Enabling the deep decarbonization of hard to abate industrial sectors such as aviation and chemicals, requires the maturation and commercialization of emerging new CO2 capture (e.g., direct air capture or from flue gas) as well as conversion technologies (e.g., thermochemical hydrogenation of CO2 with green H2 or electrochemical conversion of CO2 with green electrons) that have a close to zero carbon footprint over their full lifecycle. In this talk, we will focus on one key technology option in this space i.e., the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemicals and provide an overview of Shell’s recent R&D efforts on this topic, specifically as it pertains to the production of syngas for synthetic kerosene i.e., aviation fuel (e.g., via Shell’s gas-to-liquids process) or green ethylene for decarbonizing chemicals. In particular, we will present a systems engineering view on electrochemical CO2 conversion by comparing the technology against incumbent CO2 hydrogenation options such as reverse water gas shift for syngas production and CO2 to methanol to olefins for ethylene production, from a specific energy consumption (are there step out options under the same premise of low cost intermittent renewable power?), materials availability (do we have enough catalyst materials to scale to million tons per annum industrial scale?), and ease of scalability perspective (are design rules available to go from bench to pilot to industrial scales?). Based on the analysis, we will outline gaps and key research topics that could be collectively pursued by the overall community to further the maturation of electrochemical CO2 conversion and make it a credible technology option for decarbonization.