Convulsive State Research Articles

Ameliorative effect of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. by suppression of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice: An insight from EEG, neurobehavioral and in-silico studies

Epilepsy is an abiding condition associated with recurrent seizure attacks along with associated neurological and psychological emanation owing to disparity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The current study encompasses the assessment of the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. methanolic extract (Na.Cr) in the management of convulsive state and concomitant conditions owing to epilepsy. The latency of seizure incidence was assessed using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling models along with EEG in Na.Cr pretreated mice, trailed by behavior assessment (anxiety and memory), biochemical assay, histopathological alterations, chemical profiling through GCMS, and molecular docking. The chronic assessment of PTZ-induced kindled mice depicted salvation in a dose-related pattern and outcomes were noticeable with extract at 400 mg/kg. The extract at 400 mg/kg defends the progress of kindling seizures and associated EEG. Co-morbid conditions in mice emanating owing to epileptic outbreaks were validated by behavioral testing and the outcome depicted a noticeable defense related to anxiety (P<0.001) and cognitive deficit (P<0.001) at 400 mg/kg. The isolated brains were evaluated for oxidative stress and the outcome demonstrated a noticeable effect in a dose-dependent pattern. Treatment with Na.Cr. also preserved the brain from PTZ induced neuronal damage as indicated by histopathological analysis. Furthermore, the GCMS outcome predicted 28 compounds abundantly found in the plant. The results congregated in the current experiments deliver valued evidence about the defensive response apportioned by Na.Cr which might be due to decline in oxidative stress, AChE level, and GABAergic modulation. These activities may contribute to fundamental pharmacology and elucidate some mechanisms behind the activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.

Prophylactic treatment with the c-Abl inhibitor, neurotinib, diminishes neuronal damage and the convulsive state in pilocarpine-induced mice

The molecular mechanisms underlying seizure generation remain elusive, yet they are crucial for developing effective treatments for epilepsy. The current study shows that inhibiting c-Abl tyrosine kinase prevents apoptosis, reduces dendritic spine loss, and maintains N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) phosphorylated in invitro models of excitotoxicity. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice promotes c-Abl phosphorylation, and disrupting c-Abl activity leads to fewer seizures, increases latency toward SE, and improved animal survival. Currently, clinically used c-Abl inhibitors are non-selective and have poor brain penetration. The allosteric c-Abl inhibitor, neurotinib, used here has favorable potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics, and vastly improved brain penetration. Neurotinib-administered mice have fewer seizures and improved survival following pilocarpine-SE induction. Our findings reveal c-Abl kinase activation as a key factor in ictogenesis and highlight the impact of its inhibition in preventing the insurgence of epileptic-like seizures in rodents and humans.

Magnesium at physiological pregnancy and at its complications

Sources of literature on the role of the trace element magnesium and the assosiation with calcium in physiological processes in the body of reproductive aged women and pregnant women, the importance of its main functions and role in preventing the main pregnancy complications were analyzed.&#x0D; Magnesium is the fourth most important extracellular cation after sodium, potassium and calcium and the second intracellular cation in importance after potassium. Many researchers have proven the participation of magnesium in almost everyone important functions in the body. Magnesium performs the following functions which are closely interconnected: metabolic, energetic, enzymatic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic, vascular, neuroprotective, structural, is an antagonist of calcium and an agonist of NMDA receptors. Magnesium realizes its functions in close interaction with cations of sodium, potassium and calcium. It acts as a calcium antagonist. It should be noted attention to the understanding of the interaction of divalent cations-competitors of magnesium and calcium. Calcium has complex influences on interaction of magnesium with blood proteins, reduces its concentration, which can affect physiological processes during pregnancy and in non-pregnant women.&#x0D; Today, magnesium is used only for prevention and treatment of eclampsia, in which anticonvulsants are commonly used ineffective. It can be assumed that different convulsive states have different intracellularly or extracellularly magnesium concentration is important in the pathogenesis and occurrence of eclampsia. Determination of magnesium concentration never was indicated in the recommendations for the management of preeclampsia. Magnesium use is insufficiently substantiated in cases of uterus contraction activity in any conditions (threat of abortion, premature birth) and prevention of pathological blood clot formation (as causes of multiple complications of pregnancy), neuroprotective effect on a child.&#x0D; The role of magnesium in the production of steroid hormones has been proven. However, this effect remains unrealized in obstetrics and gynecology practice.&#x0D; Data from literature sources given in the article help justify the use of magnesium and analyze its interaction with calcium during pregnancy.

Sedation in pediatric palliative care: The role of pediatric palliative care teams.

Palliative sedation (PS) consists of the use of drugs to alleviate the suffering of patients with refractory symptoms, through a reduction in consciousness. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of and indications for PS in patients treated by pediatric palliative care teams (PPCT), and the relationship between PS, the place of death, and the characteristics of the care teams. Ambispective study with the participation of 14 PPCT working in Spain. From January to December 2019, a total of 164 patients attended by these PPCT died. Of these, 83 (50.6%) received PS during their last 24hours. The most frequent refractory symptoms were terminal suffering (n=40, 48.2%), dyspnea (n=9, 10.8%), pain (n=8, 9.6%), and convulsive state (n=7, 8.4%). Sedation in the last 24hours of life was more likely if the patient died in hospital, rather than at home (62.9% vs. 33.3%, p<0.01); if the parents had not expressed their preference regarding the place of death (69.2% vs. 45.2%, p=0.009); and if the PPCT had less than 5 years' experience (66.7% vs. 45.5%, p=0.018). PS is a real possibility in pediatric end-of-life care and relates to care planning and team expertise.

Study of the role of etiological factors on the likelihood of organic personality disorder

Objective: to study the influence of etiological factors on the possibility of the formation of organic personality disorder. Materials and methods: 80 patients with organic personality disorder were examined. The control group was represented by 82 healthy volunteers. Research methods: anamnestic, clinical, and statistical. Results: it was established that heredity aggravated by mental illness, alcoholization and drug addiction of relatives of different kinship lines, perinatal pathology factors associated with the child, diseases suffered in childhood (infectious diseases, etc.), which resulted in severe outcomes in the early stages of treatment in the form of hospitalizations or other complications in the form of pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., convulsive conditions, traumatic brain injuries received in childhood, reveal a reliably significant probability for the occurrence of organic personality disorder. The effect factor of operative interventions performed under general anesthesia in childhood did not show a statistically significant effect. Conclusions: heredity, perinatal pathology, some diseases suffered in childhood, convulsive states and various types of traumatic brain injury significantly increase the likelihood of organic personality disorder.

HEALTH CARE IN PEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES

In pediatric emergencies, care is defined according to the priority of the cases, analyzed from a triage in order to filter this priority, as an urgency or emergency, based on the complaints and the clinical scenario of the patients. Study of reflective origin, built in 2022, through a combination of readings. Thus, there are numerous factors that place the child in risk situations. The main causes of emergency care in pediatric care units include respiratory diseases, convulsive states, poisoning, accidents and trauma.

The effect of maximal electroshock seizure and anticonvulsants on the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in an experiment in mice

Oxidative stress plays a key role in epileptogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of seizures on the development of oxidative stress and the presence of antioxidant properties in carbamazepine and valproic acid in convulsive state caused by maximal electroshock seizure (MES). Methods. An electroconvulsive seizure were induced by the MES-test in mice, with assessment of the severity of seizures on a point scale. Oxidative stress was assessed by products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) determined in blood plasma. Results. It has been established that exposure to MES followed by tonic-clonic seizures leads to oxidative stress in mice. Valproic acid and carbamazepine completely protected against seizures after MES-test, however, the concentration of lipid peroxidation products did not differ from the MES group and was also higher than in the control group.

Hereditary predisposition of water voles (Arvicola amphibius L.) to seizures in response to handling.

Finding out the hereditary predisposition to seizures in response to specif ic external stimuli is important for understanding the causes of epileptiform conditions, developing new methods for their prevention and therapies. In the water vole, individuals with convulsive seizures are found both in natural and laboratory conditions. The data of long-lasting maintenance and breeding of water voles in vivarium conditions were analyzed in order to establish a hereditary predisposition to convulsive seizures, and the inf luence of sex and age on their development. In the vivarium, seizures are provoked by handling and are observed in 2.4 % of voles caught in the natural population with cyclic f luctuations in abundance. Seizures are observed more often in individuals caught in the phases of decline and depression of abundance than in individuals caught in the phases of rise or peak. Convulsive states are probably an element of adaptive behavior formed in the predator-prey system. In natural conditions, individuals predisposed to convulsive seizures may have a selective advantage when under increasing pressure from predators. Convulsive seizures in response to handling were noted in 29.8 % of descendants of captive-bred water voles. The proportion of such individuals increased signif icantly if one or both parents had convulsive states, which indicates the presence of a hereditary predisposition to seizures. In parent–offspring pairs, a signif icant correlation was found between the average age of onset of the f irst seizures in parents and their offspring, r = 0.42, p <0.01. The minimum age of registration of seizures in the water vole is 39 days, the maximum is 1105 days, and the median is 274 days. Predisposition to seizures is not related to sex. Genes that control the occurrence of seizures have a pleiotropic effect on life span, since individuals with seizures live longer in vivarium conditions than individuals with a normal phenotype. The water vole can serve as a suitable model object for studying the nature of convulsive states and the evolution of longevity

Convulsed States: Earthquakes, Prophecy, and the Remaking of Early America. By Jonathan Todd Hancock

“All nature was in a state of dissolution,” remarked a shocked Scottish naturalist as he witnessed the first of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 from aboard a vessel bobbing precariously on the Mississippi River (p. 8). The tremblors, which may have reached 7.0 on the modern Richter scale, radiated thousands of miles from the epicenter in the Missouri Bootheel and triggered widespread destruction throughout the Mississippi Valley. They rank among the most devasting natural disasters in North American history, and they coincided with crucial religious and political events in the heart of the continent. Deeply researched, deftly written, and briskly argued, Jonathan Hancock’s Convulsive States situates the New Madrid earthquakes within emerging nineteenth-century debates about the “place of religious authority in nation-states” (p. 2). Hancock covers an impressive breadth of terrain in this brief monograph. The book’s five thematic chapters move from experiences and interpretations of the 1811 earthquakes...

The Value of Magnesium Sulfate in the Pre-Hospital Phase of the Management of Eclampsia

Eclampsia is a very serious complication of pregnancy, its occurrence is responsible of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to clarify the value of Magnesium Sulfate in the prevention of convulsive state and in the choice of anesthetic technique for cesarean section during eclampsia. We realized a prospective descriptive, analytical and comparative study over a period of 5 months, concerning a series of 49 pregnant women admitted to the anesthesia-intensive care unit of the Souissi Maternity Hospital in Rabat, with eclampsia. The diagnosis of eclampsia was made due to the occurrence of convulsive seizure (s) linked to pregnancy-induced hypertension. It was found that eclampsia mainly affected young women (age less than or equal to 25 years) with a percentage of 57.3%. The majority of patients were first-time mothers (55.1%). This condition manifests itself most often in the last trimester of pregnancy (72.9%), especially in pre-partum. The majority of patients did not receive an antenatal consultation. The treatment of choice in our study was magnesium sulfate. So, 51% of patients had not received magnesium sulfate before their admission to our hospital and 56% of them had had more than one seizure. And the 49% of patients, on the other hand, had received magnesium sulfate and only 18% of them had had the seizure again. Our obstetric attitude was based on immediate delivery with a caesarean section. 34.5% cesarean sections were performed under general anesthesia, compared with 65.5% under spinal anesthesia. The fetus morbidity was mainly represented by prematurity (30.6%) and neonatal distress (28.5%). The prognosis of eclampsia remains bleak both for the mother with a maternal mortality rate of 4%, and for the fetus with a perinatal mortality rate of 16.3%.

Effect of acute mitochondrial dysfunction on hyperexcitable network activity in rat hippocampus in vitro

Metabolic stress imposed by epileptic seizures can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, believed to act as positive feedback on epileptogenesis and seizure susceptibility. As the mechanism behind this positive feedback is unclear, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal link between acute mitochondrial dysfunction and increased seizure susceptibility in hyperexcitable hippocampal networks. Following the induction of spontaneous interictal-like discharges, acute selective pharmacological blockade of either of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes (MRC) I-IV induced seizure-like events (SLE) in 78–100% of experiments. A similar result was obtained by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) but not by selective blockade of MRCV (ATP synthase) which did not induce SLE. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (tempol, 2 mM) significantly reduced the proconvulsant effect of blocking MRCI but did not reduce the proconvulsant effect of OXPHOS uncoupling. These findings indicate that acute mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to a convulsive state within a short timeframe, and that increased ROS production makes substantial contribution to such induction in addition to other mitochondrial related factors, which appears to be independent of changes in ROS and ATP production.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children under the age of 15 hospitalized at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center, Uruguay

Tuberculosis is a public health problem. Children constitute a population at risk of becoming ill and evolving into serious forms. To describe the frequency, epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary characteristics of children under 15 years of age hospitalized for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) at the Pereira Rossell Hospital-Uruguay, during 2009-2019. Descriptive, retrospective study, review of medical records and records of the Honorary Commission for the Fight Against Tuberculosis. age, sex, epidemiological and clinical link, diagnostic confirmation, treatment and complications. 77 cases of EPTB were registered, 45 (58%) were hospitalized in this center. Average age 7 years, males 25 (56%). All received the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. An epidemiological link was identified in 28 (62%). The forms of EPTB were: pleural 26 (58%), central nervous system (CNS) 9 (20%), lymphoganglionic 4 (9%), cutaneous 2 (5%), bone 1 (2%), peritoneal 1 (2%), pleural- peritoneal 1 (2%), bone-CNS 1 (2%). Etiology was confirmed in 23 (51%): by culture 16, GeneXpert 5, by both 2. Thirty-six (80%) patients completed treatment. Four (9%) presented complications: convulsive state 2, cerebral hemorrhage 1, multiple organ failure 1. EPTB occurred in previously healthy children. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and the confirmation of the simultaneous use of several diagnostic techniques.

Anticonvulsant activity of new 3- and 4-benzoilpiridines oxime derivatives in comparison with valproic acid

The aim of the research was to study the wide range of anticonvulsant effects of new 3- and 4-benzoylpyridines oxime derivatives in comparison with the reference drug valproic acid, it included assessment of motor and EEG convulsive state manifestations and epileptic status. To identify the most effective compound we studied the anticonvulsant effects in the models of generalized convulsions caused by maximal electroshock seizure test and subcutaneous administration of pentylenetetrazole. Later, the most active compound was studied in the models of chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy and epileptic status caused by neurotoxin d, l-homocysteine thiolactone. The original compounds prevent convulsions and protect 100% of animals against death in a dose-dependent manner in the maximal electroshock seizure test with superiority over valproic acid. In the pentylenetetrazole epilepsy model the compounds decrease the latent period of the first clonic seizure onset. The leader compound GIZH-298 (60 mg/kg) has a pronounced anticonvulsant effect on primary and, especially, on secondary epileptic foci in the cobalt-induced epilepsy model that generates seizure activity in various brain structures with a predominant effect in the cortex and hypothalamus. GIZH-298 (60 mg/kg, 50 min after administration) completely eliminates the secondary-generalized tonic-clonic seizures (SGTCS) and protects 100% of animals against death in the stable stage of the epileptic status caused by the administration of d, l-homocysteine thiolactone. Valproic acid (100 mg/kg) does not fully eliminate the SGTCS and protects against death only 71% of animals. 3- and 4-benzoylpyridine oxime derivatives have pronounced anticonvulsant activity with superiority over valproic acid.

Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Epileptogenesis

This review presents data on the characteristics of the reorganization of the hippocampus associated with impairment to neurogenesis in epileptiform states of different etiologies. Data on the effects of convulsive states of different severities and frequencies on the levels of proliferation, migration, and insertion of new cells into the hippocampal neural network are presented and anomalies in newly formed granule cells are described. The focus is placed on possible explanations of existing contradictions in anybody assessment of the importance of neurogenesis in epilepsy.

La despolarización cortical propagada en trauma cerebral

La Despolarización Cortical Propagada o Fenómenos de Despolarización Cortical Propagada (DCP) es una onda de despolarización en las células neuronales y gliales que se propaga en la materia gris de la corteza cerebral descrita inicialmente por Leão en 1994. Ante la presencia de injuria cerebral, las bombas iónicas fallan y la corriente de eflujo se torna insuficiente produciendo despolarización sostenida, inactividad eléctrica, hiperosmolaridad citosólica acompañado de cambios dendríticos y edema citotóxico. La DCP se ha evidenciado mediante la adición de potasio, glutamato y acetilcolina o activación de los astrocitos, ademas, también se presenta en hipoxia, migraña, hipoglucemia, infarto, hemorragia subaracnoidea, estados convulsivos y trauma cerebral, lo que conlleva a una expansión del daño focal. El enfoque terapéutico aún no se encuentra totalmente establecido, sin embargo, se utilizan los inhibidores de los receptores de NMDA, ya que puede contrarrestar el comienzo y propagación de la DCP.

ESTUDO DO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DO MODELO NEURONAL DE HINDMARSH-ROSE

Based on the Hindmarsh-Rose (RH) neuronal model for nerve impulse transmission, this paper aims to study the properties and dynamic behavior of the non-linear chaotic system that describes neuronal bursting in a single neuron. On the part of bioengineering, there is great motivation in the study of the HR model because it is well representative of the biological neuron, being able to simulate several behaviors of a real neuron, among them periodic, aperiodic and chaotic behavior. The literature suggests that the chaotic behaviorrepresents in the human being the epileptic or convulsive state. Through computer simulations, considering the system parameters, it was analyzed that the stability is highly sensitive to the initial conditions and producing oscillations, more so, when the oscillation increases the random behavior tends to increase making the system unpredictable.

Transitional states in child neurology (neurocontinuum)

The article is devoted to the issue of transitional states in child psychoneurology, based on the general concept of a continuum of transitional states from normal variants to severe chronic diseases. The article discusses borderline psychoneurology disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and various genetic defects. A significant passage is devoted to convulsive states and epilepsy. The autism spectrum analyzed both as a aggregate of nosologies and in combination with epilepsy. The author proposes the concept of quasicontinuum of cognitive development in the spectrum of child autism. There are presented the transitions of various forms of hysteria. Also the authors provide the data on the similar etiology of impaired coordination and cerebral palsy, which can be considered as a single continual process. As possible methods of dividing the continuum into separate forms there are works on the so-called signal features and a dynamics model for estimating time limits of transition states, also the operators to determine the value of factors characterizing transition states, are presented.

Study of the dynamics of anticonvulsant and anxiolytic action after oral administration of tin (II) chloride

This article is devoted to the study of anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activity of tin (II) chloride by oral administration. The anxiolytic effect was established in models of the Open Field and Black-and-White Camera tests; the anticonvulsant activity of SnCl (II) was evaluated in model of acute generalized seizures with the determination of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) minimum effective doses inducing clonic-tonic convulsions and tonic extension in test animals. Statistical indicators were calculated using the Microsoft Excel software package using the arithmetic mean value (M) and the mean deviation mean value (m). The obtained data show that tin (II) chloride is a promising compound for the prevention of anxiety states, as well as disorders containing the convulsive component. Three hours after the start of the experiment, the minimum doses of pentylenetetrazole for inducing clonic-tonic convulsions and tonic extension, exceeded the control group data by an average of 75%. A decrease in motor activity by half compared with the control in the open field test during the 5 hours of the experiment indicates the sedative effect of tin (II) chloride. Tin (II) chloride is a promising compound for the relief of convulsive states and correction of depressive disorders. Thus, it is of interest to further study the spectrum of its pharmacological activity in order the use it in medicine.

The possibility of pharmacological correction of disorders arising from cerebral ischemia and paroxysmal conditions. Derivatives of Dibenzofuran

The review examines the role of brain hypoxia in the development of stroke and convulsive States and the possibility of using antihypoxants and antioxidants in various hypoxic conditions, including strokes and convulsions; provides information about the original compound from the class of dibenzofuran with antihypoxic, neuroprotective and anticonvulsant action.

МЕТАБОЛІЗМ МЕТАЛІВ У ГІПОКАМПІ ТА РОЛЬ ЦИНКУ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗІ ЕПІЛЕПТИФОРМНИХ СУДОМ

&lt;p&gt;Physiological mechanisms of convulsions status during epilepsy or episindrom significantly different from the mechanisms, which were describe for other disorders associated with glutamatergic system, such as schizophrenia (a decrease of glutamate in neurons and increased dopaminergic load), drug addiction and alcoholism (the formation of endogenous opioids and dopamine, strengthening the role of GABA-ergic system).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With glutamatergic transmission are сconnect not only convulsive state, but also the realization of higher integrative functions. Therefore, the development of epilepsy, particularly which caused glutamate, implemented by activating Zn-ergic hippocampal neurons, associate with complex changes in human mental functions. Based on a scientific literature about of the role of chelating zinc in the mechanisms of glutamatergic transmission, we can suggest it participation in the mechanisms of formation of epilepsy convulsions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In experience on animals, was show that in the animal organism of stressing correlative changes observe zinc content and secretory material in the hippocampus, Paneth cells and B cells of pancreas. The nature of the changes depend on the stressor. When this change of zinc content in the hippocampus and hypothalamus (as the main regulator of stress reaction) were multidirectional that this can be explained by the release of metal together with secretory material in the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Research epileptic activity of hippocampus by administering to the animal chelate 8 BSQ allowed to establish the dependence between convulsant action and first stress condition of the animal. Evocation of stress by 8-BSQ and physical activity, immobilization and alcohol abuse found that the convulsive effect of this reagent during intravitreal research increased in the case of prior exposure by specified kinds of stressors. In this pre-convulsive effect on exertion increased by 266% and the zinc content was increased by 75%; in the case of pre-immobilization duration of seizures increased by 206% and the zinc content - 50%; in the case of pre-alcoholization duration of seizures increased by 234%, and a chelating zinc content - 75%. These results suggest a chelating zinc epileptiform participate in the mechanisms of seizures and, possibly, the development of mechanisms of temporal lobe epilepsy (hippocampal). The results of studies of zinc changes in central and peripheral organs of zinc-containing simulated at different functional states allow us to make the assumption that there is a common mechanism for coordination of functional activity as the hippocampus and other zinc-containing bodies with the help of changes in the chelating zinc metabolism, regulation is carried out by means of the hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;