Convulsions Research Articles

Detection on clinical pathology features of central neurocytoma by using Syn, GFAP, S-100 and NSE

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of central neurocytoma (CNC),diagnosis and differential diagnosis,tissue and clinical prognosis.Methods 37 cases of brain glial cell tumors,immunohistochemistry synaptophysin (Syn),neuron-specific enolase (NSE),glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),S-100 detection,detection of 9 cases of CNC.7 cases were aecompanied by differentiation characteristics of CNC.Results 6 cases were male,3 female,mean age 38.Clinical manifestations of headache,dizziness,vomiting,convulsions,coma symptoms,limb weakness.Location:2 cases occurred in the lateral ventricles,7 cases occurred in the external ventricles.The size of the tumor diameter was 3-7.5 cm.Light microscopy of tumor cells with uniform rouud,less cytoplasm,transparent,nucleus was small and round,chromatin was uniform,stippling,nuclear center,nuclear Zhou Kong halo,resembling the oligodendrocyte,tumor cells diffusely arranged densely,visible with a chrysanthemum shape,cell free zone neuropil like structure,interstitial,abundant blood vessels,slender,branched,a few appeared hyperplasia,calcifications and cystic degeneration.A few cases had nuclear atypia,mitotic and focal necrosis visible.Immunohistochemistry:Syn (strong positive 7/9,positive 2/9),S-100(strong positive 4/9,positive 4/9),NSE (weak positive 6/9),GFAP (positive 3/9,weak positive 4/9),Vimentin (strong positive 2/9,positive 1/9,weak positive 1/9),Ki67(weak positive 9/9),NF (weak positive 3/9).Follow-up of 8 cases,6 cases died,2 cases survived.Conclusions CNC morphologic features have multiple differentiation,which can occur within the ventricles,are also found in the brain of outdoor,misdiagnosed as ependymoma,oligodendroglioma and medulloblastoma tumors.Immune phenotype with differentiation,ventricle external CNC may be a glial cell differentiation gene type of the tumor,but for a prompt accompanied by glial cell differentiation of CNC,with biological behavior instability,poor clinical prognosis.Immunohistochemical Syn,GFAP are helpful to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.High expression of GFAP and Ki67,suggests poor clinical prognosis. Key words: Brain tumor; Neurocytoma; Glial cell differentiation; Central; Immunohistochemistry; Diagnosis; Prognosis

Knowing the difference between faints, fits, convulsions and collapses

Knowing the difference between faints, fits, convulsions and collapses

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia in 8 infants

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment level of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia(PIL) in infants. Methods Clinical, laboratory, gastroscopy imaging, lymph radionuclide imagining, and therapeutic intervention data in eight patients admitted with PIL in Beijing Children's Hospital from Jan.2007 to Feb.2012 were reviewed. Results Their ages ranged from 4 to 8 months old.The common complaints were edema(8/8 cases), diarrhea(8/8 cases), infection(8/8 cases), and ascites(7/8 cases). Other symptoms included vomiting(5/8 cases), low body weight(2/8 cases), and convulsions(2/8 cases). Infections involving respiratory tract, blood, and gastrointestinal system were prominent.The causal pathogens for the infections were bacteria, virus, fungi, and ectosarc.The laboratory abnormalities included lymphocytopenia(8/8 cases), hypoalbuminemia(8/8 cases), and hypogammaglobulinemia(8/8 cases). On immunologic evaluation, the CD4 cell counts and serum IgG levels were significantly decreased(7/7 cases) while B cell and NK cell counts were normal.The gastroscopy revealed nodular lesions in duodenal that appeared white opaque spots(8/8 cases). Further pathological examinations indicated dilated lymphatic channel in mucosal and submucosal(5/8 cases). Lymph radionuclide imaging discovered abnormalities consistent with PIL in 6 out of 8 patients, including 3 cases that were negative for pathological examination.A multidisciplinary approach was taken to treat each patient.The low-fat and medium chain triglycerides-rich diet was introduced with supplements of albumin and globulin.Infection control and edema alleviation were well managed through medication.However, diarrhea remained a problem.Only 2 out of 8 patients had recovered from hypoalbuminemia and lymphocytopenia.One case had a complete remission after surgical therapy withno relapse. Conclusions PIL in infant has common clinical presentations with an exception of more severe infection.Lymph radionuclide imaging is a sensitive diagnostic method.Medication treatment for infant PIL is not satisfactory.Surgical management is recommended if the locus of pathology is confined. Key words: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia; Lymph radionuclide imaging; Infant

Comparison of the effect between zinc distribution of particles and acetaminophen in the treatment of pediatric fever

Objective To compare the effect of zinc distribution of particles and acetaminophen treats pediatric fever.Methods 108 children with fever were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,54 cases in each group.The control group was given paracetamol,the observation group was given cloth compound of zinc particles.Efficacy of temperature changes,seizures and the incidence of adverse reaction were compared in two groups.Results The total effective was 96.30％ (52/54) in the observation group,the control group was 81.48％ (44/54),there were no significant differences (x2 =5.86,P ＜ 0.05).The body temperature is remarkably reduced after taking medicine for 0.5h in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05).The body temperature is remarkably reduced after taking medicine for lh in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The body temperature is remarkably reduced after taking medicine for 0.5,1,2,4 h in the observation group which were lower than those of the control group (P ＜0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was 12.96％ (7/54) in the control group,which was 11.11％ (6/54) in the observation group,there were no significant differences (P ＞ 0.05).The convulsion rate ioas 3.70％ (2/54) in the observation group,which was 14.81％ (8/54) in the control group,there were no significant differences (P ＜0.05).Conclusion It is faster,longer duration,seizure occurs at a low rate for the cloth compound of zinc particles treats pediatric fever than acetaminophen antipyretic.It is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Zinc distribution of particles; Acetaminophen; Fever; Child

Clinical, pathological and molecular biological characteristics of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode in children

To delineate the characteristics of the clinical manifestation, pathology of skeletal muscle and gene mutations of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode (MELAS) in children. The clinical manifestation, laboratorial data, brain images, muscle pathology and mitochondrial gene mutations were analyzed in 24 patients with MELAS who were diagnosed in Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital. Their prognosis was evaluated by following up. Symptoms of central nervous system such as stroke-like episodes, vomiting, convulsion and headache were present in all the 24 cases. Nine cases had the symptoms of myopathy. Twenty cases had developmental delay. Short stature, being thin and hairy was very common in these cases. Serum lactate level increased in all the cases, pyruvate increased in 17 cases. Elevated CSF lactate was found in 2 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 24 cases, out of them 23 were abnormal. The lesions mainly involved cerebral lobes. Occipital lobe was the most common site of lesions. Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 13 cases, low density lesions were present in 10 cases, basal ganglia calcifications in 5 cases. Muscle biopsy was performed on 8 cases, ragged-red fibers (RRF) were found in 4/8 cases, and abnormal accumulation of mitochondria were found in 3/8 cases. The mtDNA gene mutational analysis showed A3243G mutation in these patients. The mutation rates varied from 11.6% to 75.0%. The same mutation were found in 4/5 mothers who had the genetic tests, and the mutation rates of the mothers varied from 15.0% to 23.6%. The clinical information of 11 cases was available through recent following up. Three cases died, the others had some degrees of mental retardation. Children with MELAS had various clinical manifestations. Central nervous system and skeletal muscle were usually involved. Short stature and hypertrichosis were common signs. The prognosis of this disease was disappointing. mtDNA A3243G was the most common mutation in MELAS. Fully understanding the characteristics of its clinical manifestation, laboratory tests, brain image, muscle pathology and molecular features can be helpful to the early diagnosis and treatment.

Occurrence and intervention of hysteria in left-behind children in Chongqing rural area

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and the interventional effects of hysteria in left-behind children in Chongqing rural area for early detection, early treatment and prevention of the disease. Methods One hundred and three left-behind children aged from 7 to 17 years were diagnosed as hysteria from Jun.2008 to Jun.2011.Their general information, clinical presentations were analyzed retrospectively.After comprehensive intervention, they were assessed the clinical efficacy in accordance with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and some of them were tested by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) and Symptom Checklist(SCL-90). Results There were many clinical forms of hysteria in 103 left-behind children.Physical dysfunction accounted for 72 cases(69.90%), whose symptoms were mainly paralysis and convulsive seizure, which was significantly higher than mental disorder(5 cases, 4.9%). The mixed episode of physical dysfunction and mental disorder accounted for 26 cases(25.40%). Seventy-eight cases(75.73%) were cured, 19 cases(18.45%) improved significantly, and 6 cases(5.83%) improved respectively after intervention of 3 to 12 days.Emotional instability accounted for 12 cases(63.16%) in personality factors with EPQ test in 19 cases.Their factors of somatization, interpersonal relationship, depression, anxiety, and hostility with SCL-90 significantly decreased(all P<0.05) after intervention of 7 to 12 days. Conclusions The main forms of hysteria in left-behind children in Chongqing rural area are physical dysfunction and mixed episode, which are paralysis and convulsive seizure.Emotional instability is common in personality factors for them.It can be achieved good results of hysteria in left-behind children to pay attention to the emotional exchange between the children and their parents, early detect, early treat and active prevent the disease. Key words: Hysteria; Clinical character; Intervention; Left-behind child

Expression of interleukin-1β and apoptosis in hippocampus of rat with prolonged febrile seizures

Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with prolonged febrile seizures(PFS), and to provide the theoretical basis for exploring the brain damage of PFS and the effective prevention and control measures. Methods Ninety-six 14-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control group(NC group, n=32), hyperthermia group(HC group, n=32) and PFS group(n=32). Lipopolysaccharide combined low-dose Kainic acid of intraperitoneal injection were used to induce PFS.Then the histopathologic changes in hippocampus were viewed by HE staining and electronmicroscope, the expression of IL-1β protein in hippocampus of rats was detected with immunohistochemistry methods, the neuron apoptosis was observed by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, and the relationship of both was researched. Results 1.Thirty-two rats all appeared seizures in PFS group, the average rectal temperature was(39.3±0.4) ℃; while the rats in other groups were not convulsions.2.The TUNEL positive cells in hippocampus CA1 of PFS group were more than that of NC group and HC group at 6 h after the PFS(all P<0.01), reached its highest level at 24 h. 3.Measured by immunohistochemistry, the level of IL-1β in the hippocampus of PFS group was significantly higher than that of the NC group and HC group at 6 h after the PFS(all P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between the expression of IL-1β and the apoptotic index in hippocampus(r=0.789, P<0.01). Conclusions IL-1β expression in the hippocampus increases following PFS in rats, and the increased IL-1β expression was correlated with neurocyte apoptosis. Key words: Prolonged febrile seizure; Interleukin-1β; Apoptosis; Brain damage

Study on correlation between mycoplasma pneumonia (MP), chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and asthma index as a predictor of positive

Objective To explore the correlation between mycoplasma pneumonia (MP),chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and asthma index as a predictor of positive.Methods We separated 120 received infants who suffered from the asthmatic respiratory disease (included the bronchitis convulsive and asthmatic pneumonia).We separated the infants into experimental group i.e.predictive index for positive group (62 infants) and control group i.e.predictive index of negative group (58 infants),and we checked the MP-IgM,CP-IgM of the two groups of infants and compared the groups.Results 15 infants of the experimental group had the positive MP-IgM and the positive rate was 24.2%.18 infants of the experimental group had the positive CP-IgM and the positive rate was 29%.And the relative positive rate of the control group was 8.6% and 12.1%.The discrepancy of two group had statistical significant difference (P＜0.05).Conclusion MP,CP have some relation with the asthma index as a predictor of positive.We need to improve the related specific antibody detection,and to macrolides in treatment of acute asthmatic attack in order to decrease incidence of asthma disease in school age children. Key words: Mycoplasma pneumonia(MP); Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP); Predictive index for positive children asthma

Investigation of phytochemicals and anti‑convulsant activity of the plant Coleus amboinicus (lour.)

Objectives: The present study has been designed to evaluate the comparative anticonvulsant activity of different parts of Coleus amboinicus as it has been mentioned in the various literatures regarding the use of this plant in the treatment of epilepsy, but no specific scientific reports are available in this regard. Materials and Methods: The in vitro anticonvulsant activity of leaf, stem and roots of C. amboinicus has been evaluated by maximal electric shock‑induced seizures (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‑induced seizures models in Swiss albino mice. The drug/extracts were administered through intra‑peritoneal route (100 mg/ml), in both experimental models and the effect was compared with Phenytoin in MES and PTZ‑induced convulsion. Results: All the three studied extracts have shown significant anticonvulsant activity in both the models. However, the alcoholic leaf extract has shown highest activity by abolishing the MES‑induced convulsions after 60 minutes of drug administration. The duration of convulsions in PTZ model was also significantly reduced (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The alcoholic leaf extract of the C. amboinicus has shown the significant anticonvulsant activity in both the studied models, followed by stem and root extracts. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in these extracts may be responsible for this activity. Key words: Anti‑convulsant, Coleus amboinicus, maximal electric shock, Pentylenetetrazole, Phenytoin

Convulsions

Convulsions

Fever, cough, convulsion and hepatosplenomegaly

Fever, cough, convulsion and hepatosplenomegaly

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in seven children

To study the clinical and laboratory features and diagnosis of the patient with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)encephalitis in children. The data of clinical feature, laboratory findings, and radiological manifestation were reviewed and analyzed. Of the 7 patients, 4 were female and 3 were male. The age of onset was from 6.6 to 15.5 years (average 9.5 years). The onset of 4 cases started with convulsion. Six cases had seizures which was difficult to control by antiepileptic drugs. All patients had psychiatric symptoms and speech disorder. Six cases had different levels of decreased consciousness and dyskinesias. 6 cases had autonomic nerve instability, and 7 cases developed sleep disorders. The results of MRI examination were normal in all patients. The EEG of most patients showed focal or diffuse slow waves. Six cases had oligoclonal bands. All cases were confirmed to have the disease by detection of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. No tumor was detected in any of the patients. All patients received immunotherapy. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a severe but treatable disorder that frequently affects children and adolescents. Pediatric patients had clinical manifestations similar to those of adult patients. But children have a lower incidence of tumors and hypoventilation also occurs less frequently in children. Most of children had a good prognosis.

Analysis on epidemiology and the main clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis in Gansu, 2009-2011

To understand the epidemiological characteristics and the main clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis in Gansu. A total of 322 viral encephalitis patients were recruited from province sentinel hospitals in Gansu province from 2009 to 2011, and their basic information were collected as well as their serum samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples. 296 out of the 322 cases were qualified for our study. Based on the patients' epidemiological characteristics and clinical features, we determined the detection of the virus types (at least one kind of virus detection was carried out for each case). ELISA was applied to test the IgM antibody of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV), enterovirus (EV: including Coxsackie virus, echovirus, enterovirus 71), mumps virus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimen. The difference of positive detected rate between types of virus, among patients from different regions, time, or at different ages, as well as the different clinical symptoms between JE patients and other viral encephalitis patients, were analyzed and compared. The positive detected rate of virus in the 296 patients was 27.03% (80/296); the positive rate of JEV, EV, mumps virus, HSV detected was separately 7.53% (22/292), 8.75% (23/263), 13.84% (22/159) and 15.09% (40/265), and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2) = 10.849, P < 0.05). 90.91% (20/22) of the JEV positive cases were distributed in Tianshui, Longnan and Pingliang, and 95.45% (21/22) patients were infected from July to September. All the 23 EV detected positive patients were infected from April to December, while the ages of patients ranged from 1 to 44 years old. Mumps virus, HSV testing positive cases had onset every month. Logistic regression analysis showed that the patients who had the symptoms as disturbance of consciousness (OR = 15.487, 95%CI: 2.266 - 105.852), somnolence (OR = 11.659, 95%CI: 1.783 - 76.242), convulsions (OR = 11.062, 95%CI: 1.687 - 72.530) were more likely to infect JEV. HSV was the principal pathogen of viral encephalitis in Gansu. An obvious central tendency in the regional and time distribution was found in JEV infection; and the clinical symptoms of JE patients were more severe.

Effect of retigabine on median effective dose of bupivacaine and chloroprocaine for induction of convulsion in mice

Objective To investigate the effect of KCNQ2/3 channel opener retigabine on the median effective dose (ED50) of bupivacaine and chloroprocaine for induction of convulsion in mice and the relationship between KCNQ2/3 channels and the neurotoxicity of local anesthetics.Methods Pathogen-free female Kunming mice,weighing 20-30 g,were used in the study.The experiment was performed in two parts.Part Ⅰ Sixty mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each):control group (group C) and retigabine group (group R).The C and R groups were further divided into 3 subgroups with different doses of chlorprocaine (C + L1,C + L2 and C+ L3 groups,and R+ L1,R+ L2 and R+ L3 groups,n =10 each).In groups C and R,0.9％ normal saline 0.005 ml/g and retigabine 20 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally,respectively,and chlorprocaine was injected intraperitoneally 20 min later.The doses of chlorprocaine were 150.0,172.5 and 198.4 mg/kg in C + L1,C + L2 and C + L3 groups,respectively,and 198.4,228.2 and 262.4 mg/kg in R+ L1,R+ 12 and R+ L3 groups,respectively.Part Ⅱ Eighty mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =40 each):control group (group C) and retigabine group (group R).The C and R groups were further divided into 4 subgroups with different doses of bupivacaine (C + B1,C + B2,C + B3 and C + B4 groups,and R + B1,R + B2,R + B3 and R + B4 groups,n =10 each).In groups C and R,0.9％ normal saline 0.005 ml/g and retigabine 20 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally,respectively,and bupivacaine was injected intraperitoneally 20 min later.The doses of bupivacaine were 37.8,43.5,50.0 and 57.5 mg/kg in C + B1,C + B2,C + B3 and C + B4 groups,respectively,and 50.0,57.5,66.1 and 76.0 mg/kg in R + B1,R + B2,R + B3 and R + B4 groups,respectively.The ED50 and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of bupivacaine and chloroprocaine for induction of convulsion were calculated by Probit analysis.Results The ED50(95％ CI) of chloroprocaine was 165.3 (155.8-175.0) mg/kg,and the ED50(95％CI) of bupivacaine was 41.1 (36.7-44.5) mg/kg in C group.The ED50 (95％ CI) of chloroprocaine was 212.4 (200.2-224.3) mg/kg,and the ED5o (95％ CI)of bupivacaine was 51.5 (945.1-56.0)mg/kg in R group.Compared with group C,the ED50 of bupivacaine and chloroprocaine for induction of convulsion was significantly increased in group R (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion KCNQ2/3 channel opener retigabine can significantly increase the ED50 of bupivacaine and chloroprocaine for induction of convulsion and reduce convulsion induced by bupivacaine and chloroprocaine in mice,indicating that the neurotoxicity of local anesthetics is related to inhibition of KCNQ2/3 channels. Key words: KCNQ2 potassium channel; KCNQ3 potassium channel; Anesthetics, local; Drug toxicity ; Dose-response relationship, drug

Effects of pretreatment of lipid, midazolam and propofol on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats

To assess the effects of lipid on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats and compare with those of the traditional anticonvulsants midazolam and propofol. Protocol 1: A total of 120 SD rats (60 males, 60 females), weighing 200-300 g, were randomly assigned into 4 groups with equal males and females: lipid (L), midazolam (M) and propofol (P) and control (C). Rats were pretreated with 10 ml/kg lipid intravenously in group L, saline and 0.23 mg/kg midazolam (10 ml/kg in volume) sequentially in group M, saline and 4 mg/kg propofol (10 ml/kg in volume) in group P and saline 10 ml/kg in group C. Then ropivacaine 44 mg/kg (0.75%) was injected intraperitoneally into each rat. The convulsion rate in each group and the time of convulsion after ropivacaine injection were observed. Meanwhile, the plasma concentration of ropivacaine at the time of convulsion was measured. Protocol 2: Additional 100 male SD rats were used for the measurements of ropivacaine LD50 with different pretreatments including lipid, midazolam, propofol and saline through the up-and-down method. Rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups similarly as protocol 1. The doses of ropivacaine in each group were determined according to our pilot study and 6 dosage levels with the same interval ratio 8.5 was applied in each group. The doses of these pretreatment drugs and administration methods were similarly as protocol 1. The convulsion rate after 44 mg/kg ropivacaine ip injection was 43.3% in group C, 0% in group M, 13.3% in group P and 70% in group L. Lipid increased the convulsion rate significantly. The plasma concentration of ropivacaine at the time of convulsion was 1.65 ± 0.30 µg/kg in group C, 1.73 ± 0.14 µg/kg in group P and 3.45 ± 0.26 µg/kg in group L. The LD50 of ropivacaine in group C was 64.39 mg/kg, 88.40 mg/kg in group M and 90.20 mg/kg in group P and 55.45 mg/kg in group L. Midazolam and propofol not only decrease the convulsion rate of ropivacaine, but also increase its LD50. Lipid not only increases the convulsion rate of ropivacaine, but also decreases its LD50. The application of lipid for the prevention of local anesthetic toxicity has potential risks.

Clinical observation of naloxone for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Objective To explore effective treatment for moderate and severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE).Methods 46 cases of moderate to severe HIE were randomly divided into two groups.Control group of 21 cases only accepted the HIE conventional treatment,treatment group,25 cases accepted the HIE conventional treatment and were also given brain protein hydrolyzate combined naloxone treatment,the efficacy of various clinical indicators of the two groups were compared.Results The remarkable effective rate and the total effective rate of the treatment group were significantly higher ( all P ＜ 0.01 ).Consciousness recovery time,recovery time of the original ability,convulsions,muscle tension,recovery time,sucking ability,recovery time,hospital days of treatment group were significantly lower than the control group( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion The effect of naloxone therapy for moderate to severe HIE is significant,and the therapy has high clinical value. Key words: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemia,brain; Naloxone; Brain protein hydrolyzate

The effect of different oral dose Diazepam on preventing seizure in Febrile Convulsion

Background: Febrile convulsion (FC) is one of the most common causes of seizure in children. Oral Diazepam or oral Midazolam are two mostly recommended drugs for FC prevention, but the effectiveness of these drugs remains controversial. Prophylactic use of oral anticonvulsant drugs is thus a questionable practice. This study was carried out to compare the effect of using different Diazepam dose on the prevention of seizure in FC. Methods: In this study 186 child’s 6-60 month in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah in 2007 following the first FC were divided into three groups based on the rate of diazepam consumption: group A (76s) received oral diazepam 1 mg/kg/day, group B (77s) received oral diazepam 0.4-0.6 mg/kg/day and group C (33s) fever didn’t received no oral diazepam. Then recurrence rate of seizure and demographic data of the subjects such as family background with regards to FC, after the treatment, were documented and analyzed the subjects were studied for 24 months. Results: Recurrence rate of febrile seizure in groups A, B and C were 23.7%, 23.4% and 24.2%), respectively. Regarding rate recurrence of febrile seizure no statistically significant difference between 3 groups were found (P=0.930). Recurrence rate of seizure were much common among subjects with family background of febrile convulsion (P<0.05). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that using different doses of oral diazepam at the beginning of and during FC couldn’t decrease the recurrent rate of seizure.

Eucalyptus oil poisoning in children

We are reporting 2 cases of accidental eucalyptus oil ingestion presenting with status epilepticus. Both the cases presented to our hospital casualty actively convulsing within half hour of eucalyptus oil consumption. As there is no specific antidote for eucalyptus oil, the cases were managed with appropriate supportive treatment. The extreme toxicity of eucalyptus oil poisoning is being emphasized. To the best of our knowledge there are no reports of children presenting with status epilepticus following eucalyptus oil poisoning from India.

Disseminated tuberculosis: How early can it present?

Abstract/ Summary A four-month-old female presented with persistent fever & cough since three months of age and one episode of convulsion at four months of age. She was diagnosed as disseminated tuberculosis with miliary spread and neurotuberculosis. We report this rare early presentation of disseminated tuberculosis which was acquired postnatally (the contact being an adult relative with open pulmonary tuberculosis with hemoptysis).

A Link Between Epilepsy and Psychosis

In the 1930s, the original rationale for convulsive therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia was that schizophrenia and epilepsy never occurred in the