola oil, a low-cost vegetable oil widely known for its healthy content. The researcher utilized a quantitative research design to obtain the desired data. Two experiments were conducted: first, purifying the used Canola oil using Ginger, and second, testing the free fatty acid content of the unused, used, and used Canola oil. The results revealed that the FFA content of the used Canola oil is 19.18% in 5g and 16.92% in 3g. As for the purified Canola oil, the percentage in 5g is 12.41%, while it is 16.92% in 3g. The FFA content of the samples was compared using the one-way ANOVA test and paired t-test. Based on the gathered data, the results indicate a low significant difference between the free fatty acid content of the used Canola oil and purified used Canola oil is relatively low. Thus, using Ginger as an adsorbent does not significantly affect the purification process. Further research is recommended in this study as alterations, measurements, and proportions during the experimentations may affect the data results.