Conventional Soxhlet Extraction Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of itraconazole from pellets: an efficient approach for the recovery of active pharmaceutical compounds from solid dosage forms

IntroductionItraconazole is a widely used broad-spectrum antifungal drug on a global scale. However, its poor water solubility necessitates the development of advanced formulations for its effective use. Currently, itraconazole is available commercially in capsule form, with pellets containing the active drug. The extraction of itraconazole from these granules is often required when developing new formulations. Extracting active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from pellets is crucial in ensuring precise and consistent dosing when producing pharmaceutical dosage forms. Surprisingly, no existing methods for extracting itraconazole from pellets have been reported thus far.ObjectiveTherefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate an efficient method for extracting this API from pellets.MethodsTwo extraction methods were assessed: conventional Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted extraction significantly outperformed the conventional method, yielding higher amounts of itraconazole with a high purity level of 96.8%.

Supercritical CO2 and Conventional Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Different Cultivars of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Pomace

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined by GC, carotenoids and chlorophylls by HPLC, and volatile organic compounds were identified with an e-nose based on GC. The yield of the extract was influenced by the extraction, while the qualitative content of the extracts was also dependent on the cultivar. While there were no differences in the types of fatty acids extracted, their content varied significantly depending on the cultivar, extraction method, and their interaction. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) were the most prevalent in all cultivars of blackberry pomace extracts. The linoleic acid content varied from 33.33 to 64.77% depending on the variety, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 varied from 3.17% to 5.71%. Significantly higher quantities of carotenoids and chlorophylls were obtained in Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane in all extracts. The major carotenoid in the ‘Orkan’ and ‘Polar’ extracts was lutein, while in the ‘Brzezina’ extract, it was β-carotene. The extraction method has a significant impact on the flavor profile of the extracts.

Microwave-Assisted vs. Conventional Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil: Process Optimization and Efficiency Comparison.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of microwave-assisted and conventional extraction using ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents, and to optimize the process for extracting oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds, with a focus on improving food-grade oil production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to enhance the extraction process of the oil. Central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used to analyze the impact of solid-liquid ratio (x1), power (x2), and temperature (x3) on oil yield. The optimization identified the optimal conditions as a solid/liquid ratio of 1:38, power of 175 W, and temperature of 50 °C, achieving a 42% oil yield. Notably, the microwave-assisted extraction reduced the processing time from 8 h (using conventional Soxhlet extraction) to just 1 h. Conventional extraction with hexane and petroleum ether was also performed for comparison, resulting in similar oil content and fatty acid profiles, predominantly, oleic acid. FTIR analysis confirmed that the microwave-extracted oil contained fatty acids and had similar characteristics to the conventionally extracted oil. Thus, the use of ethanol as a green solvent in the microwave has shown significant improvement in terms of time and energy savings compared to the Soxhlet method with toxic solvents. This study concludes that microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol provides a more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and time-saving alternative for food-grade oil production, aligning with advancements in food engineering and production.

Investigating the potential of aqueous enzymatic extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil: Process optimization and oil characterization

Safflower seed oil was extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) with a combination of three enzymes: hemicellulase, pectinase, and protease. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to optimize the operating conditions: Temperature, pH, and incubation time. Analysis of variance allowed studying the variables' linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. The optimized extraction conditions resulted in 85% oil recovery referring to the conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE). Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the quality and composition of oils obtained by SE and AEE. The results revealed that the two oils had similar values of peroxide index, conjugated dienes and trienes, and fatty acid composition. AEE-oil had a lighter yellow color (L* = 31.8 Vs. 24.7) and was richer in polyphenols (147 Vs. 101 mg GAE/Kg of oil), but it was more acidic (2.75% Vs. 1.56% linoleic acid) and less stable (2.86h Vs. 5.66h induction time) with less tocopherol (302 Vs. 409 mg/kg oil) and carotenoid content (0.42 Vs. 0.57 mg/kg oil) than SE-oil. Our findings demonstrated that RSM-based optimization is an efficient and time-saving approach, which significantly improved oil extraction. Finally, we suggested several solutions to further improve the quality and quantity of the obtained AEE-safflower seed oil, paving the path for other future research possibilities.

Accelerated solvent extraction of apomorphine from Nymphaea caerulea (Blue Water Lily) products: A proof‐of‐concept Green extraction for plant materials

AbstractNymphaea caerulea (Blue water lily) is an esthetically pleasing aquatic plant which is widely located across India and Africa. The blue water lily contains an alkaloid called apomorphine which is said to be a sedative, and a nonselective dopamine agonist and is now available in the local and online market in the form of powders and oils for various applications such as sleeping aid, anxiety reliever and sexual performance enhancer. These properties are abused by the consumption of Nymphaea caerulea to achieve a state of “high” which has led the categorization of the same as a novel psychoactive substance. In this paper, a rapid mass spectral analysis was performed for the preliminary screening of commercially available blue water lily products using the Waters Radian as soon as possible instrument, followed by the high performance liquid chromatography‐photo diode array method development and validation of the samples for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of apomorphine. Accelerated solvent extraction as a green alternative to the conventional soxhlet extraction was used in the extraction of the plant material. The method was finally screened for its greenness using the Complex green analytical procedure index method. The method was validated with a linearity of 0.9973; limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.02 and 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. The method was able to detect and quantitate apomorphine in two samples from the commercially available natural products of Nymphaea caerulea.

Enhanced recovery of rare ginsenosides and bioactive compounds from red ginseng marc using CO2-Assisted subcritical water

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a high-efficiency and environmentally sustainable technique for extracting bioactive compounds from red ginseng marc (RGM). In this study, CO2 was introduced into the SWE system as a green catalyst to enhance the extraction efficiency of biologically active compounds from RGM. A wide range of parameters, such as temperature (140–180 °C), pressure (10–20 MPa), and time (10–60 min), were optimized using response surface methodology to maximize the recovery of highly valuable bioactive components, including rare ginsenosides (RGs), total phenolic contents (TPCs), and Maillard reaction products (MRPs), as well as the antioxidant activity of the RGM extract. The extract obtained using CO2-assisted SWE (CO2-SWE) under the optimal conditions (172 °C, 10 MPa, and 10 min) was enriched in RGs (1.02–2.16 times), TPCs (0.98–4.68 times), and MRPs (1.08–2.20 times) and exhibited enhanced antioxidant activities (1.07–3.50 times) compared with the extracts produced by conventional SWE (N2 environment) and Soxhlet extraction with H2O or 80 vol% ethanol. Thus, CO2-SWE is an environmentally friendly and nontoxic technique with considerable potential for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food sectors.

Efficiency of Supercritical CO2 and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques for Isolation of Bioactive Molecules from Sea Buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) Berry Oils and Cakes

This study compared the efficiency of advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) and conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE) in the isolation of lipophilic bioactive molecules (BAMs) from the oils of different sea buckthorn (SB) berries (Leikora and Ascola). A SB cake, a valuable by-product of oil extraction, was analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA). For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 70% (v/v) ethanol was optimized, and the following optimal UAE conditions were determined: ultrasonic power of 60%, temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 20 min. The individual BAMs in the oils and cake extracts were analyzed chromatographically, while the AAs were determined using the ORAC method. The oils extracted with SC-CO2 had a higher content of lipophilic BAMs and a higher AA value than the oils extracted with SE. Palmitic and palmitoleic acids, β-sitosterol, and α-tocopherol dominated the Leikora oil, while a higher content of oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids and carotenoids was found in the Ascola oil. The highest phenolic content was found in the Ascola cake, with the flavonols isorhamnetin-3-hexoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside being the most abundant. Oil and cake extracts of the Ascola variety also had a higher AA.

Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Bioactive Compounds in Arbutus Unedo L. from the Ait Ammart Area in Northern Morocco

The qualitative and quantitative analysis aims to identify secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenes, and other substances commonly referred to as phytochemicals. Qualitative phytochemical screening relies on color and precipitation tests that indicate the presence or absence of a metabolite, while quantitative analysis accounts for the quantity or concentration of the bioactive compounds contained within the extracts. During the quantitative determination of the total content of phenolics and flavonoids present in the extracts, we used the conventional soxhlet extraction (SE) method with solvents of different polarities. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of solvents with varying polarity on both the extraction yield and phytochemical composition of A. unedo leaves. The findings indicate that yield and polyphenol content vary from one extract to another. Thus, the ethanol extract (EEAU) showed the highest percentage extraction yield (15.23%) and the highest total phenolic content (TPC) with 122.82 ± 5.42 mg GAE/gext. In contrast, the dichloromethane extract (EDAU) had the lowest extraction yield (1.76%), while the methanol extract (EMAU) showed the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) with 45.8 ± 1.3 mg QE/gext. Generally, these data provide information into the phytochemical content of various extracts of the plant growing in the Ait Ammart region. These extracts contain several bioactive substances that will be useful in the formulation of pharmaceutical products for a variety of diseases and may have applications in the food industry.

In situ Transesterification of Crambe Seeds with Dimethyl Carbonate Using an Enzymatic Catalyst

In situ transesterification of crambe seeds oil was investigated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using dimethyl carbonate as acyl acceptor and lipase Novozyme 435® as the catalyst. First, the effects of solvent-to-seeds ratio, seed pretreatment, and extraction time were evaluated on the seed oil removal, comparing the results with conventional Soxhlet extraction. Then, the effects of enzyme loading (5 to 30 wt.% based on the oil mass) and reaction time (60 to 540 min) were evaluated on the simultaneous extraction and reaction. The highest oil extraction yield (ca. 26 wt.%) was achieved at the solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1 and 360 min. The oil obtained from seeds that received thermal pretreatment showed a higher concentration of minor compounds. The highest ester content (76.71 wt.%) was obtained with an enzyme loading of 20 wt.%, solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1, for 480 min. The reaction samples showed a predominance of erucate and oleate esters, with identification of the co-products formation (glycerol carbonate and glycerol dicarbonate), and ca. 5 wt.% of acylglycerols.

Combined Effect of Protease, Hemicellulase and Pectinase on the Quality of Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa L.) Obtained by Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction as an Eco-friendly Method.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) to obtain oil from hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) grown in northern Morocco. Optimisation of AEE extraction parameters, including pH, enzyme concentration (hemicellulase, protease and pectinase), temperature and incubation time, to maximize oil yield was achieved using response surface methodology with a central composite design. For comparison, the solvent extraction (Soxhlet) (SE) method was also used. Optimized hydrolysis conditions involved incubation for 4 hours at 60°C with a pH of 6.5, using a multi-enzyme preparation comprising protease, hemicellulase and pectinase at concentrations of 55, 202.5 and 234 U/mg, respectively. Referring to the conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE), Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction (AEE) achieved a 30.65% oil recovery rate under the optimized parameters mentioned above. The use of enzymes produced an oil that was more stable against oxidation than the solvent-extracted oil, with a peroxide value (PV) of 19.54 and 47.87 meq O 2 /kg, respectively. Furthermore, HPLC-DAD analysis of tocopherol content indicated a higher total tocopherol content (547.2 mg/kg) in Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction (AEE) compared to Soxhlet Extraction (SE) (513.51 mg/kg), with γ-tocopherol being the predominant form. No significant differences in fatty acid composition were observed between the two extraction methods with linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid being the predominant constituents.

Response surface optimization and support vector regression modeling of microwave-assisted essential oil extraction from cumin seeds

The current research involved creating models using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) to forecast the amount of extractable essential oil that can be obtained from powdered cumin seeds. Influence of microwave power (140–280–420–560–700 W), amount of water (500–600–700–800–900 ml), duration of distillation (30–45–60–75–90 min) and soak time (15–30–45–60–75 min) on essential oil yield were investigated. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) allowed higher recoveries compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction, without altering the chemical components of the extract. A five-level four FCC experimental design was developed using Minitab (15.1.20.0). A total of 31 runs were performed in microwave-assisted extraction apparatus. Experimental data obtained was then used for developing RSM and SVR models for the prediction of the yield of essential oil. The optimum conditions for maximum yield of cumin oil were given by RSM. Maximum yield of 3.4 ml (0.017 ml/g) was found at 140 W of microwave power, 500 ml of water, 90 min duration of distillation, and 15 min of soak time. In this work, epsilon SVR with RBF kernel was used. The grid search (depth-first search) methodology was applied for tuning the values of epsilon, gamma, and cost using the LIBSVM module on the MATLAB interface. The statistical parameters namely, average absolute relative error (AARE), coefficient of determination (R2), standard deviation (SD), and root mean square error (RMSE) were selected as the performance parameters. The developed SVR model was compared with the RSM model. The AARE values of 2.27% and 1.29%, R2 values of 0.86 and 0.99, SD values of 1.73 and 0.29, and RMSE values of 0.0284 and 0.0132 were obtained for RSM and SVR models respectively. It is found that SVR is more accurate and better tool for modeling of MAE process.

Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of Conventional Soxhlet Cymbopogon citratus Leaves Extracts in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

In Ghana, Cymbopogon citratus leaves together with guava, pawpaw, and lime are processed into a decoction to treat fever. To encourage its usage, preclinical validation of the safety profile of the plant is required. The acute and subchronic toxicities of the conventional Soxhlet ethanolic Cymbopogon citratus leaves extract in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Pulverized Cymbopogon citratus leaves were extracted with 98% ethanol using the conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) method and dried. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to six female Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 ml/100 g body weight normal saline to control (6) once, and signs of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr through to 14 days. In the subchronic study, the treatment groups were administered 200 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, of the CSE C. citratus leaves extract for six weeks. Analyses were conducted on the blood, urine, and serum samples of the rats. Histopathological examination of the liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and lungs was carried out at termination. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine statistically significant differences between the test and control rats at P < 0.05. The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the urinalysis and haematological analysis between control and test rats over the treatment period. Similarly, CSE C. citratus leaves extract did not induce any significant biochemical changes in the treatment group; however, there was a weight loss effect on the treated rats. There were no noticeable morphological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of the test rats compared to the control. CSE ethanolic C. citratus leaves extract has a weight loss effect, and long-term administration of the extract may not cause any organ-specific toxicity to the consumers.

Sustainable Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Distilled Rosemary By-Product Using Green Extraction Methods: Optimization, Comparison, and Antioxidant Activity.

Rosemary solid distillation waste (SWR), a by-product of the essential oil industry, represents an important source of phenolic antioxidants. Green technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of phenolic compounds from SWR were optimized as valorization routes to maximize yield, rosmarinic acid (RMA), carnosol (CARO) and carnosic acid (CARA) contents. Response surface methodology was used in this context, with ethanol concentration (X1), extraction temperature (X2), and time (X3) being the independent variables. A second-order polynomial model was fitted to the data, and multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine model fitness and optimal conditions. Ethanol concentration was the most influential extraction parameter, affecting phenolic compounds, while the influence of other parameters was moderate. The optimized conditions were as follows: X1: 67.4, 80.0, and 59.0%, X2: 70, 51, and 125 °C, and X3: 15, 10, and 7 min for MAE, UAE, and ASE, respectively. A comparison of optimized MAE, UAE, and ASE with conventional Soxhlet extraction techniques indicated that ASE provided a higher extraction yield and content of phenolic compounds. However, UAE represented the best process from an environmental point of view, allowing an improved extraction of phenolics from SWR with high energy efficiency and low energy costs.

Valorisation of Side Stream Products through Green Approaches: The Rapeseed Meal Case.

Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a by-product of rapeseed oil extraction and is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including proteins and antioxidants. This study compared two methods for extracting antioxidants from RSM: conventional ethanol Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction. These procedures were applied to both native RSM and RSM after protein removal to evaluate their bio-compound composition and potential applications. HPLC-DAD, NMR, and GC/MS analyses revealed a rich polyphenolic profile in the extracts, including the presence of sinapic acid. The concentration of sinapic acid varied depending on the extraction method used. The anti-radical activity of the extracts was also analysed using the DPPH assay, which confirmed the potential of RSM as a source of antioxidants for use in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Maceration of Waste Cork in Binary Hydrophilic Solvents for the Production of Functional Extracts

Waste-grade cork samples of Quercus cerris were subjected to maceration extraction using 7 different solvents, including pure water (I), pure acetone (II), 75% aqueous ethanol (III), 75% aqueous methanol (IV), 75% aqueous acetone (V), 50% aqueous acetone (VI), and 25% aqueous acetone (VII). The extract yields, extract compositions, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts were analyzed. The results showed that maceration extraction was highly efficient, particularly with binary solvents resulting in up to 6% extract yield and up to 488 mg GAE/g extract total phenolic content. The extracts exhibited a variable antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and FRAP methods as well as antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and fungus determined by agar diffusion test. The CIELAB color parameters of extracts were correlated with maceration time, and the correlation was highest with pure water extracts. The FT-IR spectra of acetone-extracted cork revealed six key markers of phenolic compounds with the presence of peaks at approximately 2920 cm−1, 2850 cm−1, 1609 cm−1, 1517 cm−1, 1277 cm−1, and 1114 cm−1. The overall results suggest that the maceration of waste cork in binary solvents and pure acetone are green alternatives to conventional Soxhlet extraction for the production of polar extracts.

Diterpenoid and C20 diterpenoid alkaloid as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): from Piper barberi Gamble, an endemic and endangered species of Southern Western Ghats

The present study investigated the phytochemicals and in silico anti-nCoV properties of Piper barberi, an endangered and endemic species of Southern Western Ghats. Using conventional soxhlet extraction method, the leaf and stem were extracted separately with methanol (PBLM and PBSM). The bioactive compounds from the extracts were identified using HR-LCMS/MS-qTOF analysis. These compounds were subjected to various in silico analyses to identify potential drug candidates against nCoV. The HR LCMS/MS analysis of PBLM and PBSM revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids in it and this is the first report of the phytoconstituents present in the species P. barberi. All the identified bioactive compounds were subjected to predict ADMET. Out of 49 identified compounds, only 31 passed drug-likeness properties and toxicity tests. Molecular interaction studies were conducted using the AutoDockTools 4.2.6., which showed that only 13 compounds exhibited acceptable binding affinity with the nCoV target Mpro. Structural stability and binding free energy analyses of the five compounds with the higher binding affinity indicated that the bioactive compounds Hetisine and Ajaconine are stable with both hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Hetisine shows stable binding among these two compounds with two hydrogen bond interactions with the crucial catalytic dyad residue (His41). Thus, this study concludes that these compounds might potentially be used as an alternative drug candidate for managing nCoV. However, further experimental validation, including in vitro and in vivo assays, is required to substantiate the results. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Phytocompounds and in vitro antiaging activity of ethanolic extract and fractions of Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. leaves

Context: The leading cause of skin sunburn is exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can also cause reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accelerates aging. Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. leaf ethanolic extract may have antiaging properties by preventing elastase enzyme activity. Aims: To compare the antioxidant activity and elastase enzyme inhibition from old and young leaves using Soxhlet extraction and evaluate the antioxidant activity and elastase enzyme inhibition utilizing a variety of extraction techniques, including conventional Soxhlet extraction and unconventional methods like microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Methods: Using various extraction methods, samples were extracted with 96% ethanol (Soxhlet, MAE, and UAE). The active extract was then transformed into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water fraction. Following the total phenolic and total flavonoid content analysis, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the radical scavenging tests of 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and ABTS radicals, or 2,2'-azino-bisphenol S (2,2'-ABPS) (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The antiaging potential of skin breakdown enzymes was examined using elastase. Results: According to the R. fraxinifolius leaf's optimization type, extract from older leaves performs better than from younger leaves in terms of antioxidant activity and elastase enzyme inhibitory activity. In terms of optimization extraction, UAE approaches to produce the best outcomes than Soxhlet and MAE. Additionally, using the chosen UAE extraction method, multilayer fractionation was done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water solvents, with distilled water fraction producing the best results. Conclusions: The distilled water fraction from R. fraxinifolius leaf’s shows the potential for future research to support its efficacy as an active component in antiaging cosmetics.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) OIL EXTRACTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

This article presents a comprehensive review of methods of extraction, properties, compositions and industrial application of lemongrass essential oil. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil has been used traditionally since ancient days in medicine as remedy to improve blood circulation, treat fever and malaria, promote digestion and as well used to increase immune system of the human body. Essential Oils of lemongrass are used in various industries. Some of the industries in which they are used extensively include Aromatherapy, Food and drink industry, Pharmaceuticals industry, Fragrance and Flavour industry, Agriculture and Livestock industry, Cosmetic and Soaps industry, House hold and Domestic. The quality of the essential oil from lemongrass strongly depends on the extraction method and operating conditions. Basically lemongrass essential oil can be obtained by various extraction methods, such as steam distillation, conventional solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), Simultaneous-distillation-extraction technique (SDE), Solvent-Free-Microwave-Extraction Technique (SFME) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. The composition of essential oil of Cympobogon citratus contains α-pinene, β-pinene, delta-3-catrene, myrcene dipentene, β-phellandrene, β-cymene , methyl heptanene, citronellal, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate , citral A , citral B, geraniol, elemol , and β-caryophyllene oxide, etc. In addition, lemongrass oil also contains essential minerals such as Fe, Zn, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Mn, P etc. The most important physicochemical properties of lemongrass oil includes specific gravity, Optical rotation, refractive index, percentage of citral, freezing point, moisture content, acid value, ester value, carbonyl value and phenol content . Nevertheless, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lemongrass also varies with the geographical origin, cultivation practices, plant age, photoperiod, harvest period, cultivars, and extraction methods. However, for extraction of lemongrass oil, green technology such SFE, SDE, SFME and MAHD that are consumer and environmental friendly in industrial-scale essential oil production should be considered as a method to overcome the limitations of traditional distillation methods. KEYWORDS: Essential Oil, Lemongrass, Microwave-Assisted-Hydrodistillation. Solvent Extraction, Steam Distillation, Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Optimization and kinetic studies of d-galacturonic acid extraction from basil seed using different extraction techniques

This study presents d-galacturonic acid extraction from basil seeds using stirred reactor extraction, conventional soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic extraction techniques. Different process parameters such as type of solvent, pH (2–9.5), solid-to-solvent ratio (0.5:100–2:100), time(10–70 min), temperature (40–90 °C), and agitation speed (100-700RPM) were optimized. The yield of D-gala using ultrasound-assisted extraction (104.25 mg/g of basil seeds) was higher as compared to the stirred reactor (92.64 mg/g of basil seeds) and soxhlet extraction (52.2 mg/g of basil seeds). Moreover, the time required for extraction using ultrasound was significantly less (15 min) as compared to the stirred reactor (60 min) and soxhlet extraction (280 min). The process effectiveness in terms of yield of D-gala per unit energy dissipated in ultrasound-assisted extraction (12.46 mg/g of basil seed kJ) was around 13 times greater than stirred reactor (0.975 mg/g of basil seed kJ) and about 63 times greater than soxhlet extraction (0.201 mg/g of basil seed kJ). As a result, ultrasonic extraction is regarded as the best alternative approach to the stirred reactor and soxhlet extraction for getting a higher d-galacturonic acid yield from basil seeds. An empirical kinetic model of second order rate equation and a mathematical model using a nonlinear regression technique was investigated for the process, which shows numerical correlation and significance factor between the yield and all other parameters. The detailed characterization of the extracted components has been carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LCMS).

VALORIZATION OF ROASTED HAZELNUT CUTICLES SUPPORTED BY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

this paper reports the experimental results of an on-going project running at lab-scale and aimed at the valorization of roasted hazelnut cuticles through both chemical (i.e., solvent extraction) and thermochemical treatment (i.e., torrefaction) routes. In particular, the potential of using water as a green solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds (i.e., substances of chemical-food-pharmaceutical interest, such as the polyphenols) contained in residues originated by industrial processing of hazelnuts has been investigated, applying the conventional laboratory Soxhlet extraction procedure. A subsequent valorization stage has been explored for the spent post-extraction residues versus the “as collected” ones; they lend themselves to become “renewable” solid fuels thanks to torrefaction, which is a “mild” thermochemical conversion process. The obtained results are first presented in terms of theoretical yields of the bioactive compounds of interest with respect to the original mass of hazelnut residue; in addition, the findings on torrefaction are discussed in terms of performance indexes with respect to the torrefied fuel and quantitatively expressed as correlations as a function of temperature.