Conventional Scanning Method Research Articles

Augmented reality assisted intraoral scanning of mandibular arch: A proof-of-concept pilot clinical study

ObjectivesTo investigate whether the scanning time, trueness and number of photos are influenced when augmented reality (AR) heads-up display (HUD) is utilized during the intraoral scan of fully dentate mandibular arches. MethodsA total of 10 patients (6 females and 4 males) were included. The mandibular arch of each patient was scanned twice using an intraoral scanner (Trios4 Pod IOS: 3Shape): one with and one without AR-HUD (ML2; Magic Leap). Further, alginate impression was taken, and the cast was digitized to acquire the reference model for trueness comparison (T310, Medit). The scan time and number of photos were recorded. Trueness was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using colored heat maps and RMSE values respectively. t-test was used to evaluate the difference in scan time, trueness, and number of photos between the two groups (α = .05). ResultsAR-assisted IOS resulted in significantly faster scan time (44 s) compared to the time consumed following conventional scan method without AR-HUD (63 s) (P = <0.001). The number of photos was also significantly less with AR-assisted IOS (836) compared to IOS using conventional technique without AR-HUD (1209) P = <0.001. No statistical difference was detected in RMSE between the test groups. ConclusionsIntegration of AR technology with IOS process represents a promising potential to acquire digital impressions with reduced scan acquisition time and reduced images count while simultaneously maintaining the trueness of the acquired scans. Clinical SignificanceAugmented Reality presents an emerging potential in Prosthodontics to acquire digital impressions with decreased number of images and acquisition time.

Rapid terahertz beam profiling and antenna characterization with phase-shifting holography

In this paper we investigate the application of phase-shifting digital holography for the real-time characterization of electromagnetic sources in the THz frequency range. We use an off-the-shelf terahertz detector array composed of 64×64\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$64 \ imes 64$$\\end{document} power-sensitive pixels, over an area of 96mm×96mm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$96\\,\\hbox {mm} \ imes 96\\,\\hbox {mm}$$\\end{document}, to record intensity interferograms cast between the coherent radiation emitted from a reference source and an unknown antenna under test. This approach parallelizes the acquisition process with respect to conventional near-field point scanning methods, reducing the measurement time by orders of magnitude. In our system, the measurement time is limited only by the refresh rate of the detector array and the speed of a delay line stage that is used to phase-shift the reference wave. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we map the 2D near-field distribution and estimate the far-field radiation pattern emitted by a plano-convex PTFE spherical lens antenna illuminated by a diagonal horn at 290 GHz frequency with ∼1Hz\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim \\,1\\,\\hbox {Hz}$$\\end{document} refresh rate.

Mixed-size spot scanning with a compact large momentum acceptance superconducting (LMA-SC) gantry beamline for proton therapy

Objective. Lowering treatment costs and improving treatment quality are two primary goals for next-generation proton therapy (PT) facilities. This work will design a compact large momentum acceptance superconducting (LMA-SC) gantry beamline to reduce the footprint and expense of the PT facilities, with a novel mixed-size spot scanning method to improve the sparing of organs at risk (OAR). Approach. For the LMA-SC gantry beamline, the movable energy slit is placed in the middle of the last achromatic bending section, and the beam momentum spread of delivered spots can be easily changed during the treatment. Simultaneously, changing the collimator size can provide spots with various lateral spot sizes. Based on the provided large-size and small-size spot models, the treatment planning with mixed spot scanning is optimized: the interior of the target is irradiated with large-size spots (to cover the uniform-dose interior efficiently), while the peripheral of the target is irradiated with small-size spots (to shape the sharp dose falloff at the peripheral accurately). Main results. The treatment plan with mixed-size spot scanning was evaluated and compared with small and large-size spot scanning for thirteen clinical prostate cases. The mixed-size spot plan had superior target dose homogeneities, better protection of OAR, and better plan robustness than the large-size spot plan. Compared to the small-size spot plan, the mixed-size spot plan had comparable plan quality, better plan robustness, and reduced plan delivery time from 65.9 to 40.0 s. Significance. The compact LMA-SC gantry beamline is proposed with mixed-size spot scanning, with demonstrated footprint reduction and improved plan quality compared to the conventional spot scanning method.

Efficient boundary-guided scanning for high-resolution X-ray ptychography.

In the realm of X-ray ptychography experiments, a considerable amount of ptychography scans are typically performed within a field of view encompassing the target sample. While it is crucial to obtain overlapping scans in small increments over the region of interest for achieving high-resolution sample reconstruction, a significant number of these scans often redundantly measure the empty background within the wide field of view. To address this inefficiency, an innovative algorithm is proposed that introduces automatic guidance for data acquisition. The algorithm first directs the scan point to actively search for the object of interest within the field of view. Subsequently, it intelligently scans along the perimeter of the sample, strategically acquiring measurements exclusively within the boundary of the region of interest. By employing this approach, a reduction in the number of measurements required to obtain high-resolution reconstruction images is demonstrated, as compared with conventional raster scanning methods. Furthermore, the automatic guidance provided by the algorithm offers the added advantage of saving valuable time during the reconstruction process. Through practical implementation on real experiments, these findings showcase the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of X-ray ptychography experiments. This novel approach holds immense potential for advancing sample analysis and imaging techniques in various scientific disciplines.

Unraveling the potential of segment scan mass spectral acquisition for chemical isotope labeling LC-MS-based metabolome analysis: Performance assessment across different types of biological samples

BackgroundChemical isotope labeling (CIL) LC-MS is a powerful tool for metabolome analysis with high metabolomic coverage and quantification accuracy. In CIL LC-MS, the overall metabolite detection efficiency using Orbitrap MS can be further improved by employing a segment scan method where the full m/z range is divided into multiple segments for spectral acquisition with a significant increase in the in-spectrum dynamic range. Considering the metabolic complexity in different types of biological samples (e.g., feces, urine, serum/plasma, cell/tissue extracts, saliva, etc.), we report the development and evaluation of the segment scan method for metabolome analysis of different sample types. ResultsIt was found that sample complexity significantly influenced the performance of the segment scan method. In metabolically complex samples such as feces and urine, the method yielded a substantial increase (up to 94 %) in detected peak pairs or metabolites, compared to conventional full scan. Conversely, less complex samples like saliva exhibited more modest gains (approximately 25 %). Based on the observations, a 120-m/z segment scan method was determined as a routine approach for CIL LC-Orbitrap-MS-based metabolomics with good compatibility with different types of biological samples. For this method, a further investigation on relative quantification accuracy was done. The peak area ratios of 12C-/13-labeled metabolites were slightly reduced with 72%–84 % of peak pairs falling within the ±25 % range of the anticipated peak ratio of 1.0 among different samples, as opposed to 81%–90 % in the full scan, which was attributed to the inclusion of more low-abundance peak pairs within the narrow MS segments. However, the overall peak ratio measurement precision was not significantly affected by the segment scan. Significance and noveltyThe segment scan method was found to be useful for CIL LC-Orbitrap-MS-based metabolome analysis of different types of samples with significant improvement in metabolite detectability (25–94 % increase), compared to the conventional full scan method.

The target region focused imaging method for scanning ion conductance microscopy

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has developed rapidly and has wide applications in biomedicine, single-cell science and other fields. SICM scanning speed is limited by the conventional raster-type scanning method, which spends most of time on imaging the substrate and does not focus enough on the target area. In order to solve this problem, a target region focused (TRF) method is proposed, which can effectively avoid the scanning of unnecessary substrate areas and enables SICM to image the target area only to achieve high-speed and effective local scanning. TRF method and conventional hopping mode scanning method are compared in the experiments using breast cancer cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells as experimental materials. It was demonstrated that our method can reduce the scanning time for a single sample image significantly without losing scanning information or compromising the quality of imaging. The TRF method developed in this paper can provide an efficient and fast scanning strategy for improving the imaging performance of SICM systems, which can be applied to the dynamic features of cell samples in the fields of biology and pharmacology analysis.

Tailoring laser cladding paths for improved coating performance: A comprehensive investigation

This study explores the influence of laser cladding scanning paths on the microstructure and properties of coatings by employing a combination of numerical simulations and experiments. Two novel scanning paths, namely a segmented guided scanning path inspired by the "back welding method" and a real-time temperature feedback scanning path, are introduced and analyzed alongside the conventional one-way sequential scanning methods. The research reveals that the microhardness distribution within the coating is strongly affected by the scanning method. Notably, the one-way sequential scanning method yields the highest microhardness, followed by segmented guided scanning, and finally real-time temperature feedback scanning path. Segmenting the scanning path does not contribute to uniform microhardness distribution, particularly at the overlapping positions. Furthermore, the temperature gradient within the coating during the entire cladding process is significantly influenced by the scanning method. Segmented scanning reduces the temperature gradient compared to single long-path scanning, and further improvements are achieved through path optimization based on real-time temperature feedback. The residual stress levels on the coating surface also differ among scanning methods. Conventional one-way sequential scanning results in a residual stress of 727.0 MPa, while segmented guided scanning produces a higher residual stress of 1041.0 MPa. In contrast, the real-time temperature feedback path generates a lower residual stress of 680.0 MPa on the coating surface compared to the other two methods. These findings underscore the importance of selecting an appropriate scanning path for laser cladding processes. Optimized scanning paths not only reduce the tendency of gray cast iron to form martensite and the temperature gradient but also result in lower residual stress levels on the coating surface. This research provides valuable insights for enhancing the performance of laser-clad coatings in various industrial applications.

High-accuracy roundness measurement of small cylindrical workpieces by a high-frequency filtering method

In this paper, a ruby ball stylus is employed as hardware filtering for high-frequency data in the stitching linear scan method for the roundness and diameter measurement of small cylinders (diameter less than 3 mm). The conventional rotary scan method is improper for measuring small cylinders due to the crucial alignment. Thus, the stitching linear scan method is proposed, with which the cross-sectional circle of small cylinders is divided into several arcs to be measured and stitched. Although small cylinders can be measured by this method, the final results of roundness and diameter are affected by the low-accuracy stitching due to the high-frequency data. To address this issue, a ruby ball stylus with a tip radius of 150 μm is used for eliminating the influence of high-frequency data which is obtained by a diamond stylus with a tip radius of 2 μm in the stitching linear scan method. Since the measuring force of the ruby ball stylus influences the measurement of the small cylinders very much, a series of new alignments are carried out. Two groups of experiments by ruby ball stylus and diamond stylus have been conducted under the same conditions respectively. Results show that the average matching coefficient of adjacent arc profiles is enhanced by 86% and the repeatability of the ruby ball stylus is better than the diamond stylus.

A novel global FPPT strategy for PV system under partial shading condition

AbstractFlexible power point tracking (FPPT) is a common and significate photovoltaic control problem under partial shading conditions. Based on CPP and MPP distribution analysis, both constant power point tracking and maximum power point tracking could be mathematically described by a single objective optimization. As one of the recent meta‐heuristic algorithms, which avoid the limitations of conventional scanning methods, the carnivorous plant algorithm (CPA) solves non‐convex optimization problems with fast speed, high accuracy, and simple calculation. However, it exhibits several drawbacks such as inappropriate parameters, over‐searching, and feasible solution ignored issues. Therefore, a global FPPT strategy based on modified CPA (mCPA) is proposed, which includes a search objective integration, efficient non‐convex search space skipping strategy, and adaptive tuning parameters according to sensitivity analysis. By statistical experiments compared with eight popular meta‐heuristic algorithms, the mCPA can correctly converge to the global MPP under various scenarios with the highest accuracy of 99.0%. Meanwhile, the observations of dynamic experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of fast time response (0.5–3 s) for global FPPT under various uniform and non‐uniform insolation conditions.

Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of the Stitching Linear-Scan Method for the Measurable Dimension of Small Cylinders

A stitching linear scan method is proposed for roundness and diameter measurement of small cylindrical workpieces instead of the conventional rotary scan method due to the crucial alignments of eccentricity and inclination. To verify the reliability of the proposed method, by which the coordinates of the cross-sectional circle of a small cylinder is divided into several equal parts to be obtained and reconstructed, the diameter and roundness measurement uncertainties of the small cylinders with a diameter 1.5 mm are evaluated to be 0.047 μm and 0.095 μm, respectively, which can meet the uncertainty target of 0.1 μm. To investigate the measurable dimension by the proposed method, measurement uncertainty analysis of the small cylinders with various dimensions has been conducted according to the previous evaluation, since all the procedures are the same except for the uncertainty of X coordinates, which changes with the measured dimension’s change. The results show that the small cylinders with a diameter range from 0.01 mm to 50 mm can be measured by the proposed method when the position error θZ is reduced to the corresponding value. There is no measuring limitation set by the proposed model theoretically in the case of θX = θZ = 0.1°, while the machine has a measuring limitation.

Optical projection tomography of fluorescent microscopic specimens using lateral translation of tube lens.

Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging technique, in which projection images are acquired for varying orientations of a sample using a large depth of field. OPT is typically applied to a millimeter-sized specimen, because the rotation of a microscopic specimen is challenging and not compatible with live cell imaging. In this Letter, we demonstrate fluorescence optical tomography of a microscopic specimen by laterally translating the tube lens of a wide-field optical microscope, which allows for high-resolution OPT without rotating the sample. The cost is the reduction of the field of view to about halfway along the direction of the tube lens translation. Using bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells and 0.1 µm beads, we compare the 3D imaging performance of the proposed method with that of the conventional objective-focus scan method.

Curved surface measurement method using chromatic confocal sensor and tilt scanning

Large measurement ranges and curvature changes are characteristics of curved surfaces, making it difficult to measure their topography. In this study, a four-axis measurement system is developed, and a tilt scanning measurement method using a chromatic confocal sensor is proposed to measure curved surfaces. The measurement area is divided into different parts, in which the tilt scanning measurement is performed with different angles of the chromatic confocal sensor. After the scanning, the complete measurement data are restored by data processing and stitching. Compared with conventional scanning methods, the proposed method greatly expands the measurement range. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed measurement system and the tilt scanning measurement method is clearly verified by measuring a spherical specimen with a radius of 50 mm.

A Footprint Analysis: Comparison between Conventional Scanning Method and Motion Capture System

Footprint is a key element in human physiological characteristic study, for determining gender, height and weight. This study is to investigate the reliability of using conventional scanning method by comparing results with motion capture system method. The study takes footprint images from conventional scanning and processed using MATLAB. The captured gait movement data are generated from Vicon Nexus and Vicon Polygon respectively. Afterwards the data from the two methods were analysed for correlation test. The significant difference between measurement of gait parameters using Vicon and conventional scanned method were tested using paired sample t-test and the concurrent validity of conventional scanned method was tested using Pearson correlation. Although there was significance difference between measurement using both methods, the correlation analysis displayed moderate to high positive significant correlation of the parameters indicating the validity of the conventional scanned method. This concludes this study to accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a linear relationship between these two procedures.

Radiation Dose Reduction in Head and Neck Computed Tomography Angiography.

The study aims to investigate the feasibility of further radiation dose reduction via the application of a high iodine delivery rate combined with automatic current modulation technology (high noise index) in head and neck computed tomography angiography. Sixty-four patients who underwent routine head and neck computed tomographic angiography were randomly divided into two groups: a low-dose group of 32 cases and an ultra-low-dose group of 32 cases. The same image reconstruction technique was applied in both groups using the 50% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction method. Quantitative and qualitative image quality assessment of the carotid artery, computed tomographic dose index volume, dose length product, and effective dose of the two groups were analyzed. The two groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different in age, gender, and body mass index. Significant (P<0.001) reduction of radiation dose was observed in all the parameters of computed tomographic dose index volume (18.12%), dose length product (19.91%), and effective dose (19.84%) in the ultra-low-dose group. Quantitative and qualitative image assessment produced similar results between the two groups, except for the higher mean vascular computed tomographic values found in the ultra-low dose group. Application of a higher iodine delivery rate combined with automatic current modulation technology (high noise index) in an existing low tube voltage protocol can further decrease the radiation dose and the total volume of contrast agent while maintaining similar image quality for patients undergoing computed tomography angiography of the head and neck, which can be recommended as the conventional scanning method.

Impact of Pseudo-Random Modulation on Measured Conducted EMI

This paper demonstrates that using conventional frequency scanning methods for the evaluation of conducted electromagnetic interference generated by DC/DC converters can give misleading results when pseudo-random modulation is used as part of the converter control scheme. The paper therefore proposes that the resolution bandwidth of the super heterodyne EMI test receiver used for measurements and the dwell time should be adjusted to match the control parameters of the random modulation scheme. The use of different values for resolution bandwidth and dwell time is demonstrated and measurements for random and fixed modulation schemes are compared.

Turnkey generation of Kerr soliton microcombs on thin-film lithium niobate on insulator microresonators powered by the photorefractive effect

Generation of Kerr soliton microcombs on microresonators enables power-efficient, phase-coherent, and broadband frequency teeth generation, which has revolutionized a wide range of scientific areas such as astronomy, metrology, spectroscopy, communications, etc. However, compared with a conventional frequency scanning method that requires a complex start-up and feedback control, turnkey generation of soliton microcombs remains challenging and a more promising solution is desired. Here, we propose for the first time and numerically demonstrate that turnkey generation of soliton microcombs can be achieved on thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) microresonators for polarization along the ordinary axis of lithium niobate (LN) for which the photorefractive (PR) effect dominates. The PR effect shows power-dependent refractive index change, which is strong and opposite to that of the Kerr effect and thermal effect, thus enables the self-routing and converge of the total pump-resonator detuning into the existence region of soliton. Our results show that initiated with a certain amount of initial pump-resonator detuning on either blue- or red-detuned side, generation of soliton microcombs can self-start, self-route, and finally get stable without any artificial frequency scanning. Moreover, we show that deterministic and turnkey generation of single soliton microcombs can be achieved by leveraging a phase-modulated pump laser. Thanks to the inherent electro-optic effect of LNOI, a lab-on-a-chip device with monolithically integrated high-speed phase modulators and high-Q microresonators is feasible.

Unambiguous Direction-of-Arrival Estimation for Improved Scanning Efficiency in Subarray-Based Hybrid Array

Hybrid antenna array consisting of analog subarrays provides a low-cost solution to achieving high beamforming gain in millimeter-wave/terahertz communication systems. For beam adjustment, beam scanning can be readily applied to find the line-of-sight (LoS) path. Conventionally, the beam scanning process is inefficient because the number of grids, together with the scanning period, has to be large to achieve high resolution. To improve the beam scanning efficiency, in this paper we propose an off-gird direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation method utilizing unequal-sized subarrays. Specifically, we first provide a new solution to overcome the ambiguity problem, i.e., the hybrid antenna array may render the DoA estimate non-unique. That new solution is formed by designing the antenna numbers in the subarrays and can be easily combined with the beam scanning process. We then propose a three-stage beam scanning strategy. At the first stage, coarse scanning is applied to roughly steer the subarrays along the LoS path. At the second stage, a simple DoA estimator is employed to obtain the candidate DoAs. Finally, beam scanning is performed again on the candidate DoAs to obtain the final DoA estimate. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve higher DoA estimation accuracy in shorter scanning period than the conventional beam scanning method; and compared with existing methods developed for equal-sized subarrays, the proposed method is more robust against multi-path interference.

A Study on the Large-Area Image Acquisition Using Stage Transfer Synchronization Method in a Low-Energy Microcolumn System

We studied the stage transfer synchronization method to improve the low throughput which is the biggest drawback of the raster scan method when applied to image acquisition in a low energy microcolumn system. Through preliminary experiments, we were able to acquire some sample images and some images of the measured samples by applying the synchronization method to a conventional single-microcolumn system. The image acquired in this preliminary experiment was three times larger than that acquired by the raster scan method in the vertical direction. In this study, we tested two types of the synchronization method: the first method acquires an image by horizontal electron beam scanning followed by a vertical stage transfer, and the second one acquires an image by vertical electron beam scanning followed by a horizontal stage transfer. By applying the vertical stage transfer synchronization method, we could acquire a larger image than that acquired by the conventional raster scan method. The vertical stage transfer synchronization method image was 1.8 times larger in the horizontal direction and 6 times larger in the vertical direction. In addition, a larger image approximately nine times in the horizontal direction and five times in the vertical direction was acquired by applying the horizontal stage transfer synchronization method.

The concordance in lesion detection and characteristics between the Anatomical Intelligence and conventional breast ultrasound Scan method

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the concordance in lesion detection, between conventional Handhold Ultrasound (HHUS) and The Anatomical Intelligence for Breast ultrasound scan method.ResultThe AI-breast showed the absolute agreement between the resident and an experienced breast radiologist. The ICC for the scan time, number, clockface location, distance to the nipple, largest diameter and mean diameter of the lesion obtained by a resident and an experienced breast radiologist were 0.7642, 0.7692, 0.8651, 0.8436, 0.7502, 0.8885, respectively. The ICC of the both practitioners of AI-breast were 0.7971, 0.7843, 0.9283, 0.8748, 0.7248, 0.8163, respectively. The k value of Anatomical Intelligence breast between experienced breast radiologist and resident in these image characteristics of boundary, morphology, aspect ratio, internal echo, and BI-RADS assessment were 0.7424, 0.7217, 0.6741, 0.6419, 0.6241, respectively. The k value of the two readers of AI-breast were 0.6531, 0.6762, 0.6439, 0.6137, 0.5981, respectively.ConclusionThe anatomical intelligent breast US scanning method has excellent reproducibility in recording the lesion location and the distance from the nipple, which may be utilized in the lesions surveillance in the future.

Patient-reported experiences and preferences with intraoral scanners: a systematic review.

Intraoral scanners have become an increasingly popular alternative to conventional impression methods. Although their accuracy and validity have been examined thoroughly, patient-reported information including experiences, preferences, and satisfaction has not yet been investigated in a systematic way. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the available data and appraise the evidence on patient-reported experiences and preferences following impression taking with intraoral scanners. Unrestricted search of seven databases (Pubmed, CENTRAL, Cochrane reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and ProQuest) and grey literature were conducted until October 2020. Detailed search strategies were developed for each database. Studies involving individuals of any gender or age, subjected to full arch impression taking with conventional and intraoral scanning methods were eligible for inclusion. Following the retrieval and selection of the studies, data extraction was performed. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. From the initially identified records, nine studies [eight crossover (two of them randomized) and one parallel group] were eventually included in the present systematic review. Randomized studies were shown, overall, to have some concerns regarding bias, whereas the non-randomized studies were found to be at serious risk, mainly because of bias due to confounding. All studies demonstrated some benefit in favour of intraoral scanning compared with conventional techniques. More positive feelings were generally observed with the intraoral scanners regarding smell, taste, sound, vibration, nausea, and queasiness. Overall, comfort assessment mostly favoured digital methods. No differences were found concerning the level of anxiety between the two methods. Among the included studies, time perception was a parameter leading to contradictory results. These emerge due to the nature and characteristics of the information retrieved from the included studies. The validation of the instruments to capture patient-reported outcomes needs to be further elaborated. Intraoral scanners seem to be a promising new asset in the orthodontic office from the perspective of individuals' experiences and preferences. Nevertheless, to investigate patient-reported outcomes correctly, further high-quality studies are required in the future. Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ayug2/).