Conventional Spin-coating Method Research Articles

Designing Co-coordinated phytic acid 3D network structure for superhydrophilic property of TiO2 nanoparticles

Traditionally, nano-TiO2 as one of the hydrophilic materials has garnered significant attention due to its inherent stability, non-toxicity, and abundance. However, its limited number of hydroxyl groups fails to meet the actual needs for superhydrophilic applications. Therefore, it is crucial to explore a simple and efficient method to introduce more hydroxyl groups to enhance the hydrophilicity of nano-TiO2. In this work, hydroxyl‑rich phytic acid (Pa) was introduced into the surface of nano-TiO2 and a 3D network structure of Co-coordinated phytic acid was further constructed to extremely enhance the hydrophilicity and stability of nano-TiO2. The TiO2@Pa-Co suspension was prepared by adsorbing hydroxyl‑rich Pa molecules on the surface of nano-TiO2 and assembling Co-coordinated Pa and then modified onto a glass slide by a conventional spin-coating method to obtain TiO2@Pa-Co thin film. The hydrophilic performance tests demonstrated that the TiO2@Pa-Co thin film presented innate superhydrophilic properties, as evidenced by a water contact angle of 2.0°, significantly smaller than that of the blank TiO2 (65.0°) and TiO2@Pa (29.1°) thin films. Notably, it also displays good durability, corrosion resistance, and anti-fogging properties. The superhydrophilic performances can be attributed to the ability of phytic acid to offer a large number of hydroxyl groups for improving the hydrophilicity of TiO2, while the Co ions act as a bridge, connecting with Pa and further construct a 3D network structure for the enhanced hydrophilic stability of TiO2. This study presents an inventive design concept to prepare superhydrophilic and stable TiO2 thin film by developing an organo-metallic coordination layer.

Fabrication of all printed inverted perovskite solar cells with transfer printed electron transporting layers

We demonstrated the low-cost, eco-friendly fabrication techniques for inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) with multilayered electron transporting layers using fullerene derivative (PCBM) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) by combining the meniscus-coating, push-coating, and transfer-printing techniques. We fabricated the multilayered planar iPSCs by low-temperature printing process not higher than 120 °C. Using meniscus coating method by reciprocating the glass rod back and forth repeatedly for 2–10 times, the material usage of PCBM and toxic chlorobenzene for iPSCs to 1/15 ~ 1/20 compared with the conventional spin-coating method, and 1/10 for ZnO NPs without extending the tact time. The material utilization rate became about 50% and 100% for meniscus- and push-coating, and a pin-hole-free uniform film was obtained for meniscus coating. We also reduced the initial degradation of perovskite layer during the deposition of ZnO onto the perovskite layer and improved the photovoltaic properties by the transfer-printing of ZnO from “wet-PDMS” stamp onto the thin PCBM film coated perovskite layers.

Ultrathin SnO2 electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells by combustion method at low temperature

Electron transport layers can collect photo-generated electrons and suppress interfacial recombination, which are crucial for efficient perovskite solar cells. Tin oxide is a suitable electron transport material for its wide bandgap, high electron mobility, low photocatalytic activity and appropriate energy band offsets. For the deposition of tin oxide layers, SnCl2 precursor is usually used for the conventional solution spin-coating method. In this work, we developed an in-situ synthesized precursor, and ultrathin tin oxide layers were obtained by the combustion process at 150 °C. Furthermore, the devices with these tin oxide layers can achieve the PCE of 19.6%, while conventional tin oxide layers with SnCl2 precursor lead to the PCEs of 16.9% and 14.9% with and without plasma treatment. This improvement can be related to the enhanced photoelectron collection and superior interfacial contact. This work provides a facile method for fabricating SnO2 electron transport layers of perovskite solar cells at low temperature.

Porosity-dependent photoelectrochemical activity of double-layered TiO2 thin films deposited by spin-coating method.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells made of low-cost, chemically stable, and abundant materials are crucial for green hydrogen production. In this regard, the fabrication of porous films with high light trapping ability and a large contact area is crucial for the production of efficient PEC cells. In this report, anatase TiO2 thin films with a porous double-layered structure were successfully prepared using a conventional spin-coating deposition method. Various amounts of polystyrene spheres were used as a pore-templating agent to control the porosity of the films. A range of characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence were employed to assess the morphology, structural and optical properties of prepared TiO2 films. PEC measurements revealed that prepared double-layered TiO2 thin films exhibit porosity-dependent photocatalytic activity. For example, TiO2 films with an optimized porous structure demonstrated an increase in photocurrent density by a factor of ∼2.23 (to 141.7 μA cm-2) and photoconversion efficiency improvement by a factor of ∼2.14 as compared to non-porous double-layered TiO2 reference films. Absorbance and photoluminescence analysis confirmed that improved PEC activity can be attributed to increased light absorption by the porous structure and reduced charge carrier recombination.

Solution-processed lead-free double perovskite microplatelets with enhanced photoresponse and thermal stability

Due to the better stability and environment-friendly nature, lead-free halide double perovskites are widely explored as promising materials for next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics; however, to date, their photoelectric device performance is still not satisfactory. Herein, we report a facile solution-process method to synthesize the recently most popular lead-free halide double perovskite, MA2AgBiBr6, and its all-inorganic counterpart, Cs2AgBiBr6. The obtained MA2AgBiBr6 and Cs2AgBiBr6 films exhibit the microplatelet morphology with excellent crystallinity, distinctly contrasting the ones fabricated by the conventional spin-coating method. Once fabricated into simple photodetectors, the Cs2AgBiBr6 microplatelet devices yield a respectable responsivity of 245 mA W−1 that is two orders of magnitude larger than that of the spin-coated films. More importantly, the response speed of the Cs2AgBiBr6 microplatelets device is as fast as 145 µs, which is higher than most of the values reported in the community of halide double perovskites. When subjected to the thermal stability testing, the Cs2AgBiBr6 microplatelet device can maintain its initial performance after heating to 160°C and cooling down to room temperature in the ambient environment. All these results suggest that the facile solution-process method is capable of fabricating high-quality lead-free double perovskites, enabling their advanced device applications.

SLOT-DIE-COATED ZINC TIN OXIDE FILM FOR CARBON-BASED METHYLAMMONIUM-FREE PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

At the laboratory scale, the spin coating technique is commonly used for depositing an electron transporting layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, this technique is unsuitable for scaling up production. To enable large-scale deposition, slot-die coating, — a promising scalable technique and low operational cost processing, — has been proposed for depositing thin and uniform films across large areas. In this work, scalable slot-die coating processes of amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) as ETLs are illustrated for carbon-based methylammonium-free PSCs. The amorphous ZTO was selected because of its excellent optical and electronic properties such as high electrical conductivity, high electron mobility, and high transparency. Slot-die-coated ZTO thin films were prepared from a proprietary homemade slot-die setup on a 3-axis computer numerical control (CNC) platform. Various thicknesses of ZTO thin films were utilized by changing the speed of the slot-die head. The device using slot-die-coated ZTO films with a film thickness of 48[Formula: see text]nm was found to exhibit the best device maximum power conversion efficiency of 9.92%, which is comparable to that of the device using spin-coated ZTO film. This work demonstrates the potential of the slot-die coating technique to replace the conventional spin-coating method in the fabrication of high efficiency and scalable PSCs.

Fast Wetting of a Fullerene Capping Layer Improves the Efficiency and Scalability of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Fullerene derivatives, especially [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have been widely applied as electron transport layers of inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the solution-processed PCBM capping layer suffers from limited surface wetting which hinders the improvement in efficiency and scalability of PSCs. Herein, we develop a facile hybrid solvent strategy that enables very fast wetting of the PCBM capping layer atop of the perovskite surface, leading to an improved interfacial contact and electron transport. The significantly enhanced wettability of the PCBM solution fulfilled through blending isopropyl alcohol into the commonly used chlorobenzene (CB) is attributed to the reduced surface tension while retaining viscosity. As a result, the electron mobility and electric conductivity of the PCBM capping layer increase by around two times, and the PSC devices exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.92%, which is improved by ∼18% relative to that of the control device (16.78%). Importantly, this strategy is also applicable for other alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and CB blends. Moreover, the fast wetting approach enables us to deposit the PCBM capping layer using a facile drop-casting method, affording comparable PCEs to those obtained by the conventional spin-coating method, which is not achievable by using the conventional single solvent. This fast wetting PCBM capping layer also contributes to efficiency improvement of large-area (1 cm2) devices. These advances hold great potential for other scalable deposition methods such as blade-coating and slot-die coating.

Direct Patterning of Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Hydrogel via Microreactive Inkjet Printing.

The gelation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has gained popularity for its potential applications in three dimensions, while possessing tissue-like mechanical properties, high conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, the fabrication of arbitrary structures, especially via inkjet printing, is challenging because of the inherent gel formation. Here, microreactive inkjet printing (MRIJP) is utilized to pattern various 2D and 3D structures of PEDOT:PSS/IL hydrogel by in-air coalescence of PEDOT:PSS and ionic liquid (IL). By controlling the in-air position and Marangoni-driven encapsulation, single droplets of the PEDOT:PSS/IL hydrogel as small as a diameter of ≈260 μm are fabricated within ≈600 μs. Notably, this MRIJP-based PEDOT:PSS/IL has potential for freeform patterning while maintaining identical performance to those fabricated by the conventional spin-coating method. Through controlled deposition achieved via MRIJP, PEDOT:PSS/IL can be transformed into different 3D structures without the need for molding, potentially leading to substantial progress in next-generation bioelectronics devices.

Optimization of Ethylene Glycol Doped PEDOT:PSS Transparent Electrodes for Flexible Organic Solar Cells by Drop-coating Method

Fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) is one of the core technologies in the field of flexible electronics. Among multiple choices of FTEs, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) has shown its promising application in roll-to-roll manufacturing. A simple yet effective method for substantially boosting the conductivity of these conducting polymer films without causing large-domain aggregations is by adding ethylene glycol (EG) as dopant. Herein, we investigated in detail the effects of the secondary solvent of ethylene glycol (EG) on the optical and electrical characteristics of PEDOT:PSS films. The modified PEDOT:PSS FTEs were deposited using drop-coating techniques as it had greater compatibility for large-area samples than the conventional spin-coating method did. The 6% EG-doped PEDOT:PSS FTE via drop-coating method achieved a high figure of merit (FoM) value of 47.24 and the devices fabricated using the optimal PEDOT:PSS FTE yielded a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.89%, mostly attributed to the modified PEDOT:PSS films that had excellent optical and electrical characteristics with low surface roughness. These results suggested that EG-doping could effectively boost the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films and that the modified PEDOT:PSS FTE is suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing in the future.

Conjugated polymer/paraffin blends for organic field-effect transistors with high environmental stability.

Improving the environmental stability of conjugated polymers remains a fundamental challenge that limits their widespread adoption and commercial application in electronic and photonic devices. Although paraffin can have excellent barrier properties against moisture in ambient air, the use of conjugated polymer/paraffin blends to fabricate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with high environmental stability has not been attempted. Here, we demonstrate that conjugated polymer/paraffin blends can greatly enhance the environmental stability of OFETs. Compared to conventional systems such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/polystyrene and P3HT/polydimethylsiloxane blends, P3HT/paraffin blends exhibit superior environmental stability after 30 days of exposure to the ambient atmosphere. Furthermore, the conjugated polymer/paraffin blends provide stable electronic properties under severe mechanical deformation [a strain (ε) of ∼150%], overcoming a critical challenge arising from the use of fragile crystalline conjugated polymer films for flexible and stretchable electronic devices. In comparison with a conventional spin-coating method, a shear-coating technique provides enhanced molecular ordering and alignment, resulting in improved charge carrier mobility in the blend film OFETs. In particular, shearing in the evaporation regime improves the molecular ordering and alignment of the blend films more than shearing in the Landau-Levich regime. Interestingly, the environmental stability of the sheared blend films varies depending on the shear speed. Specifically, OFETs based on blend films sheared at 0.5 and 6.0-10.0 mm s-1 exhibit excellent environmental stability, maintaining 80% of their initial mobility after 30 days of exposure to air. In contrast, the environmental stability of the OFETs decreases considerably when the blend films are sheared at 1.0-4.0 mm s-1; the mobility decreases to as low as ∼20% of the initial value.

Low-reflection, (110)-orientation-preferred CsPbBr3 nanonet films for application in high-performance perovskite photodetectors.

All-inorganic metal halide perovskites have attracted great interest in recent years due to their good device performance with higher thermal stability than that of their organic-inorganic perovskite counterparts. However, the all-inorganic perovskite polycrystalline films prepared by the conventional spin-coating method possess many pinholes, nonuniform surface with many small crystals, and irregular agglomerates, limiting their device performance. Herein, we introduced a monolayer nano-polystyrene (PS) sphere confined growth method for obtaining CsPbBr3 nanonet films (NFs) with ordered nanostructures grown in the preferred (110) orientation, which is beneficial for the charge carrier transport and the light-harvesting efficiency. The (110) peak intensity of CsPbBr3 NFs increased with the increase of the diameter of the monolayer sphere, while the (001) peak intensity was suppressed greatly, indicating the more preferred (110) oriented growth. The PDs based on (110)-orientation-preferred CsPbBr3 NFs prepared by using 850 nm PS spheres showed the best performance. The best performing device displayed the biggest linear dynamic range of up to 120 dB. In addition, a responsivity of 2.84 A W-1 and a detectivity of 5.47 × 1012 Jones were also achieved.

Electrical and Optical Characteristics of PQT-12-Based Organic TFTs Fabricated by Floating-Film Transfer Method

The electrical and optical characteristics of bottom-gate top-contact poly (3, 3’’’- dialkylquaterthiophene) (PQT-12) polymer-based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) fabricated by floating-film transfer method (FTM) have been investigated in this paper. The atomic force microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and photoluminance characteristics of the FTM-based PQT-12 films have been compared with the PQT-12 films deposited by the conventional spin-coating method. The improved electrical characteristics of FTM-based OTFT have been found as compared to those of the spin-coated OTFTs. Due to better properties of the FTM-based PQT-12 films over the spin coated films, the electrical and optical characteristics of the FTM-based OTFT have been compared under dark and illuminated conditions. The FTM film-based OTFT shows the respective values of field effect mobility and threshold voltage of 7.8 × 10−2 cm2/Vs and –8.1 V under dark and 8.9 × 10 −2 cm2/Vs and –5.3 V under illumination of 200 μW/cm2 at 540 nm. The maximum responsivity of 11.3 A/W is found at the light intensity of 5 μW/cm2 at 540 nm.

Efficient composition tuning via cation exchange and improved reproducibility of photovoltaic performance in FAxMA1-xPbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells fabricated by a two-step dynamic spin-coating process

We synthesized uniform FAxMA1-xPbI3 perovskite films with a single α phase by a two-step process combined with a dynamically dispensed spin-coating technique. It uses the continuous dropping of precursor solutions with a constant CH3NH3I (MAI)/HC(NH2)2I (FAI) concentration enabling the kinetically controlled grain growth. Dynamic coating cycles are also changed to facilitate a cation-exchange process, control the degree of the mutual inter-mixing between formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) and methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) and examine the formation process and properties of the mixed perovskite films formed under the excess MA/FA cation environment, which has not been clarified so far. Notably, without additional solvent washing steps, FAxMA1-xPbI3 films are adjustable in composition, pinhole-free, and have various grain sizes depending on the coating cycles. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) synthesized from FAxMA1-xPbI3 films with two cycles of the dynamic spin coating have achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.50% with an average PCE of 17.06 ± 0.42%, which shows much-improved performance as well as reproducibility compared with 14.79 ± 1.82% obtained from the conventional static spin-coating method. In addition, we first found mixed FAxMA1-xPbI3 perovskites synthesized under an excess cation environment containing local stoichiometric inhomogeneities as well as excess residual cations (C˭N and NH3+) acting as recombination traps, which is supported by the calculation of trap densities.

Doped conductive polymers and single-walled carbon nanotubes as charge storage devices

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), introduced as nano-fillers, were used as charge storage elements. Organic semiconducting polymers were produced by doping organic plasticizers with nonconductive polymers. The nano-fillers were embedded along with organic semiconducting and insulating polymers in constructing metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors classified as organic capacitors. The capacitors were constructed by conventional spin-coating method with metallic electrodes fabricated by means of thermal evaporation. A comparative study was investigated on two device configurations that were built. One with the use of the organic semiconducting polymers and the other with commercially available doped silicon wafer as the semiconductor. Capacitance versus voltage measurements were analyzed on the two configurations to evaluate the storage performance of the devices. The results showed that the device that contained the organic polymeric charge transport layer stored more charge in the SWCNT nano-fillers when compared with the device that contained the silicon wafer. The results also depicted that the embedded SWCNTs were responsible for storing the charge when compared with reference devices that did not contain these nano-fillers.

Chemical vapor deposition in fabrication of robust and highly efficient perovskite solar cells based on single-walled carbon nanotubes counter electrodes

This study presents a strategy of fabricating a perovskite layer through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and applying it as an efficient absorber in PSCs based on SWCNT counter electrode. As the results, the CVD method produced smooth and void-free perovskite films, which reduced the moisture absorption at the grain boundaries then delayed the degradation of the organic/inorganic composition. Furthermore, the smooth surface of the dye layer enhances charge collection at the interface with counter electrodes. Thus, the efficiency of cell fabricated by CVD method was 7.9%, which is improved by 29.5% as compared with cells using the conventional spin-coating method. Furthermore, the cell fabricated by CVD method gave an excellent stability. Accordingly, the efficiency was lost only 17% after 500 h performances. This approach could pave the way to develop low-cost PSCs with long-term stability.

Electrophoretic Deposition of Gadolinium-Doped Ceria As a Barrier Layer on Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Screen-printing or spin-coating are most common methods for deposition of the doped ceria barrier layer between cathodes (LSCF or LSM) and YSZ electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. However, it is difficult to achieve fully-dense barrier layer below the reaction temperature, e.g. 1400oC. In this study, a gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) barrier layer was deposited on the YSZ electrolyte by an economically-efficient, scalable electrophoretic deposition method (EPD). Polypyrrole (PPy) was coated on YSZ surface as the conductive agent. Highly compact GDC green layer was obtained by the EPD process in an ethanol-based suspension. GDC thin layers in a thickness range of 8-10 µm were successfully densified at as low as 1250 oC. The performance of these EPD-deposited cells was evaluated using symmetrical cell configuration through the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In comparison, the ohmic resistance of the GDC barrier layer made by the conventional spin-coating method is reduced through the present EPD method. This result suggests that EPD is a desirable method for efficiently manufacturing electrode barrier layer with improved performance. Figure 1

Construction of Compact Methylammonium Bismuth Iodide Film Promoting Lead-Free Inverted Planar Heterojunction Organohalide Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltage over 0.8 V

A bismuth-based organohalide material, methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9), has been recently explored as an efficient lead-free light absorber in photovoltaic applications. However, the poor surface morphology of the MA3Bi2I9 film fabricated via conventional one-step spin-coating methods has limited the performance of the device. In this work, a smooth, uniform, and compact MA3Bi2I9 thin film was realized by a novel two-step evaporation-spin-coating film fabrication strategy for the first time. Taking advantage of the superior MA3Bi2I9 thin film, the best-performing inverted planar heterojuncion photovoltaic device exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 0.39% with open-circuit voltage as high as 0.83 V, which demonstrated the lowest loss-in-potential to date in MA3Bi2I9-based solar cells. Moreover, the facile film fabrication strategy utilized in this work paves the way for high reproducibility of lead-free organohalide films and devices.

Large-area, flexible polymer solar cell based on silver nanowires as transparent electrode by roll-to-roll printing

Conventional organic solar cell’s (OSC) architectures, including rigid transparent substrate (Glass), conductive electrode (Indium tin oxide, ITO) and small working areas, are widely utilized in organic photovoltaic fields. However, such a structure as well as conventional spin-coating method obviously restrict their industrial application. In this article, we report the deposition of silver nanowires (AgNWs) on the flexible substrate by slot-die printing. The obtained AgNWs films exhibited a high transmittance and a low resistance, and were further used as the transparent conductive electrode of OSCs. A typical conjugated polymer, poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c] [1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PPDT2FBT), was used as the active material to fabricate large-area (7 cm2 solar cells by a slot-die coating process. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) could reach 1.87% initially and further increased to 3.04% by thermal annealing. Compared to the performance of reference cell on ITO substrate, the result indicated that the AgNWs could be developed as an alternative substitute of conductive electrode to fabricate the large-area flexible OSCs by roll-to-roll printing.

Low-Band-Gap Polymer-Based Ambipolar Transistors and Inverters Fabricated Using a Flow-Coating Method

The performances of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) produced by polymer solution casting are tightly correlated with the morphology and chain-ordering of semiconducting polymer layers, which depends on the processing conditions applied. The slow evaporation of a high boiling point (bp) solvent permits sufficient time for the assembly of polymer chains during the process, resulting in improving the film crystallinity and inducing favorable polymer chain orientations for charge transport. The use of high bp solvents, however, often results in dewetting of thin films formed on hydrophobic surfaces, such as the commonly used octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS)-treated SiO2 gate dielectric. Dewetting hampers the formation of uniform and highly crystalline semiconducting active channel layers. In this manuscript, we demonstrated the formation of highly crystalline dithienothienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole (TT-DPP)-based polymer films using a flow-coating method to enable the fabrication of ambipolar transistors and inverters. Importantly, unlike conventional spin-coating methods, the flow-coating method allowed us to use high bp solvents, even on a hydrophobic surface, and minimized the polymer solution waste. The crystalline orientations of the TT-DPP-based polymers were tuned depending on the solvent used (four different bp solvents were tested) and the employment of a thermal annealing step. The use of high bp solvents and thermal annealing of the polymer films significantly enhanced the crystalline microstructures in the flow-coated films, resulting in considerable carrier mobility increase in the OTFTs compared to the spin-coated films. Our simple, inexpensive, and scalable flow-coating method, for the first time employed in printing semiconducting polymers, presents a significant step toward optimizing the electrical performances of organic ambipolar transistors through organic semiconducting layer film crystallinity engineering.

Dependence of the ferroelectric properties of modified spin-coating-derived PZT thick films on the crystalline orientation

The effects of crystalline orientation on the ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films deposited on (111)-oriented Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by using a modified spincoating method have been studied. The texture and the microstructure of the thick films were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, respectively. The XRD results implied that the texture of the PZT films was sensitive to the pyrolysis conditions after spin-coating, but less dependent on the film’s thickness. The texture had mainly a (111)-orientation for pyrolysis temperatures from 330 to 400 ◦C, and changes in the (100)- orientation occurred for pyrolysis temperatures at or above 450 ◦C after annealing at 650 ◦C for 5 min. The formation of a preferred texture could be explained by using the intermetallic phases and the internal stress energies between the substrate and the film. The ferroelectric properties of the PZT films fabricated by using this method have been found to be enhanced as compared to those of the PZT films fabricated by using the conventional spin-coating method and to be correlated to the microstructure of the film.