Cooking Oil Samples Research Articles

Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the waste and edible vegetable oil classification

Twelve samples of waste cooking oil (WCO) were prepared by four different deep-frying procedures. The edible and the waste oil samples were characterised by Raman spectroscopy, revealing few and almost negligible differences between them. Therefore, the possibility of classifying the different groups of samples by extracting valuable data from the Raman spectra through statistical multivariate analysis was explored. Even if the number of samples was not enough to draw definitive conclusions, unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) conducted on the raw Raman signals, allowed to distinguish within edible and waste vegetable oil, and to select the most relevant combination of variables associated with each family. Using sparse partial least square discriminant analysis (S-PLS-DA), we determined a chemical fingerprint characteristic of each sample by creating a Variable In Projection (VIP) plot. The methodology herein presented could find relevant application in the detection of waste adulteration in vegetable oils sold for industrial purposes other than food.

Development of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) monitoring device for evaluation of oil samples used for biodiesel production

Diversion of oil sources for biodiesel production has been gaining importance to meet the environmental concerns and energy demand. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of the feedstock is a significant factor in biodiesel production. The FFA values determine the complexity of the biodiesel production. Until date, an experimental procedure has been used to determine the FFA concentration of an oil source; this method is dependent on titration, which is a laborious process involving significant volumes of chemicals. Hence, in the present study, an attempt was made to develop a device for the identification of FFA of the oils. Waste cooking oil samples subjected to wide range of cooking conditions like cooking time, temperature, type of food are collected from different food outlets. Subsequently, the composition of oil samples and the variation in their quality were analysed using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC – FID). Biodiesel is prepared from the oil samples through transesterification and the impact of FFA and their respective methyl esters in the quality and properties have been investigated. The properties of biodiesel were determined as per ASTM standards. The study was further extended to correlate the properties of biodiesel with the composition of the oil from which it was derived. The analysis evidently proved the dependence of biodiesel properties on the FFA percentage and the composition of the oil. The results have been further substantiated with the performance and emission characteristics of internal combustion engine fuelled with the prepared biodiesel samples.

Analysis of the Quality of Fresh and Used Cooking Oil Among Fried Catfish Street Vendors in the Eastern Region of Lamongan Sub-District, Lamongan District

Cooking oil that is repeatedly used by vendors can cause damage and a decline in quality. Moreover, it can pose health risks. Repeated use of cooking oil leads to various degradation reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization. This research aims to analyze the quality differences between initial and used cooking oil. The study is a survey with a cross-sectional study method. The sampling technique used purposive sampling (13 vendors) with data analysis using a paired t-test at a 5% significance level. Cooking oil samples were taken twice a day. The chemical quality analysis results of 13 initial cooking oil samples showed that the percentage that did not meet SNI 7709:2019 standards for water content was 46.15%, free fatty acids were 46.15%, and peroxide values were 69.23%. For used cooking oil samples, the percentages that did not meet SNI 7709:2019 standards for water content were 92.30%, free fatty acids were 100%, and peroxide values were 100%. The average TBA value for all initial-use cooking oil samples was 0.44 mg MDA/kg, and for used cooking oil samples was 0.65 mg MDA/kg, both higher than the reference sample (0.15 mg MDA/kg).. The t-test results showed that there were quality differences between the initial and used cooking oil used by street vendors selling pecel lele in the eastern region of Lamongan District.

A comparative study on biodiesel production from edible and non-edible biomasses

Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional diesel fuel. It can be produced from various sources, primarily through homogeneously alkali-catalyzed transesterification. However, with the increasing demand for edible oils and the ongoing concerns about using edible resources for fuel, non-edible oils have become more attractive for biodiesel production. Non-edible oils, such as those derived from waste oils, offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly source for biodiesel production. The current study compares biodiesel samples’ properties derived from an uncooked sunflower oil sample provided by a local bio-industry and four waste cooking oil samples collected from a local restaurant and fast food shop. The findings indicated that most biodiesel properties from edible and non-edible biomass feedstocks were found to be similar and met the specifications outlined in the EN 14,214 standard. Nevertheless, the oxidation stability and the viscosity were found to be outside the specified limits in most of the samples. Additionally, GC–MS analysis exhibited a similar composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), with a high proportion of unsaturated FAMEs in all biodiesel samples.

Determination of Pork Fatty Acid in Bulk Cooking Oil

The increase in cooking oil prices in early 2022 will force people to switch from packaged cooking oil to bulk cooking oil, which does not have a brand or label. People cannot differentiate between bulk cooking oil produced by factories and recycled used cooking oil. Currently, people not only use vegetable cooking oil in their daily lives, but many people mix it with animal cooking oil to produce a more savoury taste in their dishes. This research aims to determine the fat content of pork based on the fatty acid composition and fatty acid levels in bulk cooking oil circulating in the community. The method used to determine the fat content of pork in bulk cooking oil samples is using GC-FID. The level of the fatty acid 11,14-Eicosadienoic Acid (C20:2) in pork fat, which is a marker for the presence of pork fat in the sample, is 0.57%, whereas it was not detected in the bulk oil sample.

Assessment of radiological hazards due to ingestion of natural radionuclides in cooking oil samples

Assessment of radiological hazards due to ingestion of natural radionuclides in cooking oil samples

Analisis Kimia Minyak Goreng Bekas Pedagang Gorengan Dengan Metode Deep Frying di Lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Kota Jambi

Background: The largest demand for cooking oil in Indonesia is dominated by the use of coconut cooking oil with a breakdown of 8.954 million tons for palm cooking oil. Indonesia's most favorite food product is fried food. Fried food is one of the snacks that is always present when gathering. Examples of molen, fried tofu, fried tempeh, fried banana, fried bakwan, with deep frying methods that use a lot of oil, so that it has an impact on the use of cooking oil repeatedly and causes damage to cooking oil. Aims: aims to determine the chemical damage of used cooking oil based on the test parameters of water content, free fatty acid content and peroxide number content in accordance with the 2019 SNI palm cooking oil standard Methods: Descriptive non-experimental research is survey in nature, by collecting data interviews and questionnaires. This research was conducted in May-June 2023. The method of determining the sample is total sampling and univariate data processing. Results: The results showed that of the 10 samples of cooking oil used by fried food traders in private universities in Jambi City, there were 10% moisture content, 10% free fatty acid content and there were 100% peroxide number levels that did not meet the 2019 SNI standards. Conclusion: Of the 10 samples of used cooking oil from fried food traders in private universities in Jambi City, there was 1 sample of used cooking oil H that did not meet the 2019 SNI palm cooking oil quality standards

Liquid Characterization of 2 GHz Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) for Water Quality Applications

This study describes a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-based planar microwave sensor. Its capability in detecting several samples which are based on the usual water contaminant in Malaysia was investigated. The CSRR sensor was designed with an unloaded resonant frequency of 2.0 GHz, and it was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.3. The S-parameter responses of the sensor were measured under two conditions; i) unloaded and ii) loaded. For the latter, samples of tap water, salt water, isopropyl alcohol, filtered water and cooking oil were used to load the resonant element of the CSRR. The measurement result of unloaded CSRR shows that the designed sensor resonates at 1.99 GHz, which is in line with the simulation. The measurement results also showed that the presence of all samples caused the resonant frequency of the CSRR to shift, with filtered water and cooking oil showing the biggest frequency shifts (0.84 GHz and 0.96 GHz, respectively). A sensitivity analysis of the CSRR was carried out and it shows that it achieves 0.25% sensitivity. The proposed sensor may be a useful substitute for pricey commercial sensors for applications involving water quality because of the inexpensive materials and ease of fabrication.

Uji Bilangan Peroksida Pada Minyak Curah Bekas Rumah Tangga Di RT 05 Jalan Kedung Mangu Kecamatan Kenjeran Kota Surabaya

In the past year, the price of bottled oil has soared and its availability has become scarce. So that in its use, people use bulk oil instead of packaged oil and use it repeatedly. Repeated use of cooking oil can increase the value of the peroxide value. Peroxide number value in oil that is not in accordance with SNI 3741-2013 is 10 mek O2/ Kg indicates that the oil is damaged or rancid. This study aims to determine the value of peroxide value in bulk oil that is used repeatedly using the Iodometry method with two experimental repetitions. The results of this study prove that repeated frying can increase the peroxide value significantly. Peroxide number value in sample A1 = 9.82; A2 = 9.416; B1 = 15.95; B2 = 14.455; C1 = 20.41; C2 = 20.904; D1 = 4.969 ; D2 = 5.607 : E1 = 7.001 ; E2 = 7.676. Of the 5 samples tested, it was shown that there were samples B and C whose results exceeded the SNI 3741-2013 Standard, Sample A approached the maximum limit of the SNI 3741-2013 Standard, and Samples D and E were below the SNI 3741-2013 Standard. According to the survey, it was found that samples B and C were the cooking oil samples with the most frequency of frying successively 5 – 7 times. So it can be concluded that the more often the frying is done repeatedly, the higher the peroxide number value in the household used bulk cooking oil.

Uji penetapan kadar asam lemak bebas minyak goreng dari kulit ayam

Background: Currently, the Indonesian people are shocked by the scarcity of cooking oil. Demand increases yearly along with the population, making cooking oil an important commodity and essential to the Indonesian economy. The composition of broiler chicken skin contains oil. If this oil is processed into cooking oil, it will be able to overcome environmental pollution so that the broiler fat skin waste has economic value. However, the feasibility of making it a substitute for packaged cooking oil is not yet known, so further research is needed to determine its safety and feasibility.Objectives: This study aims to determine the feasibility of cooking oil from chicken skin and the free fatty acid content of cooking oil from chicken skin.Methods: The research method was experimental. The research began with the purchase of chicken skin samples from the traditional Palopo City market. Furthermore, research was carried out at the Pharmacy Laboratory of Muhammmadiyah University of Palopo, which was carried out in 2022. The primary sample of this research is chicken skin. The sample was roasted in a pan until it released oil. Then standardization of 0,05 N NaOH solution was carried out, after which free fatty acid content was determined.Results: Organoleptical test results on the two different cooking oil samples showed differences in odor, color and pH. Furthermore, it was found that the effect caused by high fatty acid levels on the production feasibility standards of oil will produce rancidity in oil and increase cholesterol levels in oil.Conclusion: Cooking oil produced by chicken skin does not meet the standards for the feasibility of use. This is due to the value of the presentation of free fatty acids, and the acidity number does not meet the applicable cooking oil quality standards.

Graphene oxide modified cellulose paper-based device: A novel platform for cooking oil quality evaluation

A novel platform of microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) with colorimetric acid-base titration for cooking oil quality evaluation was created and oleic acid was selected as a model analyte. Graphene oxide (GO) was used to modify cellulose paper for improved visualization and increased hydrophobicity of the colorimetric sensor. μPAD with colorimetric acid-base titration was prepared by immobilizing phenolphthalein and primary standard of Na2CO3 on GO-modified cellulose paper and applied for oleic acid detection. The neutralization of oleic acid on the cellulose paper was illustrated by color disappearance from pink to colorless. This platform provided a linearity of (0–2% v/v), covering a cut-off oleic acid level (1.0%) for evaluation of cooking oil quality. This device, designed with 3D-μPAD, created the automatic lateral-flow channel for semi-quantitative analysis of cooking oil without instrumental requirement. The content of oleic acid equated to the number of pink-detection area disappearing. Ultimately, this device was successfully applied for cooking oil quality evaluation in real waste cooking oil samples.

The Addition Effect Of Active Carbon From Waste of Ambon Lumut Banana Peel ( Musa acuminata Colla) on Decreasing Peroxide in Used Cooking Oil

High temperature, repeated, and oxidized heating process will experience used cooking oil damage. Peroxide number is the most important value to determine the degree of damage the oil. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of soaking with activated carbon from Ambon Lumut banana peels with different activators on decreasing the peroxide value in used cooking oil, determining the analysis was carried out using the iodometric method. The results were obtained after soaking banana peel activated carbon with HCl activator in used cooking oil samples from frying chicken, fried snacks, and 2 times the use of each % decreased peroxide number by 82.26%; 30.90% and 68.88%, while the ZnCl2 activator in these samples decreased by 85.22%; 51.82% and 92.77%. The use of ZnCl2 activator gives the best results in reducing the peroxide value in used cooking oil.

Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Epidemic Dropsy Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Assam, India.

Background The clinical condition of epidemic dropsy is caused by the consumption of edible oils contaminated with Argemone mexicana oil. Two of the most toxic alkaloids found in argemone oil are sanguinarine and dehydrosanguinarine, which cause capillary dilation, proliferation, and increased permeability. Extreme cardiac decompensation leading to congestive heart failure and glaucoma resulting in blindness are the most serious consequences of epidemic dropsy. Materials and methods All patients attending the medicine department of Tezpur Medical College and Hospital with clinical features of epidemic dropsy were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. All patients, after a complete history, underwent a thorough clinical examination, and findings were recorded using a pre-formed proforma. Along with routine blood examination, patients were also evaluated with echocardiography, ECG, and chest X-ray. Cooking oil samples obtained from patients were investigated for the presence of sanguinarine in a standardized laboratory with the help of the district authority. The statistical analysis was done using MS Excel 2017. Results Out of 38 patients, 36 were male (94.7%), and only two were female (5.2%). Male to female ratio was 18:1. This difference in sex ratio may be due to the fact that only severely ill patients attended our tertiary care hospital. In contrast, moderate and mildly ill patients were treated in local hospitals. The mean age of patients was 28.1 years, and the mean length of hospital stay was eight days. Bilateral pitting type of ankle edema was the most common clinical manifestation, and all 38 patients (100%) exhibited edema. A total of 76% of patients had dermatological manifestations. Sixty-two percent of patients had gastrointestinal manifestations. In cardiovascular manifestation, persistent tachycardia was seen in 52% of patients, pansystolic murmur was best heard in the apical area in 42% of patients, and 21 percent had evidence of a raised jugular venous pressure (JVP). Five percent of patients had pleural effusion. Sixteen percent of patients had ophthalmological manifestations. Eight patients (21%) required ICU care. The in-hospital fatality rate was 10.53% (n=4). Of the expired patients, 100% were male. The most common cause of death was cardiogenic shock (75%), followed by septic shock (25%). Conclusion From our study, it was found that most of the patients were male, with an age group of 25-45 years. The most common clinical manifestation was dependent edema, along with signs of heart failure. Other common manifestations were dermatological and gastrointestinal. The severity and outcome were directly related to the delay in seeking medical consultation and diagnosis.

Molecularly imprinted polymer of p-amino thiophenol for a 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol impedance-based sensor

A sensor of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) has been developed using molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technique. The sensor was prepared from graphite pencil electrodes modified with gold particles and polymer of p-amino thiophenol as the membrane to form a self-assembled MIP with 3-MCPD. The signal of the sensor was obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy calculated by the difference resistances before and after interaction between the sensor and 3-MCPD. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the 3-MCPD concentration range 0.12–1.11 ppm. The estimated limits of detection and quantification of 0.12 ppm and 0.39 ppm, respectively, could be achieved. Good stability of the responses was shown with a relative standard deviation of 4.44% (n = 9) for signals repeatability in the same day and 4.20% in the different days, while it was 5.62% (n = 7) for reproducibility. The developed sensor also showed excellent selectivity for the interferences of 2-MCPD, glycerol, palmitic acid, vitamin A, and β-carotene. Furthermore, an example application of the sensor for the detection of 3-MCPD in real cooking oil samples was also successfully demonstrated, indicating the developed sensor is promising for real applications of 3-MCPD detection.

PEMBUATAN BIOADSORBEN DARI KOMBINASI KITOSAN DAN KULIT JAGUNG PADA PROSES PEMURNIAN MINYAK JELANTAH

Adsorbent is a solid substance that can absorb certain components from a fluid phase. Adsorbents consist of materials that are porous and directly hit the pore walls at a pertical location. The purpose of this final project is to see whether the purification of used cooking oil with the adsorbent method using a mixture of corn husk and shrimp shell chitosan adsorbents in several comparisons has an effect in purifying used cooking oil. This research was conducted by adsorption method of used cooking oil samples using corn husk bioadsorbent and shrimp shell chitosan. The use of this used cooking oil adsorbent process is so that used cooking oil that is no longer suitable for use in the community can be reused. Then proceed with the adsorption process starting with 100 ml of oil added 5 g of adsorbent with variations in the mass ratio of chitosan and corn husk = ((25: 75), (50: 50), and (75:25)%) stirring constantly for 90 minutes with temperature 70-80 C. The best results based on SNI cooking oil are in a ratio of 3,5 g: 1,5 g to 5 grams of adsorbent used or at a ratio of 75% corn husk adsorbent: 25% shrimp shell chitosan, with an acid number of 0,62 mg KOH /g, the free fatty acid compound is 0,80% and the peroxide number is 6,36 meq 02/kg.

Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Fresh and Waste Cooking Oils to Fatty Acids Followed by Esterification to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: Detailed Characterization of Feedstocks and Products.

In this present work, the hydrolysis of a sample of rapeseed oil (RSO) and two waste cooking oil (WCO) samples in subcritical water has been carried out in a stirred batch stainless-steel reactor to produce fatty acids. Using RSO as a model triglyceride, the effects of reaction parameters on the yields of fatty acids were investigated to determine the optimum set of hydrolysis conditions to be a temperature of 300 °C, a reaction time of 60 min, and a vegetable oil-water mass ratio of 1:2. The set of optimum conditions was applied to the hydrolysis of the WCOs. Oleic acid was the dominant fatty acid with yields of 74.4 wt % from RSO and 57.5 and 72.4 wt % from the two WCOs, respectively, while palmitic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid with yields of up to 31 wt %. The feedstocks and fatty acid products were characterized by acid-base titration and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thereafter, the hydrolysis products from the optimum conditions were esterified to their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which were further characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and TGA. With RSO at the optimum hydrolysis conditions, acid-base titration gave a fatty acid yield of 97.2 wt %, while TGA gave 86 wt %. Under the same conditions, the yield of FAMEs from GC/MS analysis was 88.6 wt %, while TGA gave a FAMEs' yield of 91 wt %. This study showed that the simple TGA method provided detailed and complete characterization of lipid feedstocks and their conversion products. In addition, subcritical water hydrolysis can be used to valorize WCOs to fatty acids, with little or no extensive feedstock purification, for various applications including biodiesel production.

Detection of Vitamin A and D in Various Cooking Oils Available in the Market


 
 Vitamin A and D deficiencies are very much widespread in Pakistan. The National Nutrition Survey of 2018 revealed very high rates of these deficiencies. 46% of the pregnant women were deficient in vitamin A and 69% in vitamin D. The problem repeats itself in children under 5, about 54% of children were deficient in vitamin A and 40% were deficient in vitamin D. Vitamin A deficiency creates complications with the vision and enhances infections by reducing immunity in adults. Despite getting enough sunlight for most of the year, vitamin D deficiency is also very high and it affects the bone tissues and impairs the proper functioning of bones leading to bone fractures and rickets. To control these deficiencies proper interventions like food fortification is required. Vegetable cooking oils are consumed at large in Pakistan and are used in almost all food preparations. The present study attempts to evaluate the various cooking oils available in the markets of Lahore for their vitamin A and D content. AOAC official methods were used for the detection and quantification of vitamins in the oil samples. The antimony trichloride method was used to detect the presence of vitamin A and D. HPLC was used to quantify the values of vitamin A and D in 14 cooking oil samples. The results showed that 70% of the edible oil samples were fortified with vitamin A and D but only 28% of them meet the nationally prescribed standards. While 30% of samples were not fortified with vitamin A and D.
 

Optimization time and mass of eggshell adsorbent in improving waste cooking oil quality

Oxidation and hydrolysis damage to cooking oil can occur due to repeated use of cooking oil. Adsorption by utilizing eggshells, which contain high calcium carbonate and have a natural pore structure that can improve the quality of used cooking oil. This study aims to determine the physical properties and characteristics of the thermally activated chicken eggshell adsorbent and to determine the ability of the adsorbent to absorb acid and metal cadmium. The steps carried out in this study were the manufacture of adsorbents, quality tests of the adsorbents produced, and testing of adsorbents on used cooking oil samples based on acid numbers and decreasing levels of metal cadmium in the samples. The adsorption process of used cooking oil was carried out with variations in the mass of the adsorbent, namely 5, 7, 9, and 11 grams, and stirring time for 10, 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the optimum conditions for decreasing the acid number with the use of an adsorbent mass of 11 grams and a stirring time of 60 minutes resulted in an acid number was 0.9974 mg NaOH/g with a decrease in the acid number of 76.54%, while for cadmium metal it decreased by 100% with adsorption capacity of 2.57124 mg/g.

Qualitative Assessment of Cooking Oils Used by Street Food Vendors of Lahore, Pakistan

Background: Street foods have gained popularity around the world in the past few decades. The current study was carried out in order to quantitative analysis of used cooking oils by Street Food Vendors (SFVs) of Lahore, Pakistan.
 Methods: Fifty samples of cooking oil used by SFVs were collected. Also, a questionnaire was designed for qualitative assessment that revealed maximum vendors used vegetable ghee because of its low cost and practiced addition of new oil into the used one instead of disposing it. The samples were also quantified for their Moisture Content (MC), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Peroxide Value (PV), Iodine Value (IV), and Total Polar Compounds (TPC). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.
 Results: The survey data indicated poor knowledge regarding the safety and health aspects of cooking oils among SFVs. Moreover, mean values indicated that most of the samples were unhealthy as they exhibited higher MC (>0.10%), TPC (>25%), PV (>10 meq. O2/kg), and FFA (>0.20 mg KOH/g); and very low IV (<80 g/100g) in samples.
 Conclusion: The analysis revealed that the SFVs of Lahore, Pakistan used low-quality cooking oil. The quantitative assessment of cooking oils showed high values of moisture, FFAs, polar contents, and PVs.

Exposure assessment of aflatoxins and zearalenone in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China: health risks posed by mycotoxin immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in children.

Human exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we analyzed the exposure level and health risks posed by AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) and ZEA through cooking oil consumption in Shandong, China. The individual daily consumption of cooking oil was calculated through 2745 questionnaires during 2017-2019. The average contamination levels of mycotoxins were estimated by examining 60 cooking oil samples. For the peanut oil, AFs ranged from <0.2 to 274 μg/kg, with a positive rate of 66.6% (20/30). Average levels of 36.62 μg/kg AFB1 and 44.43 μg/kg total AFs were found. Over-the-limit level (20 μg/kg) of AFB1 was detected in 8/30 samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) for age-stratified population groups showed that children are facing highest adverse health risk with AFB1 (MOE 5.88-6.39). The liver cancer incidences attributable to AFB1 exposure are non-negligible as 0.896, 0.825, and 0.767 cases per 100,000 for 6-14 age group, 15-17 age group, and adult labor-intensive workers. Over-the-limit level (60 μg/kg) ZEA contamination was detected in 25/30 corn oil samples with a 50th percentile value of 97.95 μg/kg. Our health risk assessment suggested significant health risks of enterohepatic (inflammation and cancer), reproductive, and endocrine systems posed by AFs and ZEA. However, the health risk of immunotoxicity is unclear because currently animal study data are not available for the immunotoxicity induced after long-term exposure. In general, the health risks posed by mycotoxins are non-negligible and long-term mycotoxin surveillance is necessary.