Conversion Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment as a new and highly efficient way to cellulosic ethanol production from maize distillery stillage

Aim of the study was to assess the suitability of the combined use of microwave radiation and sodium cumene sulfonate under optimized process conditions for the preparation of maize stillage biomass as a raw material for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The key parameter guaranteeing a high level of lignin removal from biomass (ca. 44%) was concentration of hydrotrope. Even at high biomass concentration (16% w/v) and a cellulase enzyme dose of about 4 filter-paper units/g, maize stillage biomass subjected to microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation, which resulted in 80% hydrolysis yield. It is possible to obtain a fermentation medium with a very high glucose concentration (up to 80 g/L), without fermentation inhibitors and, as a consequence, to reach a very high level of sugar conversion to ethanol (concentration above 40 g/L), even as much as 95% of theoretical yield. Microwave hydrotropic treatment with sodium cumene sulfonate is a very effective way to prepare waste maize stillage biomass for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The degradation of the lignocellulose structure by the simultaneous use of microwaves and hydrotropes ensured a high degree of conversion of structural polysaccharides to bioethanol. The method provides a high level of enzymatic degradation of cellulose, leading to a medium with high content of released sugars suitable for bioconversion, which is in line with assumptions of the second-generation ethanol production technology.Key points• Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment is a new way to cellulosic ethanol production.• Microwave-assisted hydrotropic delignification removes 44% of lignin from biomass.• No fermentation inhibitors are obtained after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment.• High ethanol concentration (above 40 g/L) and fermentation yield (95% of theoretical yield) from biomass after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment.

Structures and functions of carbohydrate-active enzymes of chitinolytic bacteria Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7.

Chitin and its derivatives have valuable potential applications in various fields that include medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7 is one of the most potent chitin-degrading bacteria identified. This review introduces the chitin degradation system of P. str. FPU-7. In addition to extracellular chitinases, P. str. FPU-7 uses a unique multimodular chitinase (ChiW) to hydrolyze chitin to oligosaccharides on the cell surface. Chitin oligosaccharides are converted to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine by β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (PsNagA) in the cytosol. The functions and structures of ChiW and PsNagA are also summarized. The genome sequence of P. str. FPU-7 provides opportunities to acquire novel enzymes. Genome mining has identified a novel alginate lyase, PsAly. The functions and structure of PsAly are reviewed. These findings will inform further improvement of the sustainable conversion of polysaccharides to functional materials.

Phylogenetic Distribution of Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes in Marine Bacteria.

Deconstruction is an essential step of conversion of polysaccharides, and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes play a key role in this process. Although there is recent progress in the identification of these enzymes, the diversity and phylogenetic distribution of these enzymes in marine microorganisms remain largely unknown, hindering our understanding of the ecological roles of marine microorganisms in the ocean carbon cycle. Here, we studied the phylogenetic distribution of nine types of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in marine bacterial genomes. First, we manually compiled a reference sequence database containing 961 experimentally verified enzymes. With this reference database, we annotated 9,335 enzyme sequences from 2,182 high-quality marine bacterial genomes, revealing extended distribution for six enzymes at the phylum level and for all nine enzymes at lower taxonomic levels. Next, phylogenetic analyses revealed intra-clade diversity in the encoding potentials and phylogenetic conservation of a few enzymes at the genus level. Lastly, our analyses revealed correlations between enzymes, with alginate lyases demonstrating the most extensive correlations with others. Intriguingly, chitinases showed negative correlations with cellulases, alginate lyases, and agarases in a few genera. This result suggested that intra-genus lifestyle differentiation occurred many times in marine bacteria and that the utilization of polysaccharides may act as an important driver in the recent ecological differentiation of a few lineages. This study expanded our knowledge of the phylogenetic distribution of polysaccharide enzymes and provided insights into the ecological differentiation of marine bacteria.

Integration of acetic acid catalysis with one-pot protic ionic liquid configuration to achieve high-efficient biorefinery of poplar biomass

An integrated acetic acid based one-pot protic ionic liquid pretreatment and saccharification enables the near full conversion of poplar polysaccharides.

Catalytic efficiency of a multi-domain transglycosylating chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) is influenced by polycystic kidney disease domains

Bacterial chitinases recruited multiple accessory domains for the conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides to simple soluble sugars/amino sugars. Here, we report detailed properties of a multi-domain GH18 chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) that preferred β-chitin as substrate. EcChi2 exhibited transglycosylation (TG) activity on oligomeric substrates from DP4-DP6. The high amount of DP2 is indicative of exo mode activity of EcChi2. We generated EcChi2 variants (truncated and fusion chimeras) and elucidated the role of catalytic and accessory domains. The catalytic efficiency of truncated GH18 and fusion chimera of GH18+ChBD1-ChBD2 decreased to 22 and 17-fold, respectively, than EcChi2, and lost the hydrolytic activity on polymeric substrates, except colloidal chitin. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of truncated PKD1-GH18-PKD2 on polymeric and oligomeric substrates was similar to EcChi2, suggesting that PKD domains are essential for increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, the truncated ChBD1-ChBD2 and fusion PKD1 + PKD2 participated in chitin-binding.

Thermoresponsive polysaccharides with tunable thermoresponsive properties via functionalisation with alkylamide groups

Polysaccharides have been used widely in many industries, from food technology and mining to cosmetics and biomedical applications. Over recent years there has been growing interest in the development of responsive polysaccharides with unique and switchable properties, particularly systems that display lower-critical solution temperatures (LCSTs). Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate a novel strategy that would allow the conversion of non-responsive polysaccharides into thermoresponsive polysaccharides with tuneable LCSTs. Through the functionalisation of dextran with alkylamide groups (isopropyl amide, diethyl amide, piperidinyl and diisobutyl amide) using a carbodiimide coupling approach in conjunction with amic acid derivatives, we prepared a library of novel dextrans with various degrees of substitution (DS), which were characterised via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The alkylamide-functionalised dextrans were found to have good solubility in aqueous solutions, with the exception of those having a high DS of large hydrophobic substituents. Determination of the thermoresponsive characteristics of the polymer solutions via UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that the LCST of the alkylamide-functionalised dextrans was highly dependent on the type of alkylamide group and the DS and could be tuned over a large range (5–35 °C). Above the LCST, all of the thermoresponsive alkylamide-functionalised dextrans formed colloidal dispersions with particles sizes ranging from 400 -600 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, the polymers were found to exhibit a fast and reversible phase transition in solution with narrow hysteresis (∼ 1–5 °C). Finally, the injectability and biocompatibility of the novel thermoresponsive dextrans was confirmed in vivo via subcutaneous and intracranial ventricle injections, with no local or systemic toxicity noted over a 14 d period. Overall, the alkylamide-functionalised dextrans display interesting thermoresponsive properties and trends that may make them useful in biomedical applications, such as drug-delivery.

Green synthesis of heterogeneous copper-alumina catalyst for selective hydrogenation of pure and biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan

In this work novel copper-alumina catalysts were prepared through a solvent-free solid-state grinding method ― a low cost and green catalyst preparation method for selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) into 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF). Under the optimized reaction conditions (3 MPa H2, 130 °C, 1 h), >99 % 5-HMF conversion and 93 % BHMF yield were obtained by using a 20CA (20 mol%Cu-Al2O3) catalyst. The catalyst characterization results could reveal that the high catalytic activity and selectivity could be attributed to the presence of both metallic and electrophilic copper (Cu°/Cu2+) species and the uniformly distributed copper nanoparticles. Furthermore, an integrated catalytic process was demonstrated for the first time for direct conversion of mono, di, and polysaccharides into the corresponding BHMF, obtained overall BHMF yield in the range of 25 %–48 %.

Development of One Pot Strategy for Hyper Production and In Vivo Evaluation of Lovastatin.

The aim of this project was to improve the Aspergillus terreus strain and pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as carrier substrate for bulk production of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, in solid state fermentation. Sugarcane bagasse was treated with alkali (1–3% NaOH) for the conversion of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars for better utilization of carrier substrate by microorganism for maximum lovastatin production. Ethidium bromide (time of exposure 30–180 min) was used to induce mutation in Aspergillus terreus and the best mutant was selected on the basis of inhibition zone appeared on petri plates. Fermented lovastatin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fermented lovastatin, produced by parent and mutant Aspergillus terreus strain, was checked on body weight, blood glucose and serum cholesterol, ALT, AST, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC levels of rats for their cholesterol lowering capacity. Our results indicate that selected strain along with 2% NaOH treated sugar cane bagasse was best suitable for bulk production of lovastatin by fermentation and fermented lovastatin effectively lower the cholesterol level of rats.

Waste paper valorization for bioethanol production: Pretreatment and acid hydrolysis optimization

ABSTRACT The dramatic fluctuations of oil cost and climate change have together concentrated political and scientific attention on the search of alternative fuels. The aim of this work is to recycle waste paper for producing bioethanol. The production process includes two main stages: the conversion of polysaccharides into simple sugars and the fermentation of these sugars into ethanol. In order to maximize the total sugars content, the parameters of both thermal pretreatment and acid hydrolysis steps are optimized by using the response surface methodology combined with Box–Behnken design. In the thermal pretreatment stage, temperature (100–140°C), residence time (20–60 min), and paper–water ratio (0.5–1.5% w/v) are adjusted. For acid hydrolysis step, temperature (60–100°C), reaction time (20–60 min), and amount of sulfuric acid (1–3% v/v) are the investigated parameters. Total sugars evolution is monitored during fermentation reaction using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the optimal parameters of both pretreatment and acid hydrolysis steps. The optimum of thermal pretreatment step was found for the following operation conditions: Temperature = 100.46°C, time = 20.11 min, and paper–water ratio = 1.45% (w/v) with a yield of 48.69% (w/v) of total sugars while the best conditions for the acid hydrolysis step: Temperature = 96.31°C, time = 20.64 min, and amount of sulfuric acid = 1% (v/v), which led to a yield of 79.65% (w/v) of total sugars. Moreover, physicochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of the produced bioethanol (purity degree of 90% v/v) have shown a good agreement with the standards.

Improving the fermentable sugar yields of wheat straw by high-temperature pre-hydrolysis with thermophilic enzymes of Malbranchea cinnamomea

BackgroundEnzymatic hydrolysis is a key step in the conversion of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels and high-value chemicals. However, current enzyme preparations from mesophilic fungi are deficient in their thermostability and biomass-hydrolyzing efficiency at high temperatures. Thermophilic fungi represent promising sources of thermostable and highly active enzymes for improving the biomass-to-sugar conversion process. Here we present a comprehensive study on the lignocellulosic biomass-degrading ability and enzyme system of thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea N12 and the application of its enzymes in the synergistic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.ResultsMalbranchea cinnamomea N12 was capable of utilizing untreated wheat straw to produce high levels of xylanases and efficiently degrading lignocellulose under thermophilic conditions. Temporal analysis of the wheat straw-induced secretome revealed that M. cinnamomea N12 successively degraded the lignocellulosic polysaccharides through sequential secretion of enzymes targeting xylan and cellulose. Xylanase-enriched cocktail from M. cinnamomea N12 was more active on native and alkali‑pretreated wheat straw than the commercial xylanases from Trichoderma reesei over temperatures ranging from 40 to 75 °C. Integration of M. cinnamomea N12 enzymes with the commercial cellulase preparation increased the glucose and xylose yields of alkali‑pretreated wheat straw by 32 and 166%, respectively, with pronounced effects at elevated temperature.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the remarkable xylanase-producing ability and strategy of sequential lignocellulose breakdown of M. cinnamomea N12. A new process for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was proposed, comprising thermophilic enzymolysis by enzymes of M. cinnamomea N12 followed with mesophilic enzymolysis by commercial cellulases. Developing M. cinnamomea N12 as platforms for thermophilic enzyme mixture production will provide new perspectives for improved conversion yields for current biomass saccharification schemes.

Conversion of polysaccharides in Ulva prolifera to valuable chemicals in the presence of formic acid

The conversion of the macroalgae Ulva prolifera into monosaccharides and value-added furfurals in water or water-tetrahydrofuran co-solvent with formic acid was studied. At 160 °C in water, different Bronsted acids (initial pH = 2) were tested. The use of formic acid obtained the highest yields of total monosaccharides (Glu 18.8 wt%, Xyl 12.9 wt%, and Rha 42.1 wt%), while lower yields of monosaccharides were obtained with other inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4). At 200 °C, the highest yields of furfurals (furfural 7.3 wt%, 5-hydroxymethylfurufural 10.6 wt%, and 5-methylfurfural 17.8 wt%) were obtained in the presence of formic acid in water-tetrahydrofuran-NaCl biphasic system. Formic acid acted as the catalyst for hydrolysis and dehydration, while THF acted as the protector for the formed furfurals in water-tetrahydrofuran-NaCl biphasic system. Furthermore, the increase of reaction temperature or the addition of NaCl promoted the conversion of saccharides into furfurals and the formation of levulinic acid.

Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using citric acid and its use in enzymatic hydrolysis

This study evaluated the use of a renewable organic acid (citric acid) as homogeneous catalyst for the pretreatment of raw sugarcane bagasse (SB). A 22 central composite design with two factors (reaction time and citric acid concentration) was used to evaluate the effect of the factors on the chemical composition of the pretreated SB samples and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of the pretreated SB samples were performed using the enzymatic cocktail Cellic® CTec 3 and the total reducing sugars (TRS) released after enzymatic hydrolysis was determined. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to examine the changes in the morphology and structure of the pretreated SB samples. The changes in the structure and chemical composition of the pretreated SB resulted in a high TRS concentration (28.2 g L−1) after enzymatic hydrolysis, for the pretreatment condition employing 6 wt% citric acid and 102.4 min, compared to the raw SB (3.06 g L−1). The pretreatment showed potential for application since a moderate conversion of polysaccharides in TRS was obtained, even though it was a pretreatment carried out under milder conditions. The pretreatment studied has the advantage of using weak and environmentally friendly acid catalyst, atmospheric pressure, and low temperature.

A comparison of different pre-extraction methods followed by steam pretreatment of bamboo to improve the enzymatic digestibility and ethanol production

In this work, investigation of pre-extraction of bamboo under three different conditions (alkaline, neutral, and acidic) prior to acid catalyzed (AC) steam pretreatment on the conversion of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars and ethanol was reported. Pre-extraction process was demonstrated to significantly improve the enzymatic digestibility of bamboo and reduce the formation of inhibitory compounds for fermentation. Comparing to the pre-extraction of bamboo under neutral and acidic conditions, alkaline pre-extraction of bamboo yielded the highest monomeric sugar yields following enzymatic hydrolysis, which were approximately 86% of glucose and 82% of xylose (based on the initial sugar composition). The fermentation of sugars released during enzymatic hydrolysis with pentose-hexose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lg8-1 strain achieved the final ethanol concentrations of 50.1, 46.3, and 49.0 g/L, corresponding to the ethanol yields of 70.5%, 68.9%, and 65.1% (based on theoretical ethanol yield of the initial bamboo) for the prep-extraction of bamboo under alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions, respectively. The results indicate that the pre-extraction of extractives and ash followed by AC steam pretreatment is a promising approach to improve the bioconversion of bamboo biomass to biofuels.

Low-Cost Cellulase-Hemicellulase Mixture Secreted by Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 with Complete Saccharification Efficacy of Lignocellulose.

Fermentable sugars are important intermediate products in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and other value-added bio-products. The main bottlenecks limiting the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass are the high cost and the low saccharification efficiency of degradation enzymes. Herein, we report the secretome of Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 under induction of lignocellulose. Numerously and quantitatively balanced cellulases and hemicellulases, especially high levels of glycosidases, could be secreted by T. harzianum EM0925. Compared with the commercial enzyme preparations, the T. harzianum EM0925 enzyme cocktail presented significantly higher lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and hydrolysis efficiency against lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, 100% yields of glucose and xylose were obtained simultaneously from ultrafine grinding and alkali pretreated corn stover. These findings demonstrate a natural cellulases and hemicellulases mixture for complete conversion of biomass polysaccharide, suggesting T. harzianum EM0925 enzymes have great potential for industrial applications.

Synchronous conversion of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to levulinic acid with synergic bifunctional catalysts in a biphasic cosolvent system

Synchronous conversion of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to a high-value-added chemical (levulinic acid, LA) using various Brønsted–Lewis acids as bifunctional catalysts in a biphasic cosolvent system has been investigated. The results indicate that the coupling of Amberlyst 15 and Al2(SO4)3 as a bifunctional catalyst has a higher positive synergic influence on the synchronous conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to LA than other mixed catalysts. The synergic effect of a Brønsted–Lewis acid was measured using a synergy factor; the Amberlyst 15–Al2(SO4)3 bifunctional catalyst showed the strongest synergic catalytic activity with a synergy factor of 1.90. The biphasic cosolvent combining water with dimethoxymethane promotes the transformation of furfural into hydroxymethylfurfural and facilitates the selectivity of LA. The results also demonstrated that the water–dimethoxymethane biphasic cosolvent is suitable for the synchronous conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose into LA with high yield (52.49 %). This study provides insights for the possible synergistically transformed mechanism of lignocellulosic polysaccharides according to the conversion of intermediates and products. This synchronous conversion of biomass with a synergistic system has great promise for preparing high-value-added chemicals from biomass.

Effects of a complex phytase-containing enzyme preparation on the rye wort fermentation process

A complex of amylases, proteases, and hemicellulases is known to enhance deep conversion of polysaccharides and proteins, especially in the processing of difficult-to-ferment raw materials, such as rye, providing grain wort with soluble carbohydrates, amino acids, and peptides. Grain is also a source of phosphorus, whose bioavailability can be increased by hydrolysing the grain with phytase-containing enzyme preparations. However, their catalytic action during the preparation of grain wort for alcohol production has hardly been studied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a new complex phytasecontaining enzyme preparation on yeast metabolism and the efficiency of rye wort fermentation. The work was carried out in the Russian Research Institute of Food Biotechnology. The Glucavamorin complex enzyme preparations derived from recombinant strains were the object of our research. The preparations differed in the activity level of the main enzyme, lucoamylase, and minor hemicellulase enzymes, as well as in the presence of phytase. The results confirmed their biocatalytic ability to efficiently hydrolyse polymers of rye grain. An increased content of hemicellulases in Glucavamorin-Xyl improved the rheological properties of rye wort. The greatest effect was achieved with the phytase-containing Glucavamorin-Ply. This preparation improved the phosphorus nutrition of yeast, which increased its biomass by 30% and decreased the level of fermentation by-products by 18–20%. Alcohol yield tended to increase and its strength reached 10.5–10.9% vol. When using a phytase-containing enzyme complex, it was possible to reduce the amount of the main enzyme, glucoamylase, without causing the key fermentation indicators to degrade.

Comparative Study on the Dehydration of Biomass-Derived Disaccharides and Polysaccharides to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a well-known value-added platform chemical, can be produced by biomass dehydration for the synthesis of bio-based liquid fuels. In this study, several kinds of saccharides that are widely available from biomass resources, namely, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, inulin, and cellulose, were selected as feedstocks. A sulfonated ionic liquid catalyst was employed for the production of HMF from the selected saccharides in a renewable butanone–water solvent mixture. The yields of primary dehydration products versus time on stream from the saccharides were comparatively studied, and the distribution of the liquid-phase product was also analyzed. Results showed that the proposed reaction system could achieve fast conversion of disaccharides and polysaccharides with high selectivity toward HMF. Complete conversion of disaccharide and up to 65.1% yield of HMF were achieved within 1 min. Sucrose and inulin, which are rich in the fructose unit, showed the highest HMF selectivity. The next were maltose, cellobiose, and cellulose, which mainly consist of the glucose unit. They produced more oxygenated aliphatics than sucrose and inulin via side reactions. Lactose had the lowest HMF selectivity and tended to be converted into furan byproducts during the dehydration process.

Structural insights into the hydrolysis pattern and molecular dynamics simulations of GH45 subfamily a endoglucanase from Neurospora crassa OR74A

Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 45 is one of the smallest and poorly studied endoglucanase family with a broad biotechnological application ranging from treatment of textiles to conversion of complex cell wall polysaccharides into simple oligo- and monosaccharides. In a present study, GH45 cellulase from Neurospora crassa OR74A (NcCel45A) was characterized both biochemically and structurally. HPLC analysis of the hydrolytic products confirmed the endo-β(1,4) mode of action of the enzyme. Moreover, such pattern revealed that NcCel45A cannot hydrolyze efficiently oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization smaller than six. The crystal structure of NcCel45A catalytic domain in the apo-form was determined at 1.9 Å resolution and the structure of the enzyme bound to cellobiose was solved and refined to 1.8 Å resolution. Comparative structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations show that the enzyme dynamics is affected by substrate binding. Taken together, MD simulations and statistical coupling analysis revealed previously unknown correlation of a loop 6 with the breakdown of cellulose substrates by GH45.

Efficient conversion of carbohydrates into levulinic acid over chromium modified niobium phosphate catalyst

In this work, a series of mesoporous niobium phosphate material with different Cr content (Cr/NbP) were synthesized and used as catalysts for glucose conversion to levulinic acid (LA). The results showed that the acidic properties of the material, including acid density, acid amount, and type of acid sites, had the important effects on glucose conversion. And the doping of Cr into niobium phosphate enhanced the catalyst acid amount, especially for Lewis acid amount, which finally resulted in the increase of LA yield through glucose-fructose isomerization. The effect of various reaction parameters such as temperature, time, catalyst dosage, and substrate concentration on LA generation have been optimized, and among the testing, 5%Cr/NbP catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic performance with 62.4 mol% LA yield obtaining from 100 mol% glucose conversion at 180 °C for 180 min. Besides, the synthesized Cr/NbP also displayed high activity for disaccharide or polysaccharide conversion to LA. The recycling of Cr/NbP manifested that the material can be reused at least for four times with the activity loss less than 10.0 mol%. The experiments results demonstrated the potential of Cr/NbP catalyst for carbohydrates conversion to LA in aqueous media under mild process conditions.

High production of levulinic acid from cellulosic feedstocks being catalyzed by temperature-responsive transition metal substituted heteropolyacids

Heteropolyacids (HPAs), super strong Brønsted acid solids, were recently reported to achieve cellulose conversion with high efficiency. To achieve higher levulinic acid (LA) yield, a series of Lewis metal-substituent phosphotungstic acids HnPW11LO39 (HPWL, L = CuII, SnIV, CrIII, ZnII, FeIII; L = TiIV, ZrIV, oxygen is 40) were used as catalysts in polysaccharides conversion. Identification of the reaction intermediates and products provided some information for cellulose conversion pathway. H5PW11TiO40 (Brønsted/Lewis acid = 2.84:1) was found to be most active with highest cellulose conversion giving highest glucose yield in water and highest LA yield in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)/water. In addition, for overcome the drawbacks in mass transferring and separation, the temperature-responsive catalyst of HOCH2CH2N(CH3)3H4PW11TiO40 (ChH4PWTi) was prepared giving as high as 76.1% LA yield at 93.8% cellulose conversion more than those by HPWTi (65.6%, 90.5%). Also, ChH4PWTi was obtained 93.7% conversion and 70.9% yield at microwave. ChH4PWTi also presented higher feedstocks - tolerance to mono-, di- or polysaccharides and even lignocellulose (corn straw, pinewood, husk of xanthoceras, coconut shell) to LA. As highest as 33.0% LA yield at 68.0% conversion was obtained by ChH4PWTi from husk of xanthoceras under mild conditions. ChH4PWTi could be recycled 12 times without significant loss of activity, which showed longer duration.