Converter For Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Reliability analysis of a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

Increasing the amount of direct current (DC) loads in applications such as airplanes, spacecraft, electric vehicles (EV), and other similar applications DC-DC converters are commonly used. Hence, a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter (ISC) has been designed, and implemented, which is more appropriate for high-power applications. The modes of operation are explained in detail, and voltage gain calculations are performed. The state space matrix is derived from the voltage equation and the bode diagram is plotted using MATLAB code to investigate the stability study, which makes for a thorough frequency response analysis for the proposed converter. The military handbook (MIL-HDBK-217F) data have been used to perform the calculations to determine each and every component's reliability. The proposed ISC design is implemented into a hardware prototype that produces peak-to-peak output voltage of 139 V, rated voltage of 120 V and the testing outcomes are presented in great depth.

Comparing fuzzy logic and backstepping control for a buck boost converter in electric vehicles

Significant advances have been made in the control of DC/DC converters, owing to the effective combination of linear and nonlinear approaches. The above-mentioned approaches have greatly improved the efficiency as well as stability of the converter, even when faced with changing conditions. Nevertheless, the emergence of artificial intelligence has introduced new perspectives in the domain. The objective of the article is to examine two separate methodologies for controlling a boost-buck converter: using a nonlinear approach, especially backstepping, and utilizing artificial intelligence through fuzzy logic. The main aim of this work is to illustrate the inherent stability and robustness of fuzzy logic controllers compared to backstepping control in managing effectively various variations and challenges encountered in converter control.

GaN based isolated bidirectional multiport DC-DC converter for electric vehicle charging

The research work proposes an efficient Gallium Nitride (GaN) based isolated bidirectional DC-DC (IBDC)-Triple Active Bridge (TAB) based multi-port converter (MPC) for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The developed GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC utilizes fewer components compared to conventional IBDC charging system if designed for two output ports. The proposed GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC incorporates one input port, Port 1, and two output ports, Port 2 and Port 3 for Level-1 and Level-2 EV charging systems respectively. In addition, the developed GaN IBDC-TAB can be operated in Single Active Bridge (SAB), and Dual Active Bridge (DAB) modes as per operational requirements. A 12 kW GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC is designed and evaluated using LTspice XVII software. In TAB mode of operation, Port 2 delivers 1.5 kW, and Port 3 delivers 10.6 kW. The maximum efficiency of 98.87 % is obtained in simulation for the MPC converter in TAB mode. For experimental validation, an approximately 1 kW prototype is presented with Port 1, Port 2, and Port 3 voltages as 230 V, 120 V, and 200 V respectively with an operating frequency of 100 kHz. The single-phase-shift control strategy is implemented for controlling the transmitted power in the developed GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC.

Performance of Modular Multilevel Converter in Electric Vehicles Charging Station

The awareness of air pollution is the main reason for the development of Electric Vehicles. Hence, the many number of Electric vehicle connected to grid produce power quality problem in conversion of AC-DC. In this paper, to avoid this drawback, the MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Modular Multi Level Converter is implemented in charging station. MMC not only provide bidirectional flow but also improve power quality. The converter works on boost mode and buck mode. In G2V, the boost mode is for charging the battery of electric vehicle and buck mode is discharging the battery. For, the G2V, the buck mode reduces the voltage to charge the battery with current or voltage constant which is about the state of the charge of the battery. The out of the battery is pure dc with mmc which replace the filter also. It increases the life of the battery. The model of the MMC-based charger for electric vehicle was created in MATLAB/Simulink, and simulation results shows the output power of the MMC and circulation current is controlled.

Quasi-Resonant Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: Analysis, Design, and Markov Model Use for Reliability Estimation

This article presents a quasi-resonant converter (QRC) with multiple sources. A QRC has many benefits, such as high gain, constant current, and nominal voltage stress on MOSFET, with an up to 49% duty cycle with fewer switches. These features of the converter make it suitable for electrical vehicle (EV) off-board charging, which requires significant voltage gain. As the switch operates under soft switching condition, the converter has reduced power loss, improved efficiency, and increased reliability. To reduce grid dependency, the suggested QRC is housed with a grid and PV at the input ports. The proposed converter is modeled using mathematical equations and examined using the MATLAB platform under different operating conditions. In this work, analysis of the steady state, along with components design, estimation of the voltage and current stresses, are addressed. Further, the reliability of the QRC based on the probability of components failure is carried out using the Markov model. The hardware results are observed to validate the design, operation, efficiency, and suitability of the proposed QRC for EV off-board charging applications. A 400-watt test rig is designed to assess the performance of QRC.

Implementation of Non-Isolated High Gain Interleaved DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using ANN-Based MPPT Controller

A high conversion ratio DC-DC converter is crucial for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). A fuel cell-based non-isolated high gain integrated DC-DC converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The system comprises an interleaved boost converter (IBC) at the source end, a switched capacitor cell, coupled inductors, a passive clamp circuit, and a voltage multiplier circuit (VMC). Its significance is to achieve the voltage conversion gain of 12.33 at a conversion ratio of 0.45. The idea is to use a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to power electric vehicles through a high-gain DC-DC converter. The use of an ineffective MPPT can result in lower energy conversion efficiency. Thus, this system incorporates a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller based on a neural network, which relies on the radial basis function network (RBFN) algorithm to track the maximum power point of the PEMFC accurately. The comparative study of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) structure with the RBFN-based MPPT technique was evaluated with that of the fuzzy logic technique using the MATLAB/Simulink platform (R2021b (MATLAB 9.11)). A 1.5 kW experimental prototype is designed with a switching frequency of 10 kHz to validate the design analysis, and its pursuance is compared between RBFN and FLC-based controllers. This manuscript will be a significant contribution towards evidencing a sustainable environment.

Topology and Control Optimization of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

With the rapid development of intelligent electric vehicles, the number of electrical equipment increases, and the interconnection and energy transmission between on-board DC buses has become urgent. This paper proposes a partial isolated bidirectional converter based on dual active bridge converter. By partial switch sharing, the converter has a simplified structure and can supply energy to DC loads of different voltage levels. The system adopts a hybrid control strategy of pulse width modulation and triple phase shift modulation, and introduces a fundamental phase shift to reduce coupling between variables. The operation process is analyzed, and the models of transmitted power, current stress and soft-switching range under two typical operation modes, corresponding to the full load and light load, are established respectively. Under wide gain and different power distribution conditions, the multi-objective optimization is realized. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis is verified by experiments.

ANFIS-based FOPID controller to enhanced stability of cascaded converter for electric vehicle (EV) charger

In an electric vehicle (EV) charger system, a two-stage conversion process is integrated and cascaded with a voltage source converter (VSC) and a Dual active bridge converter (DAB). These impedances VSC outputs impedance (ZoutVSC(s)) and DAB have input impedance (ZinDAB(s)) interact, leading to voltage fluctuation and power loss. To address the cascaded converter’s impedance interaction, the modified controller that combines an adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is used with effective active damping (AD). The modified controller (ANFIS + FOPID + AD) uses ANFIS’s skills to capture and predict the system’s nonlinear behaviour, using its trained data to guide the FOPID’s parameter. The presence of AD ensures the sorting out of impedance interaction problems. Compared to the PID controller, the FOPID controller includes two more degrees of freedom and offers superior adaptability and performance. The effectiveness of the modified controller is tested via frequency response analysis and time domain simulations. Time domain simulations underscore the advantage of the modified controller (ANFIS + FOPID + AD), revealing a remarkable 30% settling time and a 25% overshoot compared to the (FOPID + AD) controller. It is better regarding flexibility, faster response time, and improved system stability. The system performance has been validated and compared by simulation process and HIL technique OPAL RT OP44512.

Performance analysis of GaN based dual active bridge converter for electric vehicle charging application

<p><span>The research work proposes a Gallium Nitride (GaN) based dual active bridge (DAB) converter for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. The wide bandgap semiconductor device, GaN is implemented in the DAB topology of an Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC converter (IBDC). GaN-based DC-DC converters lead to higher efficiency, smaller size, faster charging, and reduced heat generation improving the overall performance of the EV charging system. The performance characteristics of GaN based DAB converter is analyzed both in simulation and hardware for EV charging application. The same analysis is extended to a Si based DAB converter and comparative results are presented. A 14.25 kW GaN based DAB and <br /> 10.5 kW Si based DAB is designed and evaluated using LTspice XVII software and a scaled-down prototype of 0.612 kW GaN based DAB and 0.25 kW Si based DAB is presented for experimental validation. Result analysis under similar operating conditions indicated an improvement of 36% more output power transfer on the GaN based DAB over the traditional Si based DAB. The developed prototype showcased improved levels of power, voltage, and current under same operating conditions. The power transmission in the developed DAB based IBDC topology is controlled using the single-phase-shift (SPS) control strategy.</span></p>

Phase Current Equalization Method of IPMSM-based On-board Boost Converter for Electric Vehicles

Phase Current Equalization Method of IPMSM-based On-board Boost Converter for Electric Vehicles

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Multi-input Converters for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Control Strategies, and Future Research Trends

Multi-input Converters for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Control Strategies, and Future Research Trends

Bi-Directional Power Flow Rapid Charging System Using a Carrier Wave Modulated Self-Commutated Voltage Source Converter for Electric Vehicle

This paper examines a high-performance battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs). Active power line filtering capabilities in the battery charger can be used to develop a fast-charging infrastructure that is advantageous for EV users as well as power distributors. This article discusses battery charger modeling and design difficulties in depth using a carrier wave modulated self-commutated voltage source converter architecture. A full study of the controller's features is also provided using model-based controller synthesis. The battery charger's active filtering performance is emphasized. In active filter applications, the model-based control system's intrinsic phase deviation and sensitivity to system factors decrease the active filter's performance, which is disclosed in this study. Based on numerous integrators in diverse reference frames, we provide an improved control structure for active filters to offset the model-based controller's degradation. The suggested controller demonstrates minimal sensitivity to system factors and fully compensates for the intrinsic phase deviation, as shown both theoretically and empirically. The suggested active filter controller has outstanding steady-state conditioning performance.

Non-Isolated Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles : A Review

Non-Isolated Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles : A Review

Analysis of a novel soft switching bidirectional DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

A bidirectional converter (BDC) designed with high voltage gain and it is incorporated with the soft-switching operations to the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The main dual operating characteristics of this converter are boost and buck modes respectively. In order to achieve the reduced switching losses and improved efficiency, the main IGBTs are operated at zero current (ZC) while the IGBTs commutating from turn-on to turn-off state. The ZC turn-off operation is obtained with the aid of soft- switched cell, which consists of resonant inductor (Lr), capacitor and additional IGBTs. In this work, the design simulation analysis for high-gain BDC was performed by 70/300 V power system with the maximum 800 W output power under the operating frequency of 50 kHz. The efficiency for the high-gain soft-switched BDC was obtained as 96.5% when it is operating in boost mode and efficiency of 97% was achieved for the buck mode operation. The simulation evaluations of the above said converters were performed by using MATLAB/Simulink.

Implementation of non-isolated high-gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicle application

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a non-isolated high voltage gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed converter schematic is modelled to be operated on reasonable duty cycle by employing passive switched inductor (PSL) cell and voltage multipliers. Moreover, this structure is functioning on continuous conduction mode (CCM) with a wide range of operations. This structure offers high voltage gain, lower voltage stress across all the devices, low switching losses and high efficiency. Thus, simple proportional integral (PI) controller is adopted to regulate the output to the desired voltage of 200 V. The proposed converter is designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink platform and hardware prototype of 100 W/200 V is developed to examine the performance of the proposed circuit. Besides, the experimental results are recorded to prove its robustness over both source voltage and load power discrepancies. The efficiency of the presented configuration is around 91% and it acts as a good choice for EV applications.

Design and Optimization of High-Gain Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

To better leverage and cope with the characteristics of low-voltage electric vehicle battery pack, this work optimizes the design of on-board bidirectional DC/DC converter. Based on the dual active half-bridge (DAHB) converter, combined with partial switch sharing, a high gain bidirectional DC/DC converter is proposed. This converter has 48-V and 24-V output voltage levels, and the multiple voltage levels, which are often required by new energy vehicles, are able to reduce the number of on-board converters. The theoretical part of this work analyzes the design process of the converter, and in parallel, establishes the mathematical models of transmission power, soft switching, current stress and reactive backflow loss. Under the condition of high gain, the system has good soft switching characteristics and low reactive backflow loss. In the experimental part, a prototype with an input voltage of 400V is built under an operating frequency of 100 kHz. The voltage of the two output ports is stable and a peak efficiency of 94.7% is achieved. The experimental results verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.

Modelling of Bi-Directional Buck-Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle

Abstract: The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated the development of efficient and versatile energy storage systems. In this study, we present the modelling and implementation of a switching bi-directional buck-boost converter based on electric vehicle hybrid energy storage. The proposed converter offers a flexible and reliable solution for managing energy flow between different storage elements in an EV, such as batteries and ultra-capacitors. First, a comprehensive mathematical model of the converter is developed, taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the energy storage components. This model enables us to analyse and optimize the converter's performance in terms of efficiency, voltage regulation, and power delivery capabilities. Furthermore, simulation studies are conducted to validate the accuracy of the model and assess the converter's performance under various operating conditions. Based on the modelling and simulation results, a practical implementation of the converter is carried out using high-quality electronic components. The design considerations, including component selection, circuit layout, and control strategy, are discussed in detail. The implemented converter is then evaluated experimentally to validate its performance and verify the effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach. The results demonstrate that the switching bidirectional buck-boost converter effectively manages the energy flow between the different storage elements in the hybrid energy storage system. It achieves high conversion efficiency, voltage regulation, and power transfer capabilities, enhancing the overall performance and range of electric vehicles. The developed model and implementation provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of similar converter topologies for electric vehicle applications. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of energy storage systems in electric vehicles, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and efficient transportation solutions in the future

A novel method for hybridization of super lift luo converter and boost converter for electric vehicle charging applications

ABSTRACT The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has increased dramatically in recent years, making it increasingly challenging to keep up with the demand for charging infrastructure. However, conventional power converters (DC–DC converters) have drawbacks such as a high component count, low voltage gain, low efficiency, and high cost. A new DC–DC multiport converter has been proposed to address these challenges by hybridizing a Super-lift Luo and Boost Converter (SLBC) with Photovoltaic (PV) and battery sources as dual inputs. The proposed Dual-Input Dual-Output (DIDO) converter offers significant advantages by super-lifting the input voltage while producing two step-up voltages, one by the Luo converter and another by the Boost converter. The SLBC uses simple structures without any additional electric circuits or transformers to generate high voltage gain and high power efficiency. To evaluate the performance of the proposed SLBC, the converter operation has been analyzed under steady-state and Continuous Current Mode conditions, and a comparison with other similar configurations has been conducted to demonstrate its benefits. Simulation and experimental results have shown that the proposed SLBC offers a considerable reduction in conduction losses compared to other SLBC converters in similar situations. Furthermore, the SLBC system provides 1.2 kW output at the charger side with 94.8% efficiency, making it a viable option for powering various EV components, including the charger, motor, lighting, and audio system, with variable voltages.

Degradation-Sensitive Control Algorithm Based on Phase Optimization for Interleaved DC–DC Converters

As the use of interleaved DC–DC converters in electric vehicles (EVs) increases, research on reliability improvement is required. In the case of interleaved DC–DC converters, degradation occurs between transistors and capacitors. In particular, transistor degradation imbalances cause an increase in output capacitor RMS current, which increases power loss and accelerates capacitor degradation. This degradation affects system reliability by increasing thermal stress. In this paper, based on a degraded 2-leg interleaved DC–DC boost converter, research to reduce the converter’s output capacitor RMS current was conducted. The output capacitor RMS current according to the transistor degradation imbalance was analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that the transistor degradation imbalance causes an increase in the capacitor RMS current. To address this issue, a phase optimization algorithm for reducing increased capacitor RMS current is presented in this paper. Next, the phase optimization algorithm is mathematically analyzed. Finally, its efficacy is proved through simulations and experiments.