Conversion Of Vegetable Oil Research Articles

Effect of Alkali on Liquid Yields from the Pyrolysis of Olive Oil

Olive oil can be converted to liquid hydrocarbons that can be used as engine fuels by alkali pyrolytic decarboxylation and cracking processes. There is a need to develop a direct process for conversion of vegetable oils into gasoline-competitive biodiesel and other petroleum products. The purpose of the pyrolysis process is to lower the viscosity of vegetable oil. Compared to No. 2 diesel fuel, all of the vegetable oils are much more viscous while methyl esters of vegetable oils are the slightly higher viscous. Conversion of vegetable oils to useful fuels involves the pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of the oils into lower molecular products. The gasoline or biogasoline can be obtained from vegetable oils by pyrolysis in the presence of Na2CO3. The pyrolysis liquid products of olive oils can be used as alternative engine fuel. An important part of the pyrolytic liquid products are gasoline range hydrocarbons. The highest yield of gasoline was 54.0%, which can be obtained from the pyrolysis with 5% Na2CO3 run.

Evaluation of Methyl Esters of Mahua Oil (Madhuca Indica) as Diesel Fuel

AbstractThere is increasing interest in India for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. This search has led to mahua oil (MO) as one alternative for diesel fuel in India. Mahua oil methyl esters (MOME) were prepared by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing was done to determine the conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel (MOME). The properties of MOME were close to those of diesel oil. Engine testing was conducted using a single‐cylinder 4‐stroke direct‐injection, constant‐speed compression‐ignition diesel engine using MO, MOME and B20 as fuels. The engine ran smoothly with MOME and B20, but heavy smoke emissions were observed when MO was used as fuel.

Steam reforming of sunflower oil for hydrogen gas production

SUMMARY Methods of current hydrogen production for the petroleum refinery industry as well as future technologies under research and development in preparation for a global hydrogen-based economy are briefly reviewed. The advantages of biomass and of liquid biofuels, including vegetable oils as fuel sources in the sustainable production of hydrogen gas are then presented. The bulk of this lecture is thereafter concerned with the thermo-chemical means of hydrogen production which are suitable to the conversion of vegetable oil into hydrogen gas. In particular, previous work on the catalytic steam reforming of vegetable oils is summarised and the advantages and drawbacks of conventional steam reforming exposed. The principles behind an exciting novel process of steam reforming called “unmixed steam reforming” (or USR) that is fuelflexible, insensitive to coking, and therefore suitable to unconventional gas and liquid fuels are outlined next. Based on the work carried out at the University of Leeds, preliminary results from tests of the USR process involving sunflower oil fuel are then presented and discussed. To conclude the lecture, future work planned in this area of investigation is outlined.

Lipase-mediated conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel using ethyl acetate as acyl acceptor

Ethyl acetate was explored as an acyl acceptor for immobilized lipase-catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from the crude oils of Jatropha curcas (jatropha), Pongamia pinnata (karanj) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower). The optimum reaction conditions for interesterification of the oils with ethyl acetate were 10% of Novozym-435 (immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B) based on oil weight, ethyl acetate to oil molar ratio of 11:1 and the reaction period of 12 h at 50 °C. The maximum yield of ethyl esters was 91.3%, 90% and 92.7% with crude jatropha, karanj and sunflower oils, respectively under the above optimum conditions. Reusability of the lipase over repeated cycles in interesterification and ethanolysis was also investigated under standard reaction conditions. The relative activity of lipase could be well maintained over twelve repeated cycles with ethyl acetate while it reached to zero by 6th cycle when ethanol was used as an acyl acceptor.

New Options for Conversion of Vegetable Oils to Alternative Fuels

Biodiesel from transesterification of vegetable oils is an excellent alternative fuel. There is, however, a need to develop a direct process for conversion of vegetable oils into gasoline-competitive biodiesel and other petroleum products. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages among other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of vegetable oil. Compared to No. 2 diesel fuel, all of the vegetable oils are much more viscous, whereas methyl esters of vegetable oils are slightly more viscous. The methyl esters are more volatile than those of the vegetable oils. Conversion of vegetable oils to useful fuels involves the pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of the oils into lower molecular products. Pyrolysis produces more biogasoline than biodiesel fuel. Soap pyrolysis products of vegetable oils can be used as alternative diesel engine fuel. The soaps obtained from the vegetable oils can be pyrolyzed into hydrocarbon-rich products. Zinc chloride catalyst contributed greatly to high amounts of hydrocarbons in the liquid product. The yield of ZnCl 2 catalytic conversion of the soybean oil reached the maximum 79.9% at 660 K.

A review of the synthesis and characterisation of pillared clays and related porous materials for cracking of vegetable oils to produce biofuels

This paper presents an overview of the modification of clay minerals by propping apart the clay layers with an inorganic complex. This expanded material is converted into a permanent two-dimensional structure, known as pillared clay or shortly PILC, by thermal treatment. The resulting material exhibits a two-dimensional porous structure with acidic properties comparable to that of zeolites. Synthetic as well as natural smectites serve as precursors for the synthesis of Al, Zr, Ti, Fe, Cr, Ga, V, Si and other pillared clays as well as mixed Fe/Al, Ga/Al, Si/Al, Zr/Al and other mixed metal pillared clays. Biofuels form an interesting renewable energy source, where these porous, catalytically active materials can play an important role in the conversion of vegetable oils, such as canola oil, into biodiesel. Transesterification of vegetable oil is currently the method of choice for conversion to biofuel. The second part of this review focuses on the catalysts and cracking reaction conditions used for the production of biofuel. A distinction has been made in three different vegetable oils as starting materials: canola oil, palm oil and sunflower oil.

Conversion of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Irradiation.

ChemInformVolume 34, Issue 50 Other Subjects Conversion of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Irradiation. Carmen Stavarache, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMircea Vinatoru, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorRokuro Nishimura, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYasuaki Maeda, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Carmen Stavarache, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMircea Vinatoru, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorRokuro Nishimura, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYasuaki Maeda, Dep. Appl. Mater. Sci., Osaka Prefect. Univ., Sakai, Osaka 599, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 November 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200350242Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume34, Issue50December 16, 2003 RelatedInformation

Conversion of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Irradiation

Abstract The influence of low frequency ultrasounds (28 and 40 kHz) versus mechanical stirring on the transesterification reaction of neat vegetable oil with methanol under base-catalysis was studied and the results are presented. It was found that the optimized variables of 6:1 methanol/oil (mol/mol), 0.5% NaOH (wt/wt), and 40 kHz ultrasonic irradiation at 25 °C for 20 min gave a maximum isolated ester yield of 98%.

Microbial conversion of vegetable oils into surface-active di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide lipids (biosurfactants) by the bacterial strain Tsukamurella spec.

The vegetable oil utilizing bacterial strain Tsukamurella spec. (DSM 44370) growing on oleic acid rich sunflower oil was found to produce a mixture of oligosaccharide lipids. In addition to trehalose lipids (GL 1) also trisaccharide (GL 2) and tetrasaccharide lipids (GL 3) were detected. In submerged culture the tri- and tetrasaccharide lipids were overproduced during the stationary phase (nitrogen limitation) and excreted into the supernatant. In contrast, the trehalose lipids were synthesized growth-associated. As a result of bioreactor cultivations approximately 30 g l—1 glycolipids were produced from 110 g l—1 sunflower oil. Interfacial properties of the crude product and the purified compounds were investigated. The surface tension of water was reduced to less than 30 mN m—1 and the interfacial tension water/n-hexadecane was lowered down to 5—10 mN m—1. Moreover, the HLB values of the purified compounds were estimated to be between 8 and 10. The glycolipids show antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one fungal strain. Mikrobielle Konversion pflanzlicher Öle in oberflächenaktive Oligosaccharidlipide. Der Pflanzenöl-verwertende bakterielle Stamm Tsukamurella spec. (DSM 44370) produziert bei Wachstum auf Sonnenblumenöl als einziger Kohlenstoffquelle ein Gemisch verschiedener Oligosaccharidlipide. Neben Trehaloselipiden (GL 1) konnten Trisaccharid- (GL 2) und Tetrasaccharidlipide (GL 3) identifiziert werden. In Submerskultur wurden die Tri- und Tetrasaccharidlipide verstärkt in der stationären Phase — unter Stickstofflimitierung — gebildet und ins Kulturmedium ausgeschieden. Im Gegensatz dazu scheint die Synthese der Trehaloselipide wachstumsgekoppelt stattzufinden. Im Bioreaktor konnten unter optimierten Bedingungen aus ca. 110 g l—1 metabolisiertem Sonnenblumenöl 30 g l—1 Glycolipid isoliert werden. Sowohl das Rohprodukt als auch die aufgereinigten Glycolipide zeigten interessante oberflächenaktive Eigenschaften. Sie reduzierten die Oberflächenspannung von Wasser auf Werte unter 30 mN m—1. Die Grenzflächenspannung zwischen Wasser und n-Hexadecan wurde auf 5—10 mN m—1 erniedrigt. Die HLB-Werte der aufgereinigten Komponenten lagen bei 8 bzw. bei 10. Zusätzlich zeigten die Verbindungen antimikrobielle Wirkung gegen Gram-positive, Gram-negative Bakterien und den Pilz Ustilago violacea.

Microbial conversion of vegetable oils into surface-active di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide lipids (biosurfactants) by the bacterial strainTsukamurella spec.

The vegetable oil utilizing bacterial strain Tsukamurella spec. (DSM 44370) growing on oleic acid rich sunflower oil was found to produce a mixture of oligosaccharide lipids. In addition to trehalose lipids (GL I) also trisaccharide (GL2) and tetrasaccharide lipids (GL 3) were detected. In submerged culture the tri- and tetrasaccharide lipids were overproduced during the stationary phase (nitrogen limitation) and excreted into the supernatant. In contrast, the trehalose lipids were synthesized growth-associated. As a result of bioreactor cultivations approximately 30g 1 -1 glycolipids were produced from 110 g 1 -1 sunflower oil. Interfacial properties of the crude product and the purified compounds were investigated. The surface tension of water was reduced to less than 30 mN m -1 and the interfacial tension water/n-hexadecane was lowered down to 5-10 mN m -1 , Moreover, the HLB values of the purified compounds were estimated to be between 8 and 10. The glycolipids show antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one fungal strain.

A continuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methyl esters of fatty acids

AbstractA continuous process for the transesterification of triglycerides to methyl esters was investigated in a pilot plant. The process was equipped with a motionless and a high‐shear mixer. The experimental studies explored variations in the mixing intensity, stoichiometry, and catalyst concentration on the overall conversion. The combined as well as individual effect of mixers was examined. The developed process resulted in high conversions of vegetable oils into methyl esters. Conversion of triglycerides to methyl esters in excess of 98% was achieved. Larger excess amounts of alcohol favored higher conversions. The motionless and high‐shear mixers each provided adequate mixing for the process. Higher catalyst concentrations resulted in higher conversions but increased the solubility of methyl esters in the glycerol layer. This reduced the amount of methyl esters separated by gravity settling.

Quality control of rapeseed oil methyl esters by determination of acyl conversion

AbstractA simple procedure for the evaluation of vegetable oil conversion to methyl esters of fatty acids has been developed. These methyl esters, prepared by the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol, are used as alternative fuel for diesel engines. A method of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on packed columns is used to determine the conversion of acyls bound in acylglycerols to methyl esters. This procedure is based on comparison of the peak areas of methyl esters in fuel samples before and after reaction with an effective transesterification reagent, which will transform unreacted acylglycerols to methyl esters. A correlation between the bound glycerol content, determined by the thin‐layer chromatography/flame‐ionization detector method, and the acyl conversion, determined by GLC, is given. In acyl conversions to methyl esters over 96.0%, the bound glycerol content is less than 0.25% by weight.

Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and opportunities

The technical and economic aspects of using vegetable oils as alternative sources for diesel fuels have been studied extensively during the past two decades. Although much of the recent research and development on the production and use of diesel fuel substitutes has been carried out in developed countries, the need for such substitutes and the potential for their production is much greater in developing countries. This report will review some of the results obtained from using vegetable oils and their derivatives as fuel in compression ignition engines and examine opportunities for their broader production and use. It will include some historic background, as well as current and potential yields of candidate crops, the technology and economics of vegetable oil conversion to diesel fuel, the performance of various oils, the potential inherent in diesel fuel coproduction, environmental considerations, and other research opportunities. Vegetable oils will not entirely displace petroleum as a source of diesel fuel. There are, however, technical, economic, and environmental considerations that can lead to their wider use in this application.