Conveying Fluid Research Articles

Effects of Boundary Conditions on Phase Shift of a Dual-Tube Conveying Fluid in the Coriolis Mass Flowmeter

Effects of Boundary Conditions on Phase Shift of a Dual-Tube Conveying Fluid in the Coriolis Mass Flowmeter

Copper mass flux and evolution of supergene orebody in the Miduk Porphyry Copper Deposit, Iran, and its application to exploration of exotic deposits

The present study used field geology and aimed to model the geological results by modern methods for examining the effects of geological features on the formation of an enriched ore in a mature supergene profile such as Miduk Porphyry Copper Deposit (MPCD). In addition, it aimed to discover which geologic controllers caused the fixation or conduction of Cu in supergene solutions. To this end, the anatomy of the supergene zones was examined by direct sampling and mapping. Analysis of fracture density helps uncover the role of fractures in conveyance of fluids. The results showed that MPCD endured a systematic supergene process, which resulted in the formation of a 200-meter enriched orebody on the top of the hypogene ore. Additionally, the topographic gradient was the most important controller in the migration of supergene solutions to northern side while the north–south trending fractures doubled the lateral flux. Furthermore, the mass balance analysis indicated that 181,000 tons of Cu laterally escaped from the supergene system. Considering the geochemical conditions in sources areas, this amount of metal was sufficient to form a proximal type of exotic mineralization. Further, drainages derived from the main deposit exhibited exotic mineralization, which supported the lateral movement of Cu from the main orebody.

Efficient leak detection in single and branched polymeric pipeline systems by transient wave analysis

The widespread use of plastic pipes in different fluid conveyance systems has greatly driven the recent development and application of transient-based methods (TBMs) for leak detection in viscoelastic/polymeric pipelines. Current TBMs for viscoelastic pipe leak detection are usually achieved by a two-step procedure, namely viscoelastic parameters identification and leak detection, which requires the pre-knowledge of intact system states (i.e., non-leak) for comparative analysis. This paper presents an efficient single-step frequency domain inverse transient analysis (FDITA) method for simultaneous identifications of viscoelastic parameters and leaks in plastic pipes, so as to enhance the applicability and accuracy of TBMs. Both the single and branched polymeric pipe systems are applied for the method development and application. To this end, analytical solutions of single and branched systems from the transfer matrix method are firstly derived to represent the transient frequency responses of viscoelastic pipelines with leaks. A global optimized nonlinear curve fitting method is then employed to identify both viscoelastic parameters and potential leaks by knowing/measuring other system and flow conditions. Extensive experimental validations and numerical applications of both single and branched pipe systems demonstrate the very good efficiency and accuracy of the developed method for leak detection in different viscoelastic pipe systems. Furthermore, the mechanism of transient wave-leak-viscoelasticity is analysed based on these application results and theoretical evidence. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify and discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the developed method in the paper.

Simulation of the Influence of Internal Pressure on Free Vibrated Aluminum Conveying Fluid Pipe

High temperature and pressure conditions lead to expanding the pipelines used to transport different types of fluids. A compressive axial force arises if this expansion is prevented. The present work aims to analyze pipelines’ instability due to internal pressure influence by making a simulation using ANSYS - Mechanical APDL 2019 R3. The study presents comparisons between increasing internal pressure from (0 to 10 MPa) on some pipe parameters like a natural frequency and instability for two pined-pined pipe thicknesses, which are 0.5 and 1 mm. It is concluded that the increase in internal pressure will decrease the natural frequency and stability of the vibrated system but will increase the modal damping ratio and total deformation of the tested pipe.

The Effect of Water Concentration in Ethyl Alcohol on the Environmentally Assisted Embrittlement of Austempered Ductile Irons

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is an advanced cast iron material that has a broad field of application and, among others, it is used in contact and for conveyance of fluids. However, it is noticed that in contact with some fluids, especially water, ADI material becomes brittle. The most significant decrease is established for the elongation. However, the influence of water and the cause of this phenomenon is still not fully understood. For that reason, in this paper, the influence of different water concentrations in ethyl alcohol on the mechanical properties of ADI materials was studied. The test was performed on two different types of ADI materials in 0.2, 4, 10, and 100 vol.% water concentration environments, and in dry condition. It was found that even the smallest concentration of water (0.2 vol.%) causes formation of the embrittled zone at fracture surface. However, not all mechanical properties were affected equally and not all water concentrations have been critical. The highest deterioration was established in the elongation, followed by the ultimate tensile strength, while the proof strength was affected least.

Wave Dispersion Analysis of Fluid Conveying Nanocomposite Shell Reinforced by MWCNTs Considering the Effect of Waviness and Agglomeration Efficiency.

The current paper is aimed to investigate the effects of waviness, random orientation, and agglomeration factor of nanoreinforcements on wave propagation in fluid-conveying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-reinforced nanocomposite cylindrical shell based on first-order shear deformable theory (FSDT). The effective mechanical properties of the nanocomposite cylindrical shell are estimated employing a combination of a novel form of Halpin-Tsai homogenization model and rule of mixture. Utilized fluid flow obeys Newtonian fluid law and it is axially symmetric and laminar flow and it is considered to be fully developed. The effect of flow velocity is explored by implementing Navier-Stokes equation. The kinetic relations of nanocomposite shell are calculated via FSDT. Moreover, the governing equations are derived using the Hamiltonian approach. Afterward, a method which solves problems analytically is applied to solve the obtained governing equations. Effects of a wide range of variants such as volume fraction of MWCNTs, radius to thickness ratio, flow velocity, waviness factor, random orientation factor, and agglomeration factor on the phase velocity and wave frequency of a fluid conveying MWCNTs-reinforced nanocomposite cylindrical shell were comparatively illustrated and the results were discussed in detail.

Analysis of Chemically Reactive Hydromagnetic Maxwell Fluid Conveying Tiny Particles Due to Navier Partial Slip

The analysis of nanofluids in the solar thermal system is very fascinating owing to its important engineering applications (i.e., solar collectors). Aside from these the non-Newtonian boundary layer fluid flow has experienced considerable attention due to uprising engineering applications in the solar thermal field. This work investigates the analysis of chemically reactive hydromagnetic Maxwell fluid conveying tiny particles due to Navier partial slip. The governing equations that model the transport phenomena were transformed using suitable similarity variables. The boundary value problem of the corresponding coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations was solved numerically using the shooting technique together with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme and in-built bvp4c package of MATLAB. The effects of various controlling parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions were presented graphically and studied theoretically. Furthermore, the study reveals that the Navier slip parameter (δ) increases as the velocity distribution decreases, while it enhances both the temperature and concentration distributions, increase in the radiation parameter (Nr) enhances the temperature distribution, and the chemical reaction (γ) increment leads to decrease in concentration distribution.

Ultra-thin Piezoelectric Lattice for Vibration Suppression in Pipe Conveying Fluid

In this paper, an electrically active, ultra-thin, easy-to-implement, and tunable phononic crystal (PC)-based device is proposed to suppress excessive vibration in pipes conveying fluids. We demonstrate that this device can be realized by periodic implementation of piezoelectric patches with shunt circuits on the pipe acting as PCs for vibration suppression. The mathematical model of the pipe structure is simplified to the form of the Euler–Bernoulli beam, and the transfer matrix method and the finite element method are used to predict the effective bandgap. Conversion between mechanical vibration energy and electrical energy via the piezoelectric effect is observed. As a result, the pipe vibration is suppressed by combined Bragg and electroelastic bandgaps. The comparison with previous literature shows that this ultra-compact device provides a new solution for vibration and noise control in long-distance fluid-conveying pipe systems.

Transient Liquid Flow in Plastic Pipes

Nowadays, plastic pipes play a key role in fluid conveyance, for example, in urban water supply systems. Dynamic analysis of designed water pipe networks requires the use of numerical methods that allow for solving basic equations that describe transient flows occurring in plastic pipes. In this paper, the main equations were formulated with pressure (p) and velocity (v) as the principal variables. A novel simplified retarded strain solution is used to properly model the pipe-wall viscoelasticity effect during transient flow process. Unsteady friction is calculated with the use of a filtered weighting function (with three exponential terms). The proposed numerical method enables the efficient modelling of transient flow in plastic pressurized pipes. Extensive simulations are performed and compared with experimental results known from three different European research centres (London, Cassino, and Lyon), with the aim of demonstrating the impacts of plastic pipe properties and frequency-dependent hydraulic resistance on transient pipe flow oscillations. The effectiveness of the proposed method for determining the creep functions of plastic pipes is also examined and discussed.

Experimental Study of Vibration on Pipe Conveying Fluid at Different End Conditions for Different Fluid Temperatures

Dynamic behavior of a copper pipe conveying fluid at different fluid temperatures is investigated experimentally. Three types of supports are used, which are simply support - simply support, fixed – fixed support and fixed – free support. The effect of the support's types on the frequency and the amplitude of vibration for the pipe conveying the fluid are studied for various flow temperature. These vibration characteristics were tested at temperatures 50, 65 and 80 ºC

Vibration Analysis of Fluid Conveying Carbon Nanotubes Based on Nonlocal Timoshenko Beam Theory by Spectral Element Method.

In this work, we applied the spectral element method (SEM) to analyze the dynamic characteristics of fluid conveying single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). First, the dynamic equations for fluid conveying SWCNTs were deduced based on the nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. Then, the spectral element formulation was established for a free/forced vibration analysis of fluid conveying SWCNTs by introducing discrete Fourier transform. Furthermore, the proposed method was validated using several comparison examples. Finally, the natural frequencies and dynamic responses of a simply-supported fluid conveying SWCNTs were calculated by the SEM, considering different internal fluid velocities and small-scale parameters (SSPs). The effects of fluid velocity and SSPs on the dynamic characteristics of SWCNTs conveying fluid were revealed by the numerical results. Compared with other methods, the SEM shows high accuracy and efficiency.

Impact of Crack Length into Pipe Conveying Fluid Utilizing Fast Fourier transform Computer Algorithm

<p>One of the most prominent problems experienced by the oil facilities is leakage of oil from the pipes. This problem caused 55% of oil refineries to be shut off. Oil leakage is a common problem that often results in oil waste, damage, and hazard to public health. Therefore, it is necessary to use Modern technologies to reduce this phenomenon and avoid them in advance. Pipes that convey fluids have many uses in various industries and living facilities. Risk increases when the fluid inside the pipe is flammable. In this work, main case that cause damage to the pipe, longitudinal crack is investigate.This work presents a new experimental model based on computer applications with a Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for testing the effect of longitudinal crack length by frequency and ultrasonic measurements to measure fluid velocity. The method is used for plastic pipe with 2 cm internal diameter, 3 cm external diameter, and 1 m length. The modulus of elasticity of the material is 800 N/mm2 according to the ISO 178 test method. The pipe conveys oil with simply supported ends. The results show that FFT model shows better features compared with other ways that depends on visual inspection or localized measurements which gave an external perception of pipeline damage. FFT model offers a reliable and cheap style for ensuring pipeline integrity and warning the risks before its occurrence. From the observations made the fundamental natural frequency (FNF) decreases by increasing of crack length in the pipe that conveys fluid</p>

Buckling Analysis on a Pipe Conveying Fluid under Two Stresses

Pressure pipes have broad applications in aviation, space flight, mechanical engineering, industrial and civil architecture etc. Instability destruction is their main failure mode. Firstly, in this paper, a complex fluid-solid coupling problem was simplified as a buckling problem of a pipe under two stresses which were along the pipe wall. The two stresses consisted of a compressive stress which was perpendicular to the pipe wall and a tangential stress which was parallel to the pipe wall. Secondly, the buckling performs of the pressured pipe were discussed by finite element analysis method under a working state and an off-working state, respectively. Some obtained conclusions were drawn as follows by the analysis in this paper.1). Provided the tangential stress is unchanged, by increasing compressive stress eigenvalue buckling critical load increases and nonlinear buckling critical load decreases.2). Provided the compressive stress is unchanged, when the direction of the tangential stress is same as that of the axial pressure, by increasing the absolute value of tangential stress the buckling critical load decreases; provided the compressive stress is unchanged, when the direction of the tangential stress is in the opposite direction of the axial pressure, by increasing the absolute value of tangential stress the buckling critical load increases.

Experimental study of scour around a forced vibrating pipeline in quiescent water

Submarine pipelines are widely used for the conveyance of hydrocarbons, oil or other fluids in the offshore industry. Although much progress has been made on pipeline-seabed interactions in the past decades, an experimental study solely devoted to investigating interactions between the flow fields, scour and forced vibrating pipelines in a quiescent water environment still has not been conducted. In practice, this condition, to a certain extent, resembles a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) in deep offshore environments in the absence of currents and waves. The present study aims to obtain an improved understanding of the mechanics of scour around a forced vibrating pipeline in quiescent water. Tests with the same initial gap ratio G0/D = 1 and two different induced frequencies were conducted. A circular cylinder with a diameter of 3.5 cm was used as the pipeline model. With the help of a high-speed camera, the details of flows, pipeline motion and scour process are vividly presented in this paper. The magnitudes of flow velocity, vorticities, and turbulence fluctuations are found to be strongly dependent on the frequency of the vibrating pipeline. The scour mechanism of the two tests is different because of the complex interactions between the flow fields and pipeline motion. For the low-frequency case, the flow field associated with the falling stage of the vibrating pipeline controls the formation of the scour trench. On the other hand, for the high-frequency test, the scour process is controlled by the flow field during the rising stage of the vibrating pipeline.

On the Motion of Non-Newtonian Eyring–Powell Fluid Conveying Tiny Gold Particles Due to Generalized Surface Slip Velocity and Buoyancy

In the painting industry, space science and biomedical science, the nature of relaxation in the flow of non-Newtonian fluid (i.e. blood) containing gold (Ag) suits the characteristics of Eyring–Powell fluid flow induced by generalized surface slip velocity and buoyancy. However, flow of various non-Newtonian fluids on the horizontal surface of a slanted paraboloid of revolution objects (i.e. rocket, as in space science), over a bonnet of a car and over a pointed surface of an aircraft is of importance to experts in all these fields. In this article, the analysis of the motion within the thin layer formed on a horizontal object which is neither a perfect horizontal nor vertical and neither an inclined surface nor a cone/wedge is presented. The transformed governing equations which model the flow was non-dimenzionalized, parameterized and solved numerically using a well-known Runge–Kutta integration procedure along with shooting technique. The influence of increasing the magnitude of major parameters on the temperature distribution, local heat transfer rate, concentration of the fluid, local skin friction coefficient and velocity of the flow are illustrated graphically and discussed. Velocity slip parameter is found to be a decreasing function of temperature distribution across the flow. Heat transfer rate $$(Nu_{x}Re_{x}^{-1/2})$$ at the wall ( $$\xi = 0$$ ) is an increasing function of velocity slip parameter. Maximum coefficient of concentration of homogeneous bulk fluid at the wall exists at larger values of the emerged velocity slip and volume fraction parameters.

Bi-Directional Functionally Graded Nanotubes: Fluid Conveying Dynamics

In the paper, a novel model of fluid-conveying nanotubes made of bi-directional functionally graded materials is presented for investigating the dynamic behaviors and stability. For the first time, the material properties of the nanotubes along both radical and axial directions are under consideration. Based on Euler–Bernoulli beam and Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theories, the governing equation of the nanotubes and associated boundary conditions are developed using Hamilton’s principle. Differential quadrature method (DQM) is applied for discretizing the equation to determine the numerical solutions of the nanotubes with different boundary conditions. Numerical examples are presented to examine the effects of the material gradation, nonlocal parameter, and mode order on the dynamics and stability. It is shown that the two-directional materials distribution can significantly change the critical flow velocity, fundamental frequencies and stability. Comparing with traditional one-directional distribution, such 2D is more flexible to tune overall dynamic behaviors, this may provide new avenues for smart pipes.

Forced Vibration Analysis of Fluid Conveying Pipe with Both Ends Supported

Forced Vibration Analysis of Fluid Conveying Pipe with Both Ends Supported

Numerical Analysis of Clamped Fluid Conveying Pipe

Numerical Analysis of Clamped Fluid Conveying Pipe

Nonlinear Free Vibration Analysis of Fluid Conveying FG Tube Via Energy Balance Method

Hereby, a fluid conveying tube made by FG (functionally graded) materials was considered. For which a higher-order beam model for tubes which can satisfy the shear stress boundary conditions on the inner and outer surfaces was applied. Through the Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations were gained. By keeping the first order mode shape and using energy balance method, the linear and nonlinear frequencies were obtained. Numerical simulation justified the correctness of these results. Discussions on the relationship between the frequencies and the FG tube’s parameter were also performed.

Energy Harvesting by Self-Excited Vibrations of the Pipe Conveying Fluid

Energy Harvesting by Self-Excited Vibrations of the Pipe Conveying Fluid