Personal Convictions Research Articles

A qualitative study to explore the knowledge and perceptions of vitamin D deficiency in women of Bengali origin living in the UK

A study into the determinants influencing Vitamin D supplementation among women of Bengali descent in the UK Background: The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency is widespread, particularly among South Asian women residing in temperate climates such as the United Kingdom. Contributory factors encompass dietary habits and conservative dressing practices. Aims: This study aims to delineate the knowledge, perceptions, and determinants influencing Vitamin D supplementation among women of Bengali descent in the UK. Methods: The study employed semi-structured interviews with women of Bengali origin at a general practice in London. A deductive thematic analysis was conducted utilizing the COM-B model to identify behavioural determinants. The study was approved by the Health Research Authority. Findings: Key determinants to behaviours associated with Vitamin D supplementation encompassed awareness, cultural practices, healthcare advice, and personal convictions. Notwithstanding awareness of its criticality, actual intake was minimal due to factors like forgetfulness, cultural norms, and perceptions regarding the necessity of supplementation. Conclusion: Although there is an overarching recognition of the significance of Vitamin D, adherence to supplementation regimens remains erratic. This study underscores the imperative for tailored health interventions that account for these elements to enhance Vitamin D supplementation among high-risk populations.

The Christian Faith as Knowledge of the Truth and Love

God’s truth is not at odds with love. 1 Corinthians 13:6 tells us that love rejoices in the truth. Most people would say that truths about God’s love, mercy, and forgiveness are loving. But they do not always understand that God’s commands summaries what love is. The knowledge of the truth and love is indispensable to the Christian faith. As it were, the Christian faith is not just a function of an intellectual assent to some set of doctrines about particular religious beliefs. Instead, it is a personal encounter with God, who is truthful and loving. In Jesus, we have the full manifestation of God. Jesus Christ, as God, is truth and love personified in this wise. Thus, the Christian faith becomes that personal conviction of an intimate encounter with Jesus Christ, himself, the truth and love of God. In this article, we shall explain the concepts of truth and love. In doing this, the concept of knowledge, the hermeneutics of truth- the logical truth and the revealed truth; the hermeneutics of love, love as a theological virtue, and the Christian faith as knowledge of the truth and love shall be considered.

Features of sentencing for the commission of a crime under Article 314 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The subject of the study is a criminal law norm establishing criminal liability for evasion from serving a sentence and from the use of compulsory medical measures (Article 314 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), the practice of sentencing for committing a crime regulated by Part 1 of Article 314 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to identify patterns of sentencing for evading the restriction of liberty imposed as an additional punishment, and on their basis to identify problems that arise when sentencing. The article analyzes judicial practice regarding the application of the provisions of Articles 69 and 70 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation when imposing punishment for committing a crime under Part 1 of Article 314 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The possibility of simultaneous execution of restriction of freedom, acting as an additional punishment and a suspended sentence, is being investigated. The research methodology is based on general scientific (logical, systematic, analysis, interpretation, generalization) and private scientific (specifically sociological, formal legal) methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an integrated approach to studying ambiguous judicial practice in cases involving evasion from serving a sentence in the form of restriction of liberty imposed as an additional punishment, based on which convicted persons undergo various consequences of criminal punishment for committing identical crimes. The necessity of attaching the unserved term of restriction of liberty (as an additional punishment) to the newly imposed punishment is justified. Recommendations are formulated to supplement the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 06/28/2022 No. 20 "On certain issues of judicial practice in criminal cases of crimes against justice" regarding the inexpediency of simultaneous execution of restriction of liberty imposed as an additional punishment and conditional punishment.

Education in penal institutions: a path to rehabilitation and reintegration

This article draws attention to the important role of education in the successful reintegration of convicted persons into society after serving their sentence. It emphasizes that education is a key tool for preventing reoffending and increasing the chances of convicts to fully reintegrate into society. The article emphasizes the importance of an individual approach to education and rehabilitation of inmates, taking into account their unique needs and characteristics. Particular attention is paid to psychological support and social rehabilitation, considered as integral components of successful adaptation of convicts. In addition, the importance of cooperation between the penitentiary system, educational institutions and civil society is emphasized. This cooperation ensures that inmates have access to education and support upon release, which contributes to a safer and more stable society

Reoffending after convictions related to child sexual exploitation material: Data from the German Federal Central Criminal Register

BackgroundAs digitalization has made it easier to produce, copy, and distribute child sexual exploitation material (CSEM), the possession and distribution of child sexual abuse images has become more widespread. Thus, the need to assess the risk of subsequent sex offenses – above all, sexual abuse of children by individuals who have been convicted of CSEM offenses – becomes more and more important. ObjectiveThe main objective of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the respective size of two groups of offenders: first, offenders who commit CSEM offenses without ever crossing the line to sexual abuse of children, and second, so-called crossover offenders, that is, individuals who commit CSEM offenses and engage in child sexual abuse. Identification of differences between these two groups facilitates analyzing the risk that someone convicted of a CSEM offense might in the future sexually assault children. MethodWe used data from the German Federal Central Criminal Register (Bundeszentralregister), a data set that includes information about all persons convicted of any criminal offense, including “child pornography” offenses, by a court in Germany. ResultsFor persons convicted of CSEM offenses only, with no additional concurring sex offenses, the rate of subsequent convictions for child sexual abuse is very low (1.1 % after a six-year follow-up period, adult offenders). This risk is even lower if offenders are older than 30 years of age, and it is slightly higher for offenders with previous offense-specific convictions (i.e., previous sex offenses). ConclusionsThe mere existence of a conviction for a CSEM offense is not an indication that the convicted person poses a significant risk of committing child sexual abuse. To pinpoint such a risk more accurately, the following factors should be examined: the existence of offense-specific prior records, the presence of crossover-offending in the form of concurring offenses, and the age of the offender.

The sentencing specifics of the courts in the Lugansk People’s Republic during the special military operation

This article highlights the historical aspects of integrating the Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) into the Russian Federation. The authors consider the specifics of the application of Russian criminal law by the courts of the LPR during its integration into the Russian legal system. The mechanism is shown which provides a unique punishment for the defendants who participated in special military operation for protecting the civilian population of Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics that is realized by giving suspended sentences. The article reveals the specifics of the courts acknowledging the defendant’s participation in a special military operation as a mitigating circumstance. The current practice of imposing punishment upon those who committed crimes before the day of LPR’s incorporation into the RF is examined. The issues of the formation of judicial practice of applying the norms of criminal and international law when dealing cases of crimes against civilians of the LPR were examined. The results show that the courts reasonably equally apply the provisions of the criminal law of LPR if it does not worsen the status of the convicted persons.

Структура российской рецидивной преступности

The structure of recidivism is the ratio of crimes of persons who have previously committed crimes, as well as the composition of these persons in a certain territory for a specific period of time. In the article, based on the analysis of criminal statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2021, the structure of modern recidivism is determined — the ratio of crimes by severity category, type and direct object, type and intensity of recidivism, as well as by the number convictions of persons who have previously committed acts. Serious and especially serious crimes account for 17.5% and 4.0%, respectively. The most common among repeat offenders are theft (31.6%), traffic violations by a person subjected to administrative punishment (8.5%), illegal acquisition, storage, transportation, manufacture, processing of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or analogues (7.9 %). Simple recidivism includes 86% of repeated criminal acts, dangerous — 10%, especially dangerous — 4.0%. In the structure of repeat offenders, a significant proportion (46%) is occupied by persons with two or more convictions. 8.0% relapsed within a year of being released from the correctional facility.

ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПРАЦІ ОСІБ, ЯКІ УТРИМУЮТЬСЯ В УСТАНОВАХ ВИКОНАННЯ ПОКАРАНЬ

Ukraine as a democratic, legal social state on the path to European integration, needs to reform all sectors of society. Particular attention in the transformation process is paid to the penitentiary system. The rights of persons who have committed a criminal offense and are held in penitentiary institutions (hereinafter – PIs), along with the rights of other citizens, are protected by the Constitution of Ukraine and international human rights law. Among the fundamental human rights is the right to work. In its turn, the work that convicted persons are involved in is a necessary component of achieving the goal of serving a sentence – the correction of a person and his or her resocialization. Labor is a significant factor in human life. It is a volitional activity aimed at creating material values. Labor as a means of correction and resocialization of a convicted person is defined by the provisions of Article 6 of the Criminal and Executive Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the CEC). The conscientious performance of their labor duties is taken into account when applying for conditional early release of a convicted person. Therefore, socially useful labor, which convicted persons are involved in, helps to reduce crime. Given the reforms that the penitentiary system in Ukraine has undergone, legal regulation of the organization of work of persons held in PIs is an actual issue of the day. The article highlights the legal basis for organizing labor of persons held in penitentiary institutions. The essence of the constitutional right of a convicted person to work is considered. Labor is defined as a means of correction and resocialization of a convict. The legal basis of socially useful work of convicts is analyzed. The functions of socially useful activities of convicted persons are defined. The principles of involving convicts in socially useful work are defined. The author establishes the working conditions for those convicted to restraint of liberty. The author analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine in terms of the obligation to involve convicted persons in labor; the list of jobs and positions in which it is prohibited to use convicts; requirements for remuneration, working week, and salary; involvement in labor on a free basis; and pension provision for convicted persons. The author draws conclusions about the need for further reform of the penitentiary system in terms of ensuring that convicts have the right to engage in labor activity in accordance with their abilities, desire and fair remuneration. Key words: labor, work of convicts, labor activity, labor contract, penitentiary institution, socially useful work, labor functions, working conditions, involvement in work, remuneration, penitentiary system in Ukraine, European integration.

ЧИ ВАРТО ПРИЗНАЧАТИ ДОСУДОВУ ДОПОВІДЬ ОСОБІ ЗА ВЧИНЕННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРОСТУПКУ, ПЕРЕДБАЧЕНОГО СТ. 111-1 КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО КОДЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

This article describes that the fact is already obvious, and it is recognized at the state level and by the international community, in the conditions of martial law, that the Russian Federation, its military-political leadership has unleashed military aggression on the territory of Ukraine and is committing daily acts against the civilian population war crimes. Therefore, for the proper response of our state to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the criminalization of new socially dangerous acts for existing encroachments on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, as well as the rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine made a corresponding addition to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular supplemented this Code of Art. 111-1 “Collaborative activity”. Since Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is a novel for criminal justice and currently there is no scientific work in Ukraine on the issue outlined by us, therefore it will be appropriate for a comprehensive study of it to start this publication for scientific discussion. The article singles out the problematic issues of appointing a guilty person for committing a criminal misdemeanor provided for in Art. 111-1-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine punishment and its execution by the staff of the authorized body on probation. It has been proven that the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine created the basis for the emergence of such a socially dangerous act as collaborative activity on the territory of our state. It was noted that a certain group of people appeared who publicly began to deny the enemy’s armed aggression against Ukraine, voluntarily began to help the occupier through cooperation or interaction, to conduct propaganda in educational institutions regardless of ownership, and began to transfer material resources to illegal armed or paramilitary formations, created in the temporarily occupied territory. According to Art. 12 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the legislator defined a criminal misdemeanor as an act (act or inaction) provided for by this Code, for the commission of which the main punishment is prescribed in the form of a fine in the amount of no more than three thousand non-taxable minimum incomes of citizens or other punishment not related to deprivation of liberty, it is possible consider that the court’s appointment of a probationer as punishment in the form of “Deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities” is the alternative that a person can serve for committing a criminal misdemeanor in the subdivisions of the authorized bodies on probation issues. The concept of a collaborator is defined as a physical, reprehensible person, a citizen of Ukraine who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and knowingly cooperates with or leads illegally created bodies in the temporarily occupied territories and does everything to undermine the sovereignty of the state. The concept of a pre-trial report is formulated – it is the result of a socio-psychological examination of a person who has committed a criminal offense provided for in Article 111-1 part 1-2 and for his act the court deprives the convicted person of the right to hold a position or engage in certain activities. In the context of the above, it has been proven that the pre-trial report is one of the tools of the court to obtain additional information on the accused (collaborator) and to use it during court debates and subsequent objective adoption by the court of the measure of punishment for the criminal misdemeanor committed by him. Key words: criminal responsibility, court, authorized body on probation, criminal misdemeanor, collaborator, pre-trial report, punishment.

ФУНКЦІЇ РЕЖИМУ ВИКОНАННЯ ТА ВІДБУВАННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ ПОКАРАНЬ У ВИПРАВНИХ КОЛОНІЯХ І СЛІДЧИХ ІЗОЛЯТОРАХ

The article examines the functions of the regime of execution and serving of criminal sentences in penal colonies and pre-trial detention centers. The author points out that the functions of the regime of execution and serving of criminal sentences in penal colonies and pre-trial detention centers are very important for ensuring the efficiency of their activities and safety. The article points out that the regime includes a number of basic functions aimed at achieving the goal of serving a sentence – correction, re-socialization of convicts and prisoners, and social adaptation of persons released from penal colonies and pre-trial detention centers. The article examines the types of functions and their significance. It is believed that the main purpose of the function is to reform convicted persons by forming new value orientations, and consolidating the norms of morality and law and order. It is noted that in correctional colonies and pre-trial detention centers, convicts are given the opportunity to receive education, vocational training and develop their skills. Such measures contribute to correction and prevent further illegal behavior of persons released from correctional colonies and pre-trial detention centers. Key words: penal institution, correctional colony, pre-trial detention center, convict, prisoner, legal status, punishment, regime, functions of the regime of execution and serving of sentences, correction, resocialization, prevention.

Between Accountability and Reconciliation: The Making of “the Victim-Centered Approach” at the International Criminal Court

Abstract The International Criminal Court is the first international court to have incorporated the newly recognized right of victims to redress. However, there remains considerable skepticism about how the ICC and, more broadly, international criminal justice serve the purposes of victim redress. This article examines the development of the ICC’s reparations policy from the standpoint of how constitutive rules of international criminal justice have been changed. It illustrates how conflicting views regarding victim reparations have formed different preferences within the institution, even among the judiciary. Unlike existing studies that tend to regard the ICC as a monolithic law enforcement institution, this article demonstrates that the victim-centered approach to reparations at the ICC is a compromise between two models: an accountability model that tries to confine the scope of reparations within the clearly defined liability of the convicted person; and a reconciliation model that aims at reaching a large number of victims to facilitate the rehabilitation of the community. The finding has two implications. First, although the study reveals severe tensions between individual accountability and social reconciliation, the tensions can be reconciled through creative judgments. Second, related to the first implication, the ICC is not just a law enforcement institution, but also a policymaking institution, which has considerable leeway in designing reparations policy.

Legal aspects of supervised probation

The article focuses on the legal aspects of supervised probation. Domestic legislation has undergone fundamental changes in the area of regulation of legal relations related to probation following the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Probation» on 5 February 2015. Probation is defined as a system of supervisory and social and educational measures applied to convicted persons by a court decision and in accordance with the law, execution of certain types of non-custodial criminal sentences, and provision of information to the court on the defendant. One of the types of probation is supervisory probation, which is aimed at implementing supervisory and social and educational measures in relation to persons sentenced to deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities, community service, correctional labour, persons whose sentence of restriction of liberty or imprisonment for a certain period of time was commuted to community service or correctional labour, persons released from serving a sentence with probation, pregnant women and women with children under the age of The legal system of probation and the activities of probation bodies in Ukraine is provided for by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Probation», other laws and international treaties ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The purpose of supervised probation is to develop individual programmes for the convicted person, which would allow for the re-education of the person, adaptation to society, and prevention of new criminal offences. The main functions of supervised probation are vested in the probation body, which supervises convicted persons, develops and implements probation programmes, which are a necessary component of the tasks of supervised probation. Thus, a necessary component of the re-education of a convicted person is the implementation of the supervisory measures assigned to him/her.

Physics Teachers’ Discourses on the Origin of the Universe and the Impact of Personal Beliefs in the Classroom

Conflicts in regular education classrooms due to differing personal views on scientific knowledge are recurrent. This article is motivated by enquiries into the significance of the topic of “the origin of the universe” in the context of elementary school curriculum, as well as concerns regarding how educators handle this topic, their academic preparation to take this tack, and the impact of students’ and teachers’ own personal beliefs on the classroom setting. Focusing on this topic, we investigated the discourses of teachers with a degree in physics, educated at the same public institution, under the same curricular framework, considering their training, teaching methods, and personal convictions. The study was conducted with open-ended interviews designed to be used in a video-communication setup. Through our analysis, it was possible to verify that teachers feel unprepared to handle the issue in the classroom due to the cultural diversity of their students and the need for greater scientific knowledge. In addition, it was determined that everyone has an independence stance about the connection between faith and science, which reduces the likelihood of conflict.

РЕЦИДИВ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ КАК УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВОЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЕ СУДИМОСТИ: ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО УГОЛОВНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА

Criminal liability continues to have an impact on the convicted person even after serving a criminal sentence until the repayment of the criminal record or its early withdrawal. As a criminal consequence, a criminal record is one of the main factors contributing to the formation of recidivism, recidivism. The question arises about the correctness of the content of the specified criminal law consequence, its contradiction to some principles of criminal law. The article analyzes the problems associated with the existence of criminal law norms that dictate the further application of criminal law to citizens who are in the status of convicts. The question is raised that these norms do not fully correspond to the principles of justice and equality of citizens before the law. The author has studied the recurrence of crimes, penitentiary relapse as one of the criminal consequences of a criminal record, and analyzed the growth of recidivism. The data of judicial statistics and statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are analyzed. The analysis concluded that Article 86 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has many contradictions that affect the number of repeat offenses. The author’s solution to the problem of setting the repayment dates of a criminal record is proposed.

РЕСОЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ: НЕКОТОРЫЕ ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

When considering various aspects of the re-socialization of convicts, its inadequate theoretical elaboration and insufficient focus on post-penitentiary prevention of the commission of new crimes were established. The article reveals numerous shortcomings of criminal, penal enforcement and other legislation regulating the institution of resocialization of convicts. It is concluded that even with the participation of the court deciding on the early release of a convicted person from serving imprisonment (parole, release from punishment due to a serious illness of the convicted person or replacement of the unserved part of the deprivation of liberty with a milder type of punishment), post- penitentiary issues are not sufficiently taken into account. The article substantiates the provision that when making such a decision, the court should take into account the possibility (not) of achieving the goals of penal enforcement legislation, the forecast of post-penitentiary behavior of a person, the likelihood of committing a new crime or other offense, as well as the need to provide him with appropriate assistance.

Enforcement of alternative measures to detention in EU countries: The Italian situation

Enforcement of alternative measures to detention in EU countries: The Italian situation

THE IMPACT OF THE PROBATION SERVICE ON THE SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONS RELEASED FROM PRISON

The article is devoted to the influence of socialization of persons released from prison by the probation service. The problem of increasing crime and bringing society to criminal responsibility has worried the world since the appearance of humanity. Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan states that everyone has the right to be recognized as a subject of law and has the right to defend their rights and freedoms in all ways that do not contradict the law, including the necessary protection, judicial protection of their rights and freedoms. Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes that all persons have the right to equal protection by law, without being equal before the law and without being subjected to any discrimination. While the Tokyo Rules, recommendations of the Committee of Ministries of the Council of Europe No. (99) 22 provide for the provision of other opportunities, reducing the application of deprivation of liberty to all States, as well as compliance with the necessary human rights, social justice requirements and taking into account the needs of the offender with regard to the return to normal life in society, the Criminal Court proposes to take measures, not related to imprisonment, in order to optimize the policy in the field of justice. At the same time, it should be noted that the Concept of the Legal Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030 draws attention to the importance of ensuring "a balance of punitive, restorative and preventive means of criminal law regulation." Clarifies the procedure for providing social and legal assistance to the convicted person, the implementation and termination of probation control in relation to him. The convicted person is also explained the procedure for performing the duties assigned by the court and the procedure for bringing to responsibility for the performance or non-performance of forced labor and violation of the conditions and procedure for probation control.

MONITORING OF LEGISLATION ON INTENTIONAL SELF-HARM (SELF-MUTILATION)

The authors examined the criminal law institution of intentional self-harm (self-mutilation). The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan extends to the area related to the legal status of the individual, and applies in full to citizens of the state deprived of liberty and placed in penitentiary institutions. They are limited to a certain extent of rights and freedoms, but these restrictions should not contradict the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examined foreign experience of the institution of deliberately causing any damage to oneself (self-mutilation), as well as international legal acts recognized by the Republic of Kazakhstan and other states of the modern world. Is an act of self-harm committed by a convicted person one of the ways to protect his rights to freedom of speech and expression, a form of protest against the illegal actions of the administration of the institution, or a criminal offense? Criminal liability with the participation of a group of persons in this act is also considered. A legal analysis of Article 428 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Article 130 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out, which indicate certain shortcomings in the presentation that create conditions for ambiguous understanding and application. It is possible to bring to criminal liability for participation in group disobedience, involving the deliberate infliction of any harm on oneself, if the purpose of self-harm is ignoring the legal requirements of the administration of the institution and violating the established procedure for serving a sentence. All these issues were considered by the authors in this article.

DISCRIMINATION IN THE FIELD OF LABOR AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES TO LABOR AND DIRECTLY RELATED RELATIONS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current legislation in order to determine the ratio of generally recognized principles of labor law and the obligations of the parties to labor relations, including the obligation of the state to ensure protection against unemployment. The authors analyzed the norms of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the duties of employers and employees of the guiding party, the norms of the Social Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to some issues of legal regulation of unemployment. As a result of the analysis of the current labor and related legislation, the authors came to the conclusion that some norms of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the new Social Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, are discriminatory. In particular, the legal status of employees and employees of the sending party in the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan varies, especially regarding the duties of employees of the sending party. Thus, a number of signs were identified that make it possible to conclude that despite the lack of equal rights and opportunities for employees of the sending party in comparison with ordinary employees engaged in labor activities under the employment contract, the obligations of the above-mentioned parties to labor relations coincide. In some cases, some duties inherent in ordinary workers are unnecessarily imputed to the employees of the guiding party. As an example, the obligation of the employee of the sending party to compensate for material damage to the employer in case of violation of the non-competition condition is given. In addition, the analysis of some norms of the Social Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the legal regulation of unemployment made it possible to determine the trends of discrimination against individuals. Thus, clause 6, paragraph 3, article 99 of the Social Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan limits the right of convicted persons in protection against unemployment by the state. The authors point to the need to revise some of the current legislation in order to exclude discrimination in the workplace.

Отношение к понесенному наказанию и его последствиям у лиц, осужденных условно

ntroduction. By receiving conditional release from actual sentence serving in places of deprivation of liberty, individuals can remain free and demonstrate through their lawabiding behavior that they do not need to be isolated from society. The persons with suspended sentence are not always fully aware of the need to change their lifestyles, assess the results of their unlawful conduct adequately, that makes research and development of how they perceive and evaluate the punishment and its consequences very actual. Research methods. The nonstandard interview method and the free association method were chosen to study emotionally charged perceptions and assessments of punishment and its consequences. Research results. The persons with suspended sentence consider the sentence imposed to them by the court to be just and understand that its main purpose is to give them the opportunity to correct and change their life. Those who have previously served a sentence of deprivation of liberty, in comparison with firsttime convicts, accept positively the fact that they have been given a suspended sentence, but they are more critical to the responsibilities imposed by the court, without no regard to their necessity and reasoning. The emotional component of the attitude towards punishment and its consequences in the case of first-time convicts is connected with the feeling of repentance and shame, but in the case of multiple convicts it is associated primarily with unpleasant legal consequences of the very fact of punishment. Previously convicted persons with suspended sentences are a vulnerable group from the point of view of their internal responsibility rejection for their offences, including such consequences as the performance of duties, restrictions and prohibitions, imposed by the court, which may create favorable conditions for repeat offences during the probation period.