Implicature Research Articles

Optimism in English and Arabic Religious Discourse: A Pragmatic Study

The present study tries to investigate linguistically optimism in English and Arabic religious discourses. The language of religious discourse is rich to be examined by the researchers. Optimism is carried out by different pragmatic aspects. The study aims at identifying the various pragmatic strategies by which optimism is conveyed through the eclectic model which is adopted to analyse the data. It consists of Searle’s (1969) speech act theory, Grice’s (1975) conversational implicature and Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The study employs a qualitative content analysis method to analyse three Biblical texts and three Quranic texts that include optimism in the two Holy Books. The study reveals that optimism is conveyed mainly by the directive, representative speech acts. It is also conveyed by the conversational implicature that is mainly conveyed by words with many connotations. Finally, optimism is mainly carried out by positive politeness strategies such as encouraging, understanding, showing sympathy and promising the reader/listener.

Optimism in English and Arabic Religious Discourse: A Pragmatic Study

The present study tries to investigate linguistically optimism in English and Arabic religious discourses. The language of religious discourse is rich to be examined by the researchers. Optimism is carried out by different pragmatic aspects. The study aims at identifying the various pragmatic strategies by which optimism is conveyed through the eclectic model which is adopted to analyse the data. It consists of Searle’s (1969) speech act theory, Grice’s (1975) conversational implicature and Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The study employs a qualitative content analysis method to analyse three Biblical texts and three Quranic texts that include optimism in the two Holy Books. The study reveals that optimism is conveyed mainly by the directive, representative speech acts. It is also conveyed by the conversational implicature that is mainly conveyed by words with many connotations. Finally, optimism is mainly carried out by positive politeness strategies such as encouraging, understanding, showing sympathy and promising the reader/listener.

Understanding French Conversational Implicatures by Foreign Language Study Program Students

Learners of French as a foreign language are expected to be able to use French as French native speakers (bien français). In communication, not all meaning comes from the words spoken. Speeches that contain things like this are called conversational implicatures. Understanding foreign language conversational implicatures is difficult. Learners are required for this ability to be able to communicate like native speakers. The present study intends to know to what extent learners understand conversational implicatures. This study follows Bouton and Pratama's research examining the understanding of conversational implicatures in English as a second language. Respondents of this research were 55 students studying French as a foreign language. In collecting the data, three types of tests were used, namely: (1) a Test of Conversational Implicatures, (2) a Test of Vocabulary Mastery, (3) and Test of Structure Mastery. There are 30 questions about 10 types of conversational implicatures, 30 vocabulary questions, and 30 structure questions. The results of the study revealed that there were 8 questions answered incorrectly by more than 50% of respondents. It also shows that the most difficult types of Conversational Implicature are (a) Indirect Criticism, followed by (b) Quantitative, (c) Qualitative, (d) Manner, and (e) MRR. By using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, statistically it is revealed that vocabulary and structure mastery contributes to Conversational Implicatures understanding.

Conversational implicatures in a novel: Is the principle of politeness violated?

Many works of literature stress the significance of meaning in communication. Thus, a great number of researchers have conducted studies on implicature using novels as data sources. However, most of them have focused on conventional and conversational implicatures. When the principle of politeness is disregarded, there is still ambiguity and it should be used as a basis for analysis. As widely known that the principle of politeness that is violated in conversation does not always occur in verbal conversations but can occur in written conversations such as in novels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the violations of the principle of politeness in a novel in order to understand every hidden meaning in the conversation speeches. This study is descriptive-qualitative in nature. The data used in this research were taken from a novel “Negeri 5 Menara” authored by Ahmad Fuadi. The data were collected using a document analysis process that includes skimming, reading, and interpreting. The collected data were analyzed using an interactive analytical model, including data collecting, data display, data reduction, and conclusion drawing. The findings suggest that Ahmad Fuadi's novel "Negeri 5 Menara" features implicatures, going against the principle of politeness. The principle of politeness has been violated in 73 instances, including 12 violations against the maxim of wisdom, six against the maxim of generosity, 10 against the maxim of praise, 16 against the maxim of humility, eight against the maxim of sympathy, and 21 against the maxim of agreement. The maxim of generosity is the one that is violated the least frequently, whereas the maxim of agreement is the most frequently violated. Following the findings, implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Received: 26 March 2023 Accepted:15 May 2023 Published: 25 May 2023

Forms of Humour Created through Maxim Flouting in Churchill Show Comedy Performances

Verbal humour has presented itself as a complicated phenomenon to linguists over the years due to its inherently dissociative properties. Sometimes the very essence of humour lies in defying the rules of language usage. Language usage in verbal humour is embedded in the jokes that the comedians perform and are the mechanisms involved in maxim flouting. In the process of maxim flouting conversational implicatures arise and when it is inconsistent with what we expect, humour generates. Out of the generated humour additional information is embedded. The study examined the forms of humour that emerge as a result of stand-up comedians flouting the conversational maxims in Churchill Show in Kenya. The study relied on the Gricean cooperative principle and the principles of Relevance theory to explain the maxims flouted by stand-up comedians. The study adopted a descriptive qualitative research. The primary data of study comprised purposively selected utterances from stand-up comedy performances from 2011 to 2019 in Churchill Show. In collecting the data, the researcher applied attentive observation. Being a qualitative study, data analysis commenced during data collection. Content analyses of spoken words in the TV tape were transcribed. Classification of the data into maxims flouted was first done and discussed. The findings revealed that comedians in Churchill Show create different forms of humour by taking advantage of rhetorical techniques such as hyperbole, satire, irony, stereotyping and self-deprecation. It is recommended that future research should investigate the most flouted maxim by comedians in Churchill Show can be carried out. Additionally, another study can be conducted on rhetoric strategies that stand-up comedians employ in Churchill Show and which of the strategies are the most exploited.

Italian davvero (‘really’) as a trigger of implicit contents in persuasive discourse

It is generally maintained that, as a modal adverb, Italian davvero ‘really’ signals a high degree of certainty attributed by the speaker to the modified linguistic material, or expresses a positive evaluation. Differently from other modal adverbs, in its absolute use, davvero can react to an interlocutor’s statement, reinforcing it or questioning it, thus expressing a judgement on an already existing assertion. In political monologues, we observe that the existence of an “interlocutor’s voice” responsible for an asserted content can be presupposed, with davvero being the trigger of such presupposition. In such cases, a second implicit content (a conversational implicature) is also generally conveyed which expresses the epistemic judgement of the speaker. We observe that this happens typically in some specific discourse configurations (i.e., questions and conditional subordinates) and we label this pragmatic enrichment ‘polemic polyphonic judgement’. We also show the manipulative potential of this pragmatic phenomenon. We finally suggest that davvero can trigger a conversational implicature also in other linguistic configurations, and we propose that context, and more specifically the stretch of text in which the adverb occurs, whether argumentative or non-argumentative, plays a crucial role in this pragmatic process.

Conventional Implicatures in Ukrainian Discourse

The present study aims at the analysis of conventional implicatures (Grice, 1991) actualized in Ukrainian dialogical discourse. The distinction between conventional and conversational implicatures is described. We argue that what is commonly considered conventional implicature is in fact implicature only in discourse. Implicatures are inherently conversational because they are intended by the speaker and derived by the addressee in discourse. Therefore, it makes sense to regard conventional implicatures as such that are actualized not only in discursive context (such being the case with conversational implicatures), but by certain language means in virtue of their semantics. They serve as triggers allowing the addressee to derive implicature through its conventional meaning. Implicature triggers are culture-specific, since their semantics is determined by conventions of a particular natural language. Depending on language status of the trigger, conventional implicatures are divided into lexical, paroemiac and syntactic.

A Conversational Implicature Theory-based Approach to Translation of the Dramatic Dialogue in The Merchant of Venice

A Conversational Implicature Theory-based Approach to Translation of the Dramatic Dialogue in The Merchant of Venice

Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling of the collective implicature in child language

ABSTRACT We test children’s distributive and collective sentence interpretations and the variables that predict them. In our first experiment, we establish that adult English collective sentences with the or some in the subject are categorically collective in their interpretations. We further demonstrate that children’s collective and distributive interpretations are predicted by an independent measure of lexical growth, consistent with the lexical refraction hypothesis, and that their collective interpretations are predicted by their distributive interpretations, consistent with the pragmatic scale hypothesis. Furthermore, the distributive interpretations produce complete mediation between lexicon and collective interpretations in a mediation analysis. In our second experiment, we take independent measures of Spanish-speaking children’s knowledge of the Approximate Number System, inhibition, lexicon and phrasal syntax. We then fit a Piecewise Structural Equation Model with these variables, with high statistical power and showing high goodness-of-fit. We consider the contrast between this model of collective interpretations, which are putatively conversational implicatures, and quantity implicature models from previous studies.

A STUDY OF PARTICULARIZED CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES IN POSTER

The social circumstances of the conversations are significant. When chatting, the speakers must always make reference to those circumstances. Moreover, talks contain meanings that go beyond the utterances as well as literal meanings. This study explored the conversational implicatures in poster posted on the Facebook walls and websites. The data were analyzed using the social context and conversational implicature theories by Gricean typology of speaker meaning (Mey, 2009, p.365). In this investigation, various conversational implicatures were discovered. They include intentional disregard for the maxims, particularized conversational implicature, generalized conversational implicature, and standard implicature with the highest emergence. This study comes to the conclusion that the social circumstances of the participants, such as age, power or social standing, and social distance, have a significant impact on the usage of conversational implicature represented in the poster.

Conversational implicature forms of Banyumasan humorous utterances on YouTube

This study focuses on conversational implicatures in humorous utterances. In pragmatics, implicature analysis is used to reveal the additional meaning or implied meaning of the speech conveyed by the speaker. An implicature can occur because of a violation of the principle of conversation. Conversational implicature (especially) only appears in the context of certain utterances and has an implied meaning. An utterance in a conversation can imply a pragmatic function implicitly or imply some meaning indirectly through language. This study aims to describe the implicature forms of Banyumasan humorous utterances on YouTube. This study was analyzed using Searle’s (1969) speech acts theory and Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature. The method in this research was descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the analysis found in Banyumasan humorous speech, there are assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive implicature forms.

Investigating implicature in the machine translation of selected conversations from the novel ‘The hunger games’

This study aims at investigating implicatures in the machine translation of selected conversations from the novel “The Hunger Games” by Collins (2008). The selected conversations are nine conversations taken from the beginning, middle and end of the novel from crucial points in the novel’s plot and are conversations that push the action of the novel forward. This study analyzes conversational implicatures according to Grice’s maxims (1991). It specifically examines the MT system’s translation of instances where these maxims were flouted in the source text. This is done through putting the novel’s conversations in to Google translate and the output translation is then analyzed and compared with the source text’s implicature . The study reaches the following findings: the MT system can translate conversational implied meanings correctly when the maxims of relation or quantity were flouted. This is due to the fact that it translates the utterance literally and thus the same effect is mimicked in the target text. However, the implied meanings created through the flouting of quality or manner maxims are harder for the machine to translate. Therefore, researchers in the field of machine translation should work to improve the machine translation regarding implicature created through the flouting of these two maxims.

The Implicature Used by Selena Gomez In Zach Sang Show Related to Mental Health and Finding Happiness Issues

The objective of this research is to find out and analyze the types of conversational implicature and its function used by Selena Gomez in Zach Song Show’s interview on 2016 discussing about her new song and mental health issues. The method used to conduct this research is descriptive qualitative method. This study used the theory of cooperative principle by Grice and the function of implicature by Levinson. There are two types of conversational implicature occured in the interview; those are generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. This study also found that Selena Gomez mostly use the implicature in order to obtain two functions namely ability to obtain a functional explanation that is important to language realization but is not covered by descriptive and providing a firm and explicit explanation about the possibility that language users can grasp messages even when what is spoken differs from what is meant.

Conversational Implicature in Selected Songs Lyrics by Brandi Carlile

Implicature is generally communicated through various media, such as song lyrics. The purpose of this research is to give comprehending to the readers and is expected to add their insight into implied meanings, especially the conversational implicature in song lyrics, so they can easily capture the true meaning that the lyricist poured into the song. The researcher analyzed conversational implicature using theory of implicature proposed by Yule (1996). The analysis in this research used qualitative research method by choosing the lyrics that contain conversational implicature. To support the analysis, the researcher used books, thesis, journals, and social media such as google and YouTube. The results of this research indicate that there are three types of conversational implicature, namely general conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. Then, the most dominant type of conversational implicature found in Brandi Carlile’s songs lyrics is particularized conversational implicature. Based on the result of analysis, conversational implicature is a common phenomenon in literary works, especially song lyrics.

A Sociopragmatic Study of Feminism: A theoretical Perspective of Feminist Discourse

The current paper is an attempt to approach feminism in Sociopragmatic structures. It pragmatically tackles feminism in this feminist work. Consequently, it aims to: explain the socio-pragmatic structure of feminist discourse that is the socio-pragmatic elements of which the feminist discourse of the theortical wor under study is composed; identify the most frequently socio-pragmatic straetgies that are made use of feminism depicted in the work under study;To fulfil the aims of this study in which it is hypothesized that Speech acts, deixis, presupposition, conversational implicatures and politeness are the major pragmatic strategies of the feminist discourse of the novel under investigation. Moreover ,Sexism, power, domiance, gender elements are the crucial sociolinguistic elements that construct the sociolinguistic construct of the feminist discourse . Finally , there are some interrelationship between pragmatics and sociolinguistics to find the overall feminist veiw .

Different Preferences for Emojis in the Aspect of Age

It is well-established that emojis play an essential part when communicating with others online. This study investigates the different preferences of emojis among different age groups. The interview is done to support the investigation. Respondents are divided by age into two groups. (respondents aged from 10-30 and respondents aged from 31-50) They are asked to answer several questions which are designed based on the theory of conversational implicature. Respondents' answers are collected and analyzed. The result showed that there are differences in emoji preferences between age groups. The result suggests that there is a distinguished difference between young people and older people in the choice of emojis. Older people tend not to use emojis that convey negative emotions, and the younger people can feel the emojis' implications hidden in it through the context.

Violation of Cooperation Principles in Drama Ahlul Kahfi the Work of Taufiq Al-Hakim, Analysis of Grice Implicatures

This study aims to describe the forms of violation of the principles of cooperation in the first part of the Ahlul Kahfi drama. And knowing the conditional meaning of implicature in the first part of the ahlul kahfi drama. To achieve this goal, descriptive qualitative research is used by analyzing and collecting the script of the play in the form of conversations between characters using the theory of violation of the principle of Grice's cooperation which gave birth to the conversational implicature. This method can provide a conclusion that in the script of the first part of the Ahlul Kahfi drama there are several violations against the principles of cooperation namely the violation of quality maxims, violations of quantity maxims and violations of relationship maxims, and there is no violation of the maxim of means. And the meaning born of the implicature of the conversation due to the violation of the principle is adapted to the context of the speech.

Conversational Implicature Found in Junior Highschool Textbook “Think Globally Act Locally”

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya Conversational Implicature di dalam Conversational Implicature In Junior High School Textbook “Think Globally Act Locally”. Tujuan Penelitian Ini adalah untuk menganalisa tipe-tipe dan makna tersirat conversational implicature di dalam Textbook “Think Globally Act Locally”. Peneliti memilih Metode dari Sudaryanto sebagai acuan utama untuk meneliti topik ini, yaitu Implikatur percakapan (Conversational Implicature) berdasarkan tipe-tipe dan makna tersirat nya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan dan menganalisa implikatur percakapan (Conversational implicature) di dalam Textbook “Think Globally Act Locally”. Desain penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah metode “identitas pragmatis” atau pencocokkan data beserda tekhnik-tekhniknya. Maka, berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, peneliti menemukan 9 (sembilan) data. Data-data tersebut terdiri dari 7 (tujuh) generalized conversational implicature dan 2 (dua) particularized conversational implicature.

Conversational Implicature in The Croods movie

This research is aimed to identify the types of conversational implicature in the dialogue of characters in The Croods movie and interpret the meaning of each conversational implicatures that found in the dialogue of characters in The Croods movie. In conducting this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative research as a method to analyze the data. The writer uses the theory proposed by Grice to analyze and interpret the types of conversational implicature occur in The Croods movie. The data in this research are collected by watching the movie and reading the script of the movie, which then selects the dialogues that identified as a conversational implicature. In analyzing the data, the writer uses several steps; First identifying the types of conversational implicature, Second classifying the types of conversational implicature, third describing the meaning of each utterance that is identified as a conversational implicature based on the context of the movie, and last making a conclusion. After analyzing the data, it was found that there were 20 utterances that were identified as conversational implicatures, i.g. generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. There were 15 utterances identified as particularized conversational implicatures and 5 utterances identified as generalized conversational implicatures. Which can be percentages, particularized conversational implicature 75% occurred and generalized conversational implicature 15%. It can be concluded that particularized conversational implicature is the most prominent appearing in the movie.

Assessing Tertiary Turkish EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Competence Regarding Speech Acts and Conversational Implicatures

Pragmatic competence is an indispensable component of communicative competence, which plays an essential role in human communication. When an individual is communicatively competent, he/she can carry out an effective conversation in social situations. Therefore, pragmatic competence establishes a compelling factor in English language learning as it permits second/foreign language learners to carry out successful conversations in real-life interactions outside the classroom atmosphere. The improvement of foreign language learners’ pragmatic competence will strengthen their communicative competence. The purpose of this paper is to assess foreign language learners’ comprehension of conversational implicatures by using a multiple-choice discourse test (MCDT) and their performance in a discourse completion test (DCT). Through the use of a quantitative analysis, 54 adult learners of English at C1 and B2 levels of proficiency defined by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in a university in Cyprus were tested on their use of implicatures and speech acts. EFL learners were more successful in the MCDT regarding the comprehension of formulaic and idiosyncratic features but received lower results in the DCT. As well as testing the proficiency level, this study was also designed to investigate the difference between the gender performances of the DCT and MCDT. The results revealed that there is no statistical significance between the male and female respondents in terms of pragmatic competence. Based on these results, the role of teaching pragmatics in EFL classrooms portrays a major aspect for a sustainable learning environment. Thus, the paper also illustrates suggestions for future research.