Conventional Wire Research Articles

Performance improvement of nano wire TFET by hetero-dielectric and hetero-material: At device and circuit level

In this paper, a low band gap material and hetero-dielectric based silicon germanium source nano wire TFET (SiGe-S-NW-TFET) is created and compared with conventional silicon nano wire TFET (Si-NW-TFET). Both devices are analysed for its DC and RF/Analog performance. Proposed device achieves higher ON-current and steeper characteristic. Simulated results of RF analysis validate the device suitability for analog application as it attains high transconductance, cut-off frequency and GBP. Apart from this, linearity analysis is also done in terms of various FOMs like higher order of gm, second-order voltage intercept point, third-order voltage intercept point and third-order intermodulation distortion. Furthermore optimization of proposed device is also done for different diameter and channel length. For checking the device suitability in low power application two stage operational amplifier is implemented using unique characteristic of SiGe-S-NW-TFET which exhibits a high gain, high PSRR and GBW of 90.5 db, −47.4 dB and 78.61 MHz respectively. The objective of this paper is to attract the attention of semiconductor industry to find opportunity beyond CMOS technology. As NW-TFET structure has very low OFF-current it consumes very low power of 4.45 μW which ensures device applicability in low power application.

Mechanical Properties of Various Glide Path Preparation Nickel-titanium Rotary Instruments

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, and bending stiffness of single-file glide path preparation nickel-titanium instruments. MethodsProGlider (#16/progressive taper; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One G (#14/.03; Micro-Mega, Besancon, France), and EdgeGlidePath (#16/progressive taper; Edge Endo, Albuquerque, NM) were tested. For the bending stiffness test, the instrument was bent to a 45° angle along the main axis while 3 mm of the tip was secured. Cyclic fatigue resistance was measured during pecking movement, whereas the file was rotated within a reproducible simulated canal with a 3-mm radius and a 90° angle of curvature. The ultimate torsional strength and toughness were evaluated using a custom device. While tightly holding the end of the file at 3 mm, a rotational load of 2 rpm speed was applied until fracture. The results were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc comparison. A microscopic inspection was performed on the surface of a separate instrument using a scanning electron microscope. ResultsEdgeGlidePath showed superior cyclic fatigue resistance compared with the other systems. One G showed higher maximum torsional strength than the others. One G showed the largest distortion angle and the highest toughness followed by EdgeGlidePath and ProGlider (P < .05). One G also showed larger bending stiffness than the others, whereas EdgeGlidePath showed a larger residual angle than the others (P < .05). ConclusionsConventional wire showed higher toughness and torsional resistance than M-Wire and heat-treated nickel-titanium instruments. However, heat-treated wire showed higher cyclic resistance than conventional wire and M-Wire.

In Situ Micromechanical Characterization of Metallic Glass Microwires under Torsional Loading

Small-scale metallic glasses have many applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and sensors which require good mechanical properties. Bending, tensile and compression properties of metallic glasses at micro/nano-scale have been well investigated previously. In this work, by developing a micro robotic system, we investigated the torsional behavior of Fe-Co based metallic glass microwires inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Benefiting from the in situ SEM imaging capability, the fracture behavior of metallic glass microwire has been uncovered clearly. Through the postmortem fractographic analysis, it can be revealed that both spiral stripes and shear bands contributed to the fracture mechanism of the microscale metallic glass. Plastic deformation of the microwires include both homogenous and inhomogeneous plastic strain, which began with the liquid-like region, then a crack formed because of shear bands and propagated along the spiral direction. Although the metallic glass microwire broke in brittle mode, the shear strain was not lower than that of conventional metal wires. Moreover, we found an inverse relationship between the plastic strain and the loading rate.

A comparative analysis of the frictional resistance of esthetic orthodontic wires

Abstract Introduction The orthodontic movement is directly influenced by the ability of orthodontic wires to slide through brackets and tubes. Therefore, the main concern during orthodontic movement corresponds to the frictional forces generated at the bracket-orthodontic wire interface. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the frictional resistance of esthetic orthodontic wires. Material and method Fifty test brackets were obtained and divided into five groups (n = 10) based on the type of rectangular orthodontic wire, as follows: conventional metallic wire (Morelli, Brazil) (G1, control group) and esthetic wires (G2, Ortho Organizer; G3, Tecnident; G4, Trianeiro; and G5, TP Orthodontics). The following materials and conditions were used: 0.019 x 0.025-inch wires, ceramic brackets with edgewise prescription, torque and/or angulation of 0°, and 0.022 x 0.028-inch slots. The specimens were tested for their tensile strength using an Instron universal test machine at a speed of 1.0 mm / min and a load cell of 500N. The tensile strength data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with a 5% significance level. Result The frictional resistance (N) of the metallic orthodontic wire (8.07 ± 0.43) was significantly higher than that of the esthetic wires: Ortho Organizer (4.01 ± 0.25), Tecnident (3.87 ± 0.31), Trianeiro (4.47 ± 0.26) and TP Orthodontics (4.49 ± 0.30) (p &lt;0.05), with no significant difference between them (p&gt; 0.05). Conclusion To conclude, the esthetic orthodontic wires tested herein showed less frictional resistance as compared to the conventional metallic wire.

Effect of Composition on the Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Cu-Ti Binary Alloy Wires Fabricated by Aging and Intense Drawing

The strength and electrical conductivity of Cu-Ti alloy wires fabricated by over-aging and intense drawing were investigated as a function of Ti content (2.7 to 4.3 at. pct). The microstructure of all over-aged Cu-Ti alloys before drawing showed mainly coarse cellular components laminating the plates of a terminal Cu solid solution and a β-Cu4Ti intermetallic compound precipitated discontinuously by grain boundary reactions. The volume fraction of β-Cu4Ti plates increased with Ti content, although the compositions of the two phases remained unchanged. When the over-aged alloys were drawn to the same deformation strain, the hardness and tensile strength of the wires increased monotonically with Ti content due to strain-induced strengthening; a high volume fraction of hard β-Cu4Ti fibers formed from laminating plates during drawing promoted a high dislocation density in the matrix. The electrical conductivity of the wires decreased gradually with Ti content due to the higher volume fraction of β-Cu4Ti fibers and due decomposition of the fibers during drawing. The overall performance of the Cu-Ti alloy wires improved as the Ti content increased and was superior to that of conventional Cu-Ti alloy wires fabricated by peak-aging and drawing, and to that of commercial Cu-Be alloy wires.

Large Grain Ruthenium for Alternative Interconnects

We demonstrate Ru wires with more than 4.6× larger grain sizes, with over 30% reduction in resistivity at highly scaled wire areas down to 68 nm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , compared with conventional damascene Ru wires. A method of transferring the extraordinarily large grain structures from thick Ru films to wires is presented. Suppressed grain-boundary scattering in the Ru wires is attributed to the low resistivity, which is analyzed using semi-classical resistivity model. The results strongly support Ru as a candidate alternative interconnect material to replace Cu.

Bite Force and Bone Height Changes around Abutments Retaining Mandibular Removable Partial Denture with Wrought Wire and Polyamide Clasps: Split Mouth Study

Objectives: This research highlights on the effect of polyamide clasp on the bone height changes of the abutment teeth and the bite force change comparing to conventional wrought wire clasp in a split mouth study. Materials and Methods: This split mouth research was carried out on 14 partially edentulous participants with mean age (61.14) year. For every participant, a resin bilateral distal extension removable partial denture was constructed to be retained by a wrought wire clasp on one side and a polyamide clasp on the other. Standardized digital periapical radiograph was used to evaluate the abutment alveolar bone height change after 12 and, 18 months from denture insertion. Bite force transducer was used to measure the bite force for both clasp types sides at insertion and after 18 month of follow up.Results: At comparing bone height change after insertion with the baseline, there was a significant increase in the bone resorption with the polyamide clasp after 18 month in mesial and distal aspect (p= 0.01 and 0.04 respectively); and after 12 month at mesial side (p=0.01). There is also a significant difference in bone height change around abutments carry both clasp types at 12 and 18 months in distal side (p= 0.03 and 0.001 respectively); and in the mesial side (p= 0.02 and 0.01 respectively). The evaluation of the bite force revealed significant difference between measurements at time of insertion and 18 months of for polyamide and wrought clasp sides (p= 0.02 and 0.043 respectively).Conclusion: This study results illustrated that both types of clasps were appropriate to be used with the acrylic removable partial denture as their influence on the abutment alveolar bone resorption is within the acceptable range of bone resorption. While there is a nonrelated-clasp type improvement in bite force.

Effect of fibre-lasers parameters on interfacial reaction and wetting angle of two different types of SAC305 solder fabrication on Cu pad

This paper presents the effect of different parameters of fibre laser soldering on interfacial reaction of two types of lead-free solder fabrication on Cu pad. The objective of this paper is to study the intermetallic compound thickness (IMC) formation and wetting angle of two different types of solder fabrication when it was exposed to varies of laser power and scanning time. A fibre laser with 200W continues wave (CW) was used in this experiment to form a joining between SAC305 solder wire and printed copper board. A continuous laser power was ranged between 72W to 88W and scanning time of 1.5s and 2.5s were chosen to create joining. Flux was used in the laser soldering experiment in order to gain uniform heat distribution throughout the solders. The mechanical properties were observed by using optical and metallurgical microscope. Results showed that SAC305 solder powder performing good wetting angle with smallest value of 18.18° meanwhile, the smallest wetting angle for solder wire is 26.12° and in terms of IMC layer comparison, solder powder has more thinner IMC layer with value of 1.1 µm compared to SAC305 solder wire which is 2.9 µm. Thus, it is showed that solder powder improved the solder joint properties compared to conventional solder wire when exposed to laser soldering.

NOCHI: Network-on-Chip with Hybrid Interconnect

As processor core counts increase, networks-on-chip (NoCs) are becoming an increasingly popular interconnection fabric due to their ability to supply high bandwidth. However, NoCs need to deliver this high bandwidth at low latencies, while keeping within a tight power envelope. In this paper, we present a novel NoC with hybrid interconnect that leverages multiple types of interconnects - –specically, conventional full-swing short-range wires for the datapath, in conjunction with low-swing, multi-drop wires with long range, ultra-low-latency communication for the flow control signals. We show how this proposed system can be used to overcome key limitations of express virtual channels (EVC), a recently proposed flow control technique that allows packets to bypass intermediate routers to simultaneously improve energy-delay-throughput. Our preliminary results show up to a 8.8% reduction in power and up to a 44% improvement in latency under heavy load compared to the original EVC design that only uses the conventional full-swing interconnects.

Force magnitude of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of forces released by nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires used for leveling and alignment. Materials and Methods: Eleven groups of 0.014” NiTi orthodontic wires of six different brands were tested. A 3342 Instron universal testing machine with a 10 N load cell was used and the ISO 15.841 was followed. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to verify normality and ANOVA followed by Tukey's tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Abzil conventional, GAC conventional, Morelli heat-activated (HA), Ormco CuNiTi, and Orthometric conventional released load within the optimum range of 50–100 cN. HA wires released lower forces compared to conventional wire of the same brand. Conclusions: Heat-activated Morelli and CuNiTi Ormco presented homogeneous loads within an optimal range.

High-strength steel S960QC welded with rare earth nanoparticle coated filler wire

High-strength steel S960 is one of a number of advanced steels able to meet the demands of the shipbuilding, offshore, and construction industries for a favorable good high strength/weight ratio. Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is commonly used in all structural steel fabrication, and developments in GMAW have removed previous limitations regarding high heat input and have reduced flaws. One solution for controlled heat input while ensuring a stable arc is alloying the welding wire. Usage of nanoparticles as an alloying element in welding wire have shown significant improvements in weld properties. This study investigates an S960QC joint welded with a welding wire having Lanthanum (La) nanoparticles as a coating and examines the influence of La on the welding parameters, arc stability, microstructure formation, and mechanical properties. The results are compared with a weld formed with conventional Union X96 welding wire. The microstructures observed in the weld region were martensite and tempered martensite for both wires. In the heat-affected zone, microstructures of upper bainite, martensite, tempered martensite, and globular bainite were found. The La nanoparticle-coated wire provided a stable arc during welding. However, due to the increase in wire thickness, manual wire feeding was required. The impact toughness was lower in the joint formed with the nanoparticle-coated wire. Additionally, the hardness at the fusion region was higher in the joint welded with the nanoparticle-coated wire.

Results of tensile, hardness and bend tests of modified 9Cr 1Mo steel welds: Comparison between cold wire and hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) processes

Hot wire Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process is considered in addition to conventional cold wire GTAW process for the manufacture of Steam Generators (SG) for India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). During manufacture, it is an obligatory requirement to weld one test coupon for every 20 m of weld length on the actual SG for ascertaining the properties during fabrication. Weld pads thus prepared were used for characterization of hardness, bend and tensile properties of modified 9Cr 1Mo steel welds produced by hot wire and cold wire GTAW processes and the test results were compared. The results revealed that hardness, bend and tensile properties of modified 9Cr 1Mo steel welds of hot wire and cold wire GTAW processes are similar and no genuine difference exist between these two welding processes. Further, the advantage of high quality with excellent weld profile and high productivity has been realized using hot wire GTAW process.

Clinical utility of radioactive seed localization in nonpalpable breast cancer: A retrospective single institutional cohort study

BackgroundWith advances in mammographic screening techniques, it has become easier to detect nonpalpable breast lesions at an early stage. Pre-surgical localization of lesions by radioactive seed localization (RSL) has several benefits over conventional wire localization (WL) in guiding breast conserving surgery. In this study, we compared WL and RSL, focusing on the relationship between the techniques and in-breast recurrence or margin positivity. MethodsThis study included 1083 patients with nonpalpable breast lesions who underwent breast conserving surgery between 2010 and 2015. The patients were classified into WL and RSL groups. ResultsMargin positivity and in-breast recurrence rates did not differ significantly between the WL and RSL groups (P = 0.368 and P = 0.167, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor grade (OR: 5.016; 95% CI: 1.53–23.059) was significantly associated with margin positivity in patients undergoing RSL. Tumor size was significantly associated with in-breast recurrence in both the WL group (OR: 2.299; 95% CI: 1.561–3.411) and RSL group (OR: 2.998; 95% CI: 1.128–8.043). ConclusionAs the method of tumor localization did not influence margin positivity or in-breast recurrence, either WL or RSL appear to be appropriate for breast conserving surgery. Given the advantages of RSL, including the ability to perform this technique days to weeks before surgery, we propose that high-volume breast centers consider adopting this localization method.

Wind Micro-Turbine Networks for Urban Areas: Optimal Design and Power Scalability of Permanent Magnet Generators

This work is focused on the design optimization of electrical machines that are used in small-scale direct-drive aerogenerators. A ducted wind turbine, equipped with a diffuser, is considered due to its enhanced power capability with respect to bare turbines. An annular type Permanent Magnet brushless generator is integrated in the turbine structure: the stator coils are placed in the internal part of the diffuser, whereas the permanent magnets are on an external ring connected to the turbine blade tips. Moreover, as regards the stator windings, the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology is investigated in order to exploit its advantages with respect to conventional wire coils, such as the increased current density capacity, the reduction of costs, and the enhanced precision and repeatability of the PCBs. An original design procedure is presented together with some scalability rules. An automated tool has been developed in order to aid the electrical machine designer in the first design stages: the tool performs multi-objective optimizations (using the Matlab Genetic Algorithm Toolbox), coupled to fast Finite Element analysis (through the open-source software FEMM) for the evaluation of the electromagnetic torque and field distribution. The proposed procedure is applied to the design of an annular PM generator directly coupled to a small-scale turbine for an urban application.

Sternal cable wires for sternal closure in moderately or extremely obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Objectives: Sternal dehiscence is a frequent complication after cardiac surgery. Our study focused on the efficiency of a sternal cable system combined with conventional steel wires for sternal fixation in patients suffering from moderate or extreme obesity and undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Prospectively collected data from 22 male and 41 female patients (a mean body mass index [BMI] of 37.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2) who underwent major cardiac surgery via median sternotomy and sternal closure using a multifilament sternal cable system were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results: All patients were closed with a conjunction of two sternal cables and two traditional steel wires. There were two mortalities. There were no occurrences of sternal dehiscence or deep mediastinitis. Three patients suffered superficial sternal wound infections. The mean hospitalization time was 8.4 ± 2.5 days. Conclusion: Our study showed that our surgical technique using a sternal cable system in combination with conventional wires decreased the incidence of sternal dehiscence in moderately and extremely obese patients.

Evaluation of a Nonradioactive Magnetic Marker Wireless Localization Program.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a nonradioactive magnetic marker wireless localization technique. A retrospective review was performed of consecutive patients who underwent image-guided needle localization with nonradioactive magnetic markers and subsequent surgical excision from March to August 2017. Indications for marker placement, lesion type, imaging guidance used for marker placement, postprocedure mammographic imaging and reports, surgical reports, and surgical margin status were reviewed. A total of 188 patients (mean age, 59 years; range, 22-89 years) underwent image-guided localization with 213 magnetic markers and subsequent surgical excision. The indications for marker placement included invasive carcinoma (96 markers [45.1%]), ductal carcinoma in situ (41 markers [19.2%]), and high-risk lesions (71 markers [33.3%]). Localization markers were most commonly placed for masses (96 markers [45.1%]) and were deployed under mammographic guidance (160 markers [75.1%]) or sonographic guidance (53 markers [24.9%]). Technical success, which was defined as placement of the magnetic marker within 1 cm of the target, was achieved for 206 of 213 markers (96.7%). All 213 markers were successfully retrieved at surgery. Of 137 cases of in situ or invasive carcinoma, 30 (21.9%) had tumor-positive or close surgical margins that required reexcision. No major or minor complications were observed during marker placement, intraoperatively, or postoperatively. Image-guided needle localization with magnetic markers is a safe, feasible, and effective method for localizing breast lesions. Magnetic marker localization has the potential to replace conventional wire needle localization and radioactive seed needle localization for lesions that require surgical excision.

The operational window of carbon nanotube electrical wires treated with strong acids and oxidants

Conventional metal wires suffer from a significant degradation or complete failure in their electrical performance, when subjected to harsh oxidizing environments, however wires constructed from Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have been found to actually improve in their electrical performance when subjected to these environments. These opposing reactions may provide new and interesting applications for CNT wires. Yet, before attempting to move to any real-world harsh environment applications, for the CNT wires, it is essential that this area of their operation be thoroughly examined. To investigate this, CNT wires were treated with multiple combinations of the strongest acids and halogens. The wires were then subjected to conductivity measurements, current carrying capacity tests, as well as Raman, microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to enable the identification of both the limits of oxidative conductivity boosting and the onset of physical damage to the wires. These experiments have led to two main conclusions. Firstly, that CNT wires may operate effectively in harsh oxidizing environments where metal wires would easily fail and secondly, that the highest conductivity increase of the CNT wires can be achieved through a process of annealing, acetone and HCl purification followed by either H2O2 and HClO4 or Br2 treatment.

Analysis of surface performance measures on WEDM processed titanium alloy with coated electrodes

Owing to its distinct physical properties, titanium alloy is usually machined using unconventional machining process. In the present study, an effort has been performed to enhance the machinability of titanium alloy using wire electrical machining process with coated wire electrodes. An experimental investigation has been done to evaluate the significance of wire coating such as zinc and diffused coating on surface performance measures. The compositional analysis of the machined surface has been made to analyze the effects of coating on material deposition. From the experimental results, it has been inferred that diffused type of electrode has produced better surface morphology than conventional wire electrodes.

The effect of carbonate reservoir heterogeneity on Archie's exponents (a and m), an example from Kangan and Dalan gas formations in the central Persian Gulf

Calculating hydrocarbon in place is one of the most important aspects to be considered in reservoir evaluation. Carbonate rocks with high heterogeneity, exhibit significant changes in petrophysical and lithological properties. Archie's exponents (m and a) are basic parameters for saturation calculations. Uncertainties in obtaining these exponents lead to considerable errors in the saturation assessment. In this study, various pore and rock typing methods were carried out on a Permian–Triassic carbonate reservoir in the central Persian Gulf, Iran. The used methods include pore typing, pore facies classification, velocity deviation log, reservoir quality index, Winland R35, Pittman R35 and ranges of core permeability. Archie's exponents were obtained for different classes based on extracted data from petrographical studies, conventional core analysis and wire line log data. Results showed that determination of rock types based on pore typing has the greatest effect on the precise determination of Archie's exponents. On the other hand, the most unreliable results were related to the velocity deviation log. Pore types directly control the connectivity of the fluid pathways and so have the most important effect. Combining pore types in various groups such as velocity deviation or pore facies classification, reduce the measurement accuracy of Archie's exponents and resulted water saturation. Finally, it can be concluded that, in addition to the high impact of pore type on the accuracy of the obtained exponents, the permeability and pore throat radius are less effective in determining the Archie's exponents.

Metallurgic behavior and mechanical property of nickel-titanium endodontic files made by 3 heat treatment techniques

Objective: To compare the phase transformation behavior, bending property and cyclic fatigue resistance of CM-wire, R-phase and M-wire nickel-titanium endodontic files treated by 3 heat treatment techniques. Methods: Hyflex CM (25 mm, 25#/0.06) made from CM wire, TF (25 mm, 25#/0.06) made from R-phase heat treatment, ProTaper Next X2 (25 mm, tip size 25#/0.06) made from M-wire, Mtwo (25 mm, 25#/0.06) and ProTaper F2 (25 mm, tip size 25#/0.08) made from conventional nickel-titanium wire were chosen. Five of each files were chosen for differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) evaluation (n=5). The specimens were prepared from adjacent portions of the shaft. The weight and length were typically (20±1) mg and 2-3 mm. Another eight of the 5 nickel-titanium files were undergone cantilever-bending test, respectively (n=8). Further ten of the 5 instruments were submitted to the cyclic fatigue test by using a simulated metal root canal (n=10). The data of M(s), M(f), A(s), A(f), ΔH, bending load, number of cyclic fatigue (NCF), fragment length were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The A(f) of Hyflex CM [(60.27±0.94) ℃] and ProTaper Next [(51.40±0.32) ℃] were higher than body temperature of 37 ℃. The bending load values at 3.0 mm deflection of Hyflex CM [(0.867±0.074) N], TF [(1.275±0.146) N], Mtwo [(2.281±0.426) N], ProTaper Next [(3.104±0.252) N] and ProTaper [(4.227±0.483) N] increased gradually and significantly. The NCF of Hyflex CM (582±99), TF (427±85), ProTaper Next (158±22), Mtwo (129±32) and ProTaper (65±20) decreased gradually. Conclusions: The 3 heat treatment techniques exert tremendous influence on the phase transformation behavior and mechanical characteristics of the files, which demonstrate improved bending property and cyclic fatigue resistance than the conventional ones.