Convergence Efforts Research Articles

Precise Bottom-up Synthesis of Functional Nanowires and Nanosheets Based on 1D and Quasi-1D Van Der Waals Crystals

Anisotropy often leads to unexpected structures and properties in the solid state. In van der Waals (vdW) solids composed of 1D or quasi-1D (q-1D) building blocks, anisotropy in both intra- and inter-chain directions results in an abundance of crystalline packing motifs and drastically altered physical states. Among these, 1D/q-1D vdW solids that display topologically protected states, confined photonic modes, and direct band gap characteristics in few- to single-chains are highly sought after due to their tremendous potential as building blocks for next-generation quantum computing, spintronic, and telecommunication devices. Yet, access to such facet- and edge-specific physical states is still limited by the stochastic nature of micromechanical exfoliation. Here, we present two convergent efforts that address the growth of 1D and q-1D vdW crystals, which have closely related stoichiometric competing phases or exhibit rich polymorphism. First, I will describe the unique crystallization behavior of Bi4I4, a known topological insulator in bulk, in the presence of Au nanoparticle (NP) catalysts. Systematically varying Au NP diameters, Bi:I precursor ratios, and growth-deposition temperatures reveals that Au NPs generally act as nucleation sites for the vapor-solid (VS) growth of Bi4I4 nanowires. Strikingly, we discovered that post-synthesis analysis of 20 nm Au NPs, showing an equistochiometric 1:1 ratio of Bi to I within the Au NP, distinctly triggers the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of [001]-oriented quasi-2D nanosheets comprised of laterally-ordered [Bi4I4]n chains along the perpendicular [100] direction. Second, I will discuss how highly anisotropic and intrinsically strong covalent interactions along the long axis in 1D vdW crystals enable the uncatalyzed growth of record-long photonic nanowires (approximately 8 mm long with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 60 nm) via bottom-up vapor-phase routes. In both systems, we employ a series of structural and spectroscopic techniques to establish the structure, polytype, and physical properties of the well-defined nanowires and quasi-2D nanosheets that emerge from our synthetic routes.

Nepal’s Status‐Seeking Endeavors: Between Normative Convergence and Geopolitical Interests

Due to limited material and geopolitical factors, the agency of small states is limited in international politics. As such, these states may seek to mitigate such weaknesses through status-seeking, adopting peculiar foreign policy approaches or international commitments to signal to more powerful actors about specific political or normative affinities. In this article, the conceptual framework of social identity theory, specifically social mobility, is used to assess Nepal’s foreign policy choices. It is argued that Nepal pursues the identity management strategy of social mobility in the form of normative conformance with more powerful actors to reinforce its status in the international community but not necessarily to rise up in the hierarchy of states. Social mobility through normative conformance not only allows Nepal to elevate its status with higher-status groups like the EU, the UN, and US (which are the country’s primary development partners), but it also reinforces Nepal’s interest in maintaining (and if possible, expanding) its agency as a sovereign state which is constrained due to its geopolitical location in between much larger neighbors, India and China. Nepal’s normative convergence efforts are broadly categorized into two specific types of commitments: (a) multilateralism and (b) normative congruence with development partners. Both of these normative conformance approaches seek to emulate the values and practices of the higher-status group—the US, the UN, and the EU.

Communication Accommodation of Raja Ampat Students in Yogyakarta for Dispelling Negative Stereotypes

In the realm of intercultural communication, the necessity of adjusting becomes apparent for fostering harmonious interactions. However, not everyone adeptly navigates these adjustments, leading to instances of discord. Some cases emerge among Papuan students in Yogyakarta, where some are labeled as disruptive, thereby contributing to negative stereotypes held by the broader Yogyakarta community. This study delves into the accommodation communication strategies employed by students from Raja Ampat in Southwest Papua as a proactive response to counteracting these negative stereotypes. Employing a qualitative approach, the research incorporates in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation methods for data collection. The analysis follows a descriptive research method, offering insights into the communication accommodations devised by Raja Ampat students to address negative stereotypes prevalent in Yogyakarta. The findings highlight substantial convergence efforts by Raja Ampat students, spanning language usage, communication styles, behaviors, and communal activities. Concurrently, the students also engage in deliberate divergences to preserve their cultural identity. Through these adjustments, Raja Ampat students foster positive relationships, enhance interactive experiences, and contribute to a more adaptable perspective among the people of Yogyakarta regarding information surrounding negative stereotypes.

Quasi-3D: reducing convergence effort improves visual comfort of head-mounted stereoscopic displays

The diffusion of virtual reality urges to solve the problem of vergence-accommodation conflict arising when viewing stereoscopic displays, which causes visual stress. We addressed this issue with an approach based on reducing ocular convergence effort. In virtual environments, vergence can be controlled by manipulating the binocular separation of the virtual cameras. Using this technique, we implemented two quasi-3D conditions characterized by binocular image separations intermediate between 3D (stereoscopic) and 2D (monoscopic). In a first experiment, focused on perceptual aspects, ten participants performed a visuo-manual pursuit task while wearing a head-mounted display (HMD) in head-constrained (non-immersive) condition for an overall exposure time of ~ 7 min. Passing from 3D to quasi-3D and 2D conditions, progressively resulted in a decrease of vergence eye movements—both mean convergence angle (static vergence) and vergence excursion (dynamic vergence)—and an increase of hand pursuit spatial error, with the target perceived further from the observer and larger. Decreased static and dynamic vergence predicted decreases in asthenopia trial-wise. In a second experiment, focused on tolerance aspects, fourteen participants performed a detection task in near-vision while wearing an HMD in head-free (immersive) condition for an overall exposure time of ~ 20 min. Passing from 3D to quasi-3D and 2D conditions, there was a general decrease of both subjective and objective visual stress indicators (ocular convergence discomfort ratings, cyber-sickness symptoms and skin conductance level). Decreased static and dynamic vergence predicted the decrease in these indicators. Remarkably, skin conductance level predicted all subjective symptoms, both trial-wise and session-wise, suggesting that it could become an objective replacement of visual stress self-reports. We conclude that relieving convergence effort by reducing binocular image separation in virtual environments can be a simple and effective way to decrease visual stress caused by stereoscopic HMDs. The negative side-effect—worsening of spatial vision—arguably would become unnoticed or compensated over time. This initial proof-of-concept study should be extended by future large-scale studies testing additional environments, tasks, displays, users, and exposure times.

Analysis of the Stunting Program in Kubu Raya Regency through the Use of Evidence Theory

Stunting is a condition of growth failure in children under five due to chronic malnutrition, especially in the First 1,000 Days of Life (HPK). As a form of government responsibility related to efforts to accelerate stunting reduction, the government issued Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 72 of 2021 concerning Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In the 2020-2024 RPJMN, the government targets the stunting prevalence rate in Indonesia to decrease to 14%. Therefore, districts/cities, especially those that are priority districts, must make convergence efforts in accelerating stunting reduction. Kubu Raya Regency is one of the areas in West Kalimantan that has a high percentage of stunting. The use of evidence plays a very important role in the policy-making process, especially in the policy of the Stunting Reduction Acceleration program which is a priority program at this time in accordance with Kubu Raya Regent Regulation Number 59 of 2019. The research method used is descriptive qualitative using data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis used in this research with the concept of Evidence Based Policy, which includes several indicators, namely program assessment, budget development, implementation oversight, outcome monitoring and target evaluation. The results of this study show that the use of evidence in the implementation of Kubu Raya Regent Regulation Number 59 of 2019 concerning the Stunting Reduction Acceleration Movement provides significant changes and runs effectively with several new activities and innovations that adjust to the needs.

Women fish vendors in Kerala, India: an analytical study of access to inputs and services

Women are predominantly engaged in postharvest fisheries and comprise about 75% of those engaged in fish marketing in India. The roles performed by fisherwomen are often not recognized. With the recent penetration of technology, mechanization, and capital orientation in fishing and fish vending, the business atmosphere has further turned against the interests of women. Women have to face competition in accessing fish, availing a prospective selling space, locating customers at their preferred time, and to adjust with the changing consumer preference to provide fish in a ready-to-cook form. With this background, a study was undertaken among women fish vendors of the south Indian state of Kerala, to analyze their access to inputs and services and to collect gender-disaggregated data. A large level of regional variation was observed in terms of the involvement of women in fish vending owing to established cultural norms. There exists skewed access to inputs and services like fish, credit, ice, infrastructure facilities, transportation, and storage facilities for women in the state. Women with poor social and economic networking were less privileged to have an incremental income from their traditional fish vending. There was a clear indication of the influence of financial capabilities such as employment days, volume, and variety of fish handled in determining the daily income of vendors. The inability to invest in fish vending activities was found to influence daily revenue. We recommend the convergent efforts of various organizations to enhance the livelihood status of fisherwomen

Circular Health: exploiting the SDG roadmap to fight AMR.

Circular Health is a novel approach to address complex health issues that is based on the expansion of the One Health Paradigm. Circular health recognizes the need for a multidisciplinary convergence effort to complement the biomedical dimension of health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest global concerns for public health that is likely on the rise, given the extensive use of antibiotics during the early Covid-19 years. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, an expert group chaired by Jim O'Neill published "The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance", which contains a final report and recommendations on how to tackle AMR. The report, for the first time, considers AMR from a multi-perspective viewpoint highlighting how it cannot be successfully addressed unless there is a converging approach encompassing many dimensions of the problem. In this perspective, we propose to include the recommendations from that seminal report and other more recent reviews which include the lessons learnt from the Covid-19 pandemic, into the operational framework of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). AMR represents a perfect case study to explore how the SDG roadmap has the potential of becoming the driving force and implementation tool to address complex health issues by pursuing the optimization of resources and actions via a convergent and multi-stakeholder approach. The implementation of health-related policies through the whole spectrum of the SDGs could be both a novel and a well-established framework to inform multi-dimensional policies for more sustainable health in the future.

Vergence and accommodation responses in the control of intermittent exotropia.

Individuals with different types of intermittent exotropia (IXT) may use neurally coupled accommodation and vergence responses differently from those without exotropia to achieve eye alignment. This study examined the relationship between simultaneously recorded accommodation and vergence responses in children and young adults with a range of types of IXT while aligned and deviated. Responses of 29 participants with IXT (4-31 years) and 24 age-matched controls were recorded using simultaneous eye-tracking and eccentric photorefraction while they watched a movie in binocular or monocular viewing at varying viewing distances. Gradient response AC/A ratios and fusional vergence ranges were also assessed. Eight participants had divergence or pseudo-divergence excess type IXT, 5 had convergence insufficiency and 16 had basic IXT. Control and IXT participants accommodated similarly both in monocular and binocular-aligned conditions to visual targets at 80 and 33 cm. When deviated in binocular viewing, most participants with IXT exhibited changes in accommodation <0.5D relative to alignment. Gradient response AC/A ratios were similar for control [0.56 MA/D (IQR: 0.51 MA/D)] and IXT participants [0.42 MA/D (0.54 MA/D); p = 0.60]. IXT participants showed larger vergence to accommodation ratios with changes from distance to near fixation [1.19 MA/D (1.45 MA/D)] than control participants [0.78 MA/D (0.60 MA/D); p= 0.02], especially among IXT participants with divergence or pseudo-divergence excess. Participants with IXT exhibited typical fusional divergence ranges beyond their dissociated position [8.86 Δ (7.10 Δ)] and typical fusional convergence ranges from alignment [18 Δ (15.75 Δ)]. This study suggests that control of IXT is typically neither driven by accommodative convergence alone nor associated with over-accommodation secondary to fusional convergence efforts. These simultaneous measurements confirmed that proximal vergence contributed significantly to IXT control, particularly for divergence or pseudo-divergence excess type IXT. For IXT participants in this study, achieving eye alignment did not conflict with having clear vision.

E-Governance of skill training programme under Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan

Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA) initiative was announced by the government of India in June 2020 for a period of 125 days to create livelihood opportunities for the returned migrants in their states and to sustain rural development. GKRA was convergent effort between 12 different ministries/departments covering 25 activities over 116 districts of 6 states. As different stakeholders were involved, therefore for effective monitoring and data exchange an IT platform was created at central level (https://gkra.nic.in) where all departments exchanged data for consecutive 15 weeks. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) organized skill development training programmes for livelihood through Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK). E-Governance of these training programmes and exchange of data to central GKRA portal was managed through a module developed during July-October 2020 under KVK Knowledge Network Portal (https://kvk.icar.gov.in) at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute and hosted at ICAR Data Centre, ICAR-IASRI, New Delhi. The emphasis of the training programmes was on the areas of integrated farming to support livelihood. Overall, the participants were satisfied with the quality of training programmes conducted by KVKs. KVKs also supported participants in handholding of technology and setting up their own venture. IT platforms provided efficient storing and retrieval of data, framework for exchange of information and enhanced visibility in the initiative.

The Path to Therapeutic Furin Inhibitors: From Yeast Pheromones to SARS-CoV-2.

The spurious acquisition and optimization of a furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is associated with increased viral transmission and disease, and has generated intense interest in the development and application of therapeutic furin inhibitors to thwart the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the seminal studies that informed current efforts to inhibit furin. These include the convergent efforts of endocrinologists, virologists, and yeast geneticists that, together, culminated in the discovery of furin. We describe the pioneering biochemical studies which led to the first furin inhibitors that were able to block the disease pathways which are broadly critical for pathogen virulence, tumor invasiveness, and atherosclerosis. We then summarize how these studies subsequently informed current strategies leading to the development of small-molecule furin inhibitors as potential therapies to combat SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases that rely on furin for their pathogenicity and progression.

Collaborating Toward Convergence Efforts for K-20 STEM Education

The paper examines the use of NSF's Collaborative Infrastructure and the Convergence Research approach for complex social innovation challenges used by the authors in their NSF INCLUDES project (#1744490). The paper clarified terminologies related to Convergence Research for multi-, co- inter- and trans-disciplinary. This paper defines and describe collaborative research at each of these interfaces. Then it discussed key factors for engaging in collaborative partnerships as individuals, with teams, and as organizations. Then, it presented concepts tied to individual factors for engagement with the attitude, investment, motivation, and scenario analysis method. Next, by drawing on business and management research, the Availability, Interest, and Knowledge methodology provided a simple way to identify the alignment of the vision, mission, and theory of change by understanding the why, what, and how of your actions. Following this, the authors integrated the concepts of strategic planning and logic models with the Universal Model of Strategic Planning. The authors discuss the double diamond model to represent the complex web of partnerships and the framework developed for communication and collaboration amongst stakeholders. The result is the Collaborative Convergence Pyramid framework for negotiating understanding within a new common space being generated together. Finally, the work concluded with a discussion of the vital roles collaborative infrastructure and strategic planning played in facilitating the Convergence Research approach with a multi-stakeholder coalition.

Impact of participation of women in Self Help Groups and their empowerment: A study on the women from vulnerable delta region of West Bengal

Purpose: To examine the relationship between participation in Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the overall socio- economic empowerment of women. Results: The comparative study covering 234 women representing functional and non-functional SHGs highlighted that the poor and vulnerable women often become inactive. A significant relationship was found between women’s active participation in SHGs and its impact on women’s perception of their rights and gender stereotypes, household decision making, and participation in other development activities. Women did access finance, though in a limited scale, due to the fear of repayment and lack of opportunities. Although the ability to take action differs in both categories of SHGs, women continue to experience domestic violence. Conclusion: Convergent effort needs to be undertaken to integrate gender equality and access to finance; to facilitate the process of empowerment of women through an inclusive method of forming, sustaining, mentoring and training the most vulnerable women in SHGs.

Definitions of Risk in Health Surveillance: Integrative Review

<p style="text-align: justify;">It is argued that potential risk, understood as the possibility of occurrence of an event, is the most adequate definition of risk for Health Surveillance. This integrative review analyzes the definitions of risk and identifies the purposes of using potential risk within the scope of Health Surveillance. Searches were carried out on a legislation database and on four other databases. A theory and a typology of risk supported the categorization. 14 normative acts and 20 articles were selected. The 70 definitions of risk were grouped into categories: probability of an event; probability and scenarios, consequences or severity of these; uncertainty; possibility of loss; event or consequence and uncertainty about the objectives. The limitations of some definitions were pointed out, such as the difficulty of calculating the probability of events. There are divergences between articles and normative acts regarding the terminology adopted to refer to risk. The definitions are composed of diverse terms, which cannot always be differentiated. Only one article investigates the meanings that professionals attribute to risk. Potential risk, an expression that has different definitions in Brazil and Russia, is used mainly to standardize risk assessment. A convergent effort is needed to intensify the use of the Brazilian theoretical definition attributed to potential risk and to minimize the variety of terms used in the definitions of risk. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Health Surveillance, Review, Risk, Risk Management.

Leveraging the Food System in the Eastern Mediterranean Region for Better Health and Nutrition: A Case Study from Oman.

The adoption of a food system approach is vital for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in achieving the 2030 Agenda. The objective of this paper is to present a case-study from Oman, where a roadmap of context-specific entry points within the food system was proposed, with the overarching aim of fostering healthier diets in the population. A four-staged process was adopted: (1) selection of potential target food groups; (2) assessment of self-sufficiency and sustainability considerations related to the target foods; (3) characterization of challenges, opportunities and potential interventions related to the target food groups and (4) identification of specific entry points within the three elements of the food system (food supply chain; food environment; and consumer behavior). Data collection was based on a review of pertinent literature as well as a participatory approach involving policy makers and stakeholders. Findings showed that fruit, vegetables, fish and foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt are priority targets for intervention. Specific entry points within the food system were identified and a realistic roadmap of activities was outlined. Findings and recommendations presented in this paper may facilitate policy convergence efforts in Oman and serve as a case-study for other EMR countries.

A Study on the Application of Blockchain Technology in the Construction Industry

Blockchain technology has been recognized as one of the emerging technologies that can significantly innovate many industries. Major advantages of using blockchain technology includes reducing transaction costs, preventing data forgery and alteration, and further flexibility. The construction industry is generally considered as an industry that has great potentials for blockchain technology utilization mainly due to the high volume of transactions among various entities. Despite the perceived positive impact, there have been few cases of blockchain applications within the construction industry. This study is conducted with an aim of finding ways to apply blockchain technology to the construction industry. In order to identify potential application areas, construction lifecycle and project management knowledge areas are used in developing a survey questionnaire. Data collected from the survey is analyzed by employing importance performance analysis (IPA) method considering both applicability of the technology and anticipated impact from utilizing the technology. In relation to the construction project lifecycle, ‘Project Cost/Change Management’, ‘Contract Bidding and Formation’, and ‘Procurement Evaluation’ are emerged as top three candidates for blockchain application with high applicability and impact. Regarding the knowledge area, ‘Procurement Management’ and ‘Cost Management’ are identified as the main blockchain application areas with high applicability and impact. All the identified specific construction tasks with high applicability and impact are related to ‘Procurement’, ‘Contract’, and ‘Cost’. Therefore, it is reasonable to start focusing blockchain convergence efforts these areas and then expand them as the technology matures.

Introduction to ‘Reclaiming democracy from below: from the contemporary state capitalist system to peoples’ sovereignty’

ABSTRACT This Special Forum is based on a collective dialogue between place-based struggles to defend rights and territories and the dynamics of global trends. Behind apparently fragmented battles we see an emerging common vision, like a mosaic composed of separate tiles, building towards emancipation and justice. Based on discussions in a workshop in Siena in November 2018, the Forum assembles some pieces of the mosaic through five thematic articles crafted in exchanges between social movement, academic and civil society activists. In this Introduction we review other current convergence efforts looking at two related dimensions: sharing ideas and analysis in order to develop a common understanding of global evolutions, and bringing people together to take transformative action by building shared spaces, alliances, campaigns and solidarity. We then situate the Siena workshop and the People's Sovereignty process that has grown from it in this broader context. Finally, we introduce the five articles.

Concordance of Early and Late End Points for Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Trials.

While there are ongoing regulatory convergence efforts, differences remain in primary end points recommended for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) trials. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends assessing CABP symptom resolution at an early time point (3-5 days after randomization). Other regulatory agencies recommend assessing overall clinical response at a later time point (5-10 days after therapy ends). We analyzed participant-level data from 6 recent CABP trials submitted to the FDA (n = 4645 participants) to evaluate concordance between early and late end-point outcomes. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with discordance. Early and late end-point outcomes were concordant for 85.6% of participants. The proportions of early end-point responders that ultimately failed and early end-point nonresponders that ultimately succeeded were similar (6.0% vs 8.4%, respectively). Early end-point response was highly predictive of late end-point success (positive predictive value, 92.9%). Multivariate logistic regression identified early end-point responders/late end-point failures as less likely to be obese and more likely to be infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus, have received antibacterial drug therapy prior to randomization, and have severe chest pain at baseline. The most common investigator-provided reasons for failure among early end-point responders/late end-point failures were receipt of nonstudy antibacterial drug therapy and loss to follow-up. Early and late end-point outcomes were highly concordant. These data may be useful in the continuing efforts to reach international regulatory convergence on CABP clinical trial design recommendations.

China's Convergence with IFRS: Analysis of Dual‐listed Companies

This study investigates China's convergence towards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) differences data disclosed in AH‐share companies’ annual reports from 2006 to 2017. We firstly find that 92% of AH‐share companies disclosed GAAP differences in 2006, immediately prior to implementation of converged Chinese accounting standards (CAS). This ratio decreased to 88% in 2007, 58% in 2010, and 38% in 2011, respectively. After 2011, less than one third of AH companies disclosed GAAP differences. Secondly, an increasing number of AH companies (35%) have published CAS‐based financial statements in Hong Kong from 2014. Thirdly, except for the first few years after 2007, the disclosed GAAP differences have dropped to a very low level; since 2010 the net profit and net assets GAAP differences ratios have been below 0.5%. Fourthly, reduction of the disclosed GAAP differences appears to be the result of efforts by Chinese standard setters and regulators, work related to the International Accounting Standards Board, or changes in China's special socio‐economic environment. Distinct from word‐by‐word comparison between CAS and IFRS, this research shows that China has achieved its original goal, namely an enterprise applying CAS should produce financial statements that are the same as those of an enterprise that applies IFRS. Our findings provide insights regarding China's institutional evolution in terms of the country's IFRS convergence effort, which are useful for further empirical study.

2031P - From tumor transcriptomes to underlying cell type proportions to better predict prognosis and response to treatments

BackgroundTumor pathologists classify tumors according to cell-level and tissue-level criteria, using molecular markers in addition to morphological patterns, as reported in WHO tumor classifications. Their work describes to some extent both inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity, but it is a tedious task with potential reproducibility issues. The molecular subtyping of tumors represents a sometimes parallel and sometimes convergent effort to describe the heterogeneity of tumors. It is automated, which attenuates the limitations of pathological scoring mentioned above, but so far it is poorly adapted to describe intra-tumor heterogeneity. MethodsWe propose a novel method, WISP (Weighted In Silico Pathology), which finely measures intra-tumor heterogeneity by automatically estimating the proportions of cell types present in a bulk tumor sample, these cell types being predefined based on histological or high-throughput molecular criterions. ResultsWe illustrate the relevance of our approach in several tumor types including lung cancer, glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer. We show that the cell types that describe tumors for a given cancer type can fairly well recapitulate existing molecular classifications and are very consistent with an independent pathological scoring. We show that our method offers a more standardized and finer-grained solution for describing tumor heterogeneity than either pathological scoring or molecular subtyping. More importantly, we show that the proportion of certain cell types is strongly associated to prognosis and drug response. ConclusionsThis study provides a framework for standardized molecular pathology and fully reshapes the way in which we think about pathology or molecular subtyping. We believe that our results are a proof of concept demonstrating the importance of considering cell types intra-tumor proportions for personalized clinical care. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingCIT Program - Ligue Contre le Cancer. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Competencias de gobernanza regional: Alianza del Pacífico-Mercosur y Unasur-OEA - estrategias colombianas

Este artículo de reflexión analiza dos competencias de gobernanza regional, la competencia entre la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) y el Mercosur, y la competencia entre la Unasur y la OEA, explorando las estrategias colombianas. Mientras la AP, combinada con el transregionalismo de sus miembros, parecía prevalecer en la competencia con el Mercosur para surtir el modelo privilegiado de gobernanza económica regional, la Unasur no solo perdió la competencia con la OEA por ejercer el mandato de la gestión de seguridad en América del Sur, sino quedó amenazada de extinción. La competencia Unasur-OEA – entre dos organizaciones anidadas– era mucho más intensa que la competencia AP-Mercosur, atenuada con esfuerzos de convergencia. Mientras la competencia Unasur-OEA emanaba de una búsqueda de autonomía suramericana, apoyada en el ascenso de Brasil (hasta 2013), la competencia AP-Mercosur abarcó la contestación institucional colombiana frente a su aspiración al liderazgo regional.