Conventional VA Research Articles

38.4L: Late‐News Paper: A New Vertical Alignment Mode for TFT‐LCDs

AbstractA simple and cost‐effective vertical alignment mode, named Smart Viewing Angle(SVA) mode, for active‐matrix (AM) LCDs was developed where all the domain dividers are fabricated only on the TFT substrate side. The crucial component is the director control electrode (DCE) under the openings of the pixel electrode. The DCE maintains higher voltage than that of the pixel electrode via additional TFTs, which distorts the electric field in such a way that stable domain division is accomplished. Compared to the conventional VA modes where the additional process is required, SVA mode can achieve the wide viewing angle without any additional processes.

Manual vacuum aspiration, a safe and effective alternative in early pregnancy termination

Vacuum aspiration has become standard surgical procedure for safe early pregnancy termination. Most of these operations are performed in the operating theater using suction curettage and an electric vacuum pump. MVA (manual vacuum aspiration) is an alternative that is well suited for use as a clinical procedure, which could have advantages both for the patient and the health care system. In order to compare conventional VA and MVA in a Swedish setting, a randomized study was undertaken. Two hundred women requesting abortion in early pregnancy, gestational age less than 56 days, and choosing surgical termination, were randomized to VA or MVA. Main study outcome was frequency of complete abortion but also other variables were recorded. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding background characteristics. Altogether 91 MVA and 88 VA operations were performed. There was no significant difference in frequency of complete abortion; two patients in each group subsequently needed re-curettage because of incomplete evacuation. No case of ongoing pregnancy occurred. Two patients in each group received treatment for endometritis. No other complications were recorded. This study indicates that MVA is effective in emptying the uterine cavity, on par with the standard vacuum aspiration. The rate of complications with MVA was on the same low level as with conventional VA.

Manual vacuum aspiration, a safe and effective alternative in early pregnancy termination

Vacuum aspiration has become standard surgical procedure for safe early pregnancy termination. Most of these operations are performed in the operating theater using suction curettage and an electric vacuum pump. MVA (manual vacuum aspiration) is an alternative that is well suited for use as a clinical procedure, which could have advantages both for the patient and the health care system. In order to compare conventional VA and MVA in a Swedish setting, a randomized study was undertaken.Two hundred women requesting abortion in early pregnancy, gestational age less than 56 days, and choosing surgical termination, were randomized to VA or MVA. Main study outcome was frequency of complete abortion but also other variables were recorded.There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding background characteristics. Altogether 91 MVA and 88 VA operations were performed. There was no significant difference in frequency of complete abortion; two patients in each group subsequently needed re-curettage because of incomplete evacuation. No case of ongoing pregnancy occurred. Two patients in each group received treatment for endometritis. No other complications were recorded.This study indicates that MVA is effective in emptying the uterine cavity, on par with the standard vacuum aspiration. The rate of complications with MVA was on the same low level as with conventional VA.

Anomalous impurity transport: charge-state diffusion due to atomic processes in tokamak plasmas

A new interpretation of anomalous impurity transport in tokamak plasmas is presented. An alternative (compared with conventional) approach reveals the relative importance of the transport of impurity particles and the diffusion of impurity charge states due to ionization and recombination processes. The set of coupled transport equations is reduced to a novel kinetic equation which is analysed in terms of charge-state transport including both the transport of particles and charge-state diffusion due to atomic processes. From the analysis of this equation and from available spectroscopic data the relationship between diffusion coefficients of these types of transport is found. It is concluded that charge-state diffusion exceeds the radial diffusion of particles significantly. Hence, the conventional empirical coefficients of anomalous diffusion DA and convective velocity VA mainly model charge-state diffusion rather than radial transport of impurity particles. A simple model is developed to describe the diffusion of impurity charge states with ionization rates enhanced by non-thermal effects of electron energy distribution and with recombination rates dominated by charge exchange of impurities on hydrogen atoms. The model is tested by comparing the simulated and measured radial profiles of line emission from oxygen, scandium and iron impurities taken from the TFR and PLT tokamaks. The radial profiles of neutrals and of superthermal electrons are obtained by modelling of spectroscopic data instead of the conventional empirical coefficients DA and VA.

Can We See SPT Interactions in Coherent Pion Production?

AbstractThe possibility to detect nonconventional scalar, pseudoscalar or tensor interactions (SPT) in the angular distribution of pions produced coherently in neutrino nucleus reactions is reexamined. It is found that the angular distribution does not differ qualitatively from a corresponding distribution arising from conventional VA interactions unless the energy of the outgoing pion is restricted. Even then SPT interactions are likely to be overshadowed by transverse VA interactions which can mimic the former at finite although small momentum transfer Q2.

Properties of hemoglobin solutions in red cells.

The present studies are concerned with a detailed examination of the apparent anomalous osmotic behavior of human red cells. Red cell water has been shown to behave simultaneously as solvent water for nonelectrolytes and nonsolvent water, in part, for electrolytes. The nonsolvent properties are based upon assumptions inherent in the conventional van't Hoff equation. However, calculations according to the van't Hoff equation give osmotic volumes considerably in excess of total cell water when the pH is lowered beyond the isoelectric point for hemoglobin; hence the van't Hoff equation is inapplicable for the measurement of the solvent properties of the red cell. Furthermore, in vitro measurements of osmotic and other properties of 3.7 millimolal solutions of hemoglobin have failed to reveal the presence of any salt exclusion. A new hypothesis has been developed from thermodynamic principles alone, which predicts that, at constant pH, the net charge on the hemoglobin molecule decreases with increased hemoglobin concentration. The existence of such cooperative interaction may be inferred from the effect of pH on the changes in hemoglobin net charge as the spacing between the molecules decreases. The resultant movement of counterions across the cell membrane causes the apparent anomalous osmotic behavior. Quantitative agreement has been found between the anion shift predicted by the equation and that observed in response to osmotic gradients. The proposed mechanism appears to be operative in a variety of tissues and could provide an electrical transducer for osmotic signals.