Conventional Public Transport Research Articles

Rasionalitas Pengambilan Keputusan Feeder Dan Surabaya Bus Terhadap Nasib Sopir Angkutan Umum Konvensional Menurut Teori Rasionalitas Max Weber

The city of Surabaya with a population that has high mobility certainly requires transportation to support population activities. As a city with a high population, the city of Surabaya certainly faces various problems in public transportation services, one of which is congestion. To overcome this problem, the Surabaya City Government launched the Suroboyo bus and Wira Wiri fleets as alternative public transportation to overcome vehicle density in the city of Surabaya. However, the existence of Suroboyo Bus and Wira Wiri Suroboyo as public transportation that covers almost the entire area of ​​Surabaya City, leaves questions about what will happen to drivers of conventional public transportation such as angkot or lyn which have previously been the choice of public transportation for the people of Surabaya City. It cannot be denied that the existence of Suroboyo Bus and Wira Wiri Suroboyo has caused a decrease in demand for conventional public transportation passengers. The aim of this research is to describe the rationality of Surabaya Bus and Wira Wiri decision making regarding conventional public transportation according to Max Weber's theory of rationality. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. In research using literature or literature studies, the results can be obtained that Surabaya Bus and Wira Wiri's decision making regarding conventional public transportation does not fully fulfill the forms of rationality proposed by Max Weber.

Simulation-Based Investigation of On-Demand Vehicle Deployment for Night Bus Routes Using the Monte Carlo Method

Public transportation systems, including trams and buses, play a crucial role in urban traffic. However, these traditional modes of transport have some well-known drawbacks, such as long distances between stops, lengthy waiting times, and a lack of privacy. In response to these challenges, an innovative mobility concept called “FLAIT-train” offers potential solutions. The FLAIT-train operates on regular roads and aims to provide DOOR-2-DOOR transport, addressing the issues associated with fixed stops and offering increased accessibility and convenience. In its initial phase, the FLAIT-train operates on exclusive lanes, but it is designed to integrate with other traffic eventually. The vehicle technology of FLAIT-trains closely resembles that of battery electric autonomous vehicles. To assess whether FLAIT-trains can be used as a suitable alternative to conventional public transportation systems, this paper employs traffic simulations that consider key performance indicators, including the average waiting time per passenger, maximum waiting time of a single passenger, average in-vehicle time per passenger, and average occupancy rate of the vehicles. Using SUMO software (“Simulation of Urban Mobility”, version 1.12.0), a night bus service scenario is meticulously designed and generated. Within this scenario, both FLAIT-trains and conventional buses are simulated under identical conditions and based on statistical data.

Research on the improvement of conventional public transportation in the context of population aging

With the aggravation of the trend of population aging, the conventional bus planning and service in Lhasa city need to be adjusted continuously to meet the needs of the elderly, so that they can enjoy convenient transportation services to better integrate into the city life, so the conventional bus improvement in the context of aging is a relevant study. According to the research characteristics of this paper, Lhasa Chengguan District is selected as the research area, and the current situation of regular bus development in the region is briefly analyzed, and based on the Gaode Map API to obtain the station and road network data, the spatial barrier model is used to assess the accessibility of regular buses, and then ArcGIS is used to visualize the data. Finally, the conventional bus improvement strategy adapted to the aging society is proposed from the three aspects of bus stops and road network, bus facilities for aging, and bus service quality, so as to provide the elderly with more convenient, comfortable, and barrier-free bus services, thus realizing the sustainable development of Lhasa City.

Evaluasi Transportasi Angkutan Umum Dan Keselamatan Akibat Adanya Transportasi Online di Kota Makassar

The aim of the research is to determine the comparison of costs, time and safety between public transportation and online transportation. Transportation or transportation is a means of moving goods or people from one place to another as desired. In general, people now know 2 types of transportation, namely online transportation and conventional transportation. Where application-based online transportation is the transfer of goods and people from the place of origin to the destination. It should be understood together that the flow of technological progress is a necessity that we inevitably have to follow. So that application-based online transportation is a transportation service that utilizes technological advances. Technology was created with the aim of facilitating all human activities that are carried out daily, not so long ago, so many demonstrations began to appear in various areas in Makassar carried out by the conventional public transport drivers to oppose the operation of the online transportation business in Indonesia, especially the city of Makassar.

A flexible approach for demand-responsive public transport in rural areas

Rural mobility research has been left aside in favor of urban transportation. Rural areas? low demand, the distance among settlements, and an older population on average make conventional public transportation inefficient and costly. This paper assesses the contribution that on-demand mobility has the potential to make to rural areas. First, demand-responsive transportation is described, and the related literature is reviewed to gather existing system configurations. Next, we describe and implement a proposal and test it on a simulation basis. The results show a clear potential of the demand-responsive mobility paradigm to serve rural demand at an acceptable quality of service. Finally, the results are discussed, and the issues of adoption rate and input data scarcity are addressed.

Hybrid Smart Demand Responsive Public Transport System for Conventional Public Transport in City Metropolitan Area

Hybrid Smart Demand Responsive Public Transport System for Conventional Public Transport in City Metropolitan Area

Calculation of Carbon Emissions and Study of the Emission Reduction Path of Conventional Public Transportation in Harbin City

As the northernmost megacity in China, the long winters, large population size, and unsustainable transport structure in Harbin determine that the city will produce relatively large carbon emissions. The transportation industry is one of the three greenhouse gas emission sources; therefore, the development of low-carbon transportation is imperative. This work compares commonly used carbon emission measurement methods and chooses a mileage method to classify the carbon emissions of conventional buses of different energy types used in Harbin in 2020. A multi-factor grey prediction model was constructed to predict the population size of Harbin and the number of conventional buses. After that, a scenario analysis method was used to analyze the fuel structure of buses in Harbin from three perspectives: a pessimistic scenario, a baseline scenario, and an optimistic scenario. The carbon emissions of conventional buses were calculated for Harbin from 2023 to 2030. Finally, by combining the prediction results and factors influencing carbon emission, a regular bus path to minimize carbon emissions is proposed. The outcome of this study shows that the carbon emission environment in Harbin will be improved by reducing vehicle energy consumption, optimizing energy structure, standardizing driving behavior, building intelligent transportation, giving priority to public transportation, and improving the road network structure.

Demand-responsive transport for students in rural areas: A case study in Vulkaneifel, Germany

In rural areas with low population density, demand-responsive transport (DRT) is considered a promising alternative to conventional public transport (PT). With a fleet of smaller vehicles, DRT provides a much more flexible and convenient service. This characteristic makes DRT also a potential mode of transport to serve students in rural areas. If DRT vehicles are used to serve students, then the funding for conventional school buses (or adapted public transport schedules) can be reinvested in the DRT system. This may help to relieve the financial burden experienced by DRT operators and enable the operation of a large-scale DRT service in rural areas. In this study, a demand model for school commutes based on real-world, open-source data for Landkreis Vulkaneifel, a rural region in Germany, is built. Then a feasibility study is carried out using an agent-based transport simulation framework. In the feasibility study, various setups and operational schemes are explored, which are followed by a systematic cost analysis. Based on a conservative estimation, an annual budget of around 1600 Euro per student will be needed to maintain and operate a fleet of DRT vehicles that can transport all the students in the region from home to school on time in the morning. During the remaining time of the day and on school holidays, the vehicles can be used for conventional DRT service for the public.

Scenario planning as an approach to structure the development of transport planning alternatives

This paper investigates how scenario planning can be used as a method to structure the process of developing transport planning alternatives involving a broad range of stakeholders. Here, the term 'planning alternatives’ refers to a set of possible options or solutions considered to achieve improvements in the transport system, ranging from individual measures over combinations of measures to an entirely new transport system set up as enabled by new technologies. Planning includes multiple tasks, such as problem analysis, the development of planning alternatives as defined above, and appraisal. While formalised methods are established for analysis and appraisal, the development of planning alternatives usually takes place in a much less structured manner. Current guidelines hardly address how planning alternatives can be developed. With emerging technologies and new stakeholders and business models, the range of options to address transport problems has widened. Many of these options require coordination between public and private stakeholders. Developing planning alternatives in this context is substantially more complex. The current approach of compiling planning alternatives which is often simply based on brainstorming or considering ideas that are promoted by individuals is reaching its limits. Therefore, this paper investigates how scenario planning can be used to structure this process and integrate different stakeholders in the development of planning alternatives. Specifically, we developed planning alternatives for a public transport network in Aachen by supplementing conventional scheduled public transport with autonomous shuttles. This case study indicates that scenario planning is a versatile method that can be applied to develop planning alternatives in situations where a multitude of options seem plausible, as several perspectives must be considered.

Process Model for the Introduction of Automated Buses

The early deployment of automated electric buses, as a sustainable future mobility concept, depends not only on technical development but also on comprehensive public transportation planning. Local authorities and transportation companies’ planners must strategically incorporate automated buses into the public transportation network on suitable routes. However, current approaches to transportation planning often neglect essential factors pertinent to automated buses, including legal regulations, the status of technological development, and the existing transportation infrastructure. Recognizing the paramount significance of addressing these considerations, this paper endeavors to adapt the public transportation planning process to accommodate the unique requirements of automated buses. To achieve this objective, this study incorporates the requisite input data and framework conditions specific to automated buses into the public transportation planning workflow. Moreover, it elucidates the resultant impacts on the various stages of the planning process and the utilization of mathematical optimization techniques. By employing the devised process model, it becomes feasible to comprehensively assess and evaluate not only the integration of conventional public transportation but also automated buses within a line network. This approach facilitates a comparative analysis of both modes of transportation in terms of costs and benefits, even during the early planning phases, ultimately identifying optimal routes.

Using System Dynamics Approach to Explore the Mode Shift between Automated Vehicles, Conventional Vehicles, and Public Transport in Melbourne, Australia.

With the increasing use of automated vehicles (AVs) in the coming decades, government authorities and private companies must leverage their potential disruption to benefit society. Few studies have considered the impact of AVs towards mode shift by considering a range of factors at the city level, especially in Australia. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a system dynamic (SD)-based model to explore the mode shift between conventional vehicles (CVs), AVs, and public transport (PT) by systematically considering a range of factors, such as road network, vehicle cost, public transport supply, and congestion level. By using Melbourne's Transport Network as a case study, the model simulates the mode shift among AVs, CVs, and PT modes in the transportation system over 50 years, starting from 2018, with the adoption of AVs beginning in 2025. Inputs such as current traffic, road capacity, public perception, and technological advancement of AVs are used to assess the effects of different policy options on the transport systems. The data source used is from the Victorian Integrated Transport Model (VITM), provided by the Department of Transport and Planning, Melbourne, Australia, data from the existing literature, and authors' assumptions. To our best knowledge, this is the first time using an SD model to investigate the impacts of AVs on mode shift in the Australian context. The findings suggest that AVs will gradually replace CVs as another primary mode of transportation. However, PT will still play a significant role in the transportation system, accounting for 50% of total trips by person after 2058. Cost is the most critical factor affecting AV adoption rates, followed by road network capacity and awareness programs. This study also identifies the need for future research to investigate the induced demand for travel due to the adoption of AVs and the application of equilibrium constraints to the traffic assignment model to increase model accuracy. These findings can be helpful for policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding AV adoption policies and strategies.

Identification of Contributory Factors That Affect the Willingness to Use Shared Autonomous Vehicles

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) aspire to change not only vehicles but also the way people and goods move in urban areas. However, the promotion of such services, that is, whether travelers are willing to share their trips with other service users, is still a challenge. This study aims to examine the contributory factors that influence the willingness of individuals to use shared autonomous vehicles by simultaneously identifying the differences in terms of preferences with conventional competitive transport modes, namely, private cars and public transport. A stated preference experiment combined with perception ratings was designed and conducted in Athens, Greece. Based on the collected responses, a multinomial logit model was estimated. The results show that the flexibility of SAVs and, particularly, the possibility of performing door-to-door trips has a serious added value that travelers are willing to pay. Compared with public transport, additional waiting time does not increase the disutility. Furthermore, people who belong to high-education and -income groups expressed a higher willingness to use SAVs and socialize while traveling. The familiarity of each potential user with technology is a necessary precondition. Lastly, it is confirmed that environmentally conscious people are more positive about using these new services.

Mobility-as-a-service transitions in China: Emerging policies, initiatives, platforms and MaaS implementation models

The concept of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is gaining increasing attention in both academic and policy discourses concerning the future of transport and mobility. The current understanding of the progress of MaaS is based on the handful of studies that have explored pilot initiatives carried out mainly in Europe and North America. In contrast, this paper extends the literature by exploring the evolution of MaaS in mainland China. It examines how the concept of MaaS emerged in China, identifies and maps on-going MaaS initiatives and platforms across Chinese cities, and investigates the most common approaches and models of MaaS delivery. The analysis reveals that while Chinese government policy has long discussed integrated transport, MaaS and related aspects, including ‘one-stop’ mobility services and ‘Chuixing Ji Fuwu’, which is the Chinese translation of Mobility-as-a-Service, have only appeared in recent times. At present, 41 Chinese cities are hosting ongoing MaaS initiatives and associated platforms. These are concentrated in the developed eastern regions, in cities with high political influence and larger populations. The geography of MaaS strongly reflects the prevailing digital divide in China, implying that deliberate policy choices are needed to avert widening transport and mobility inequalities in the age of MaaS. MaaS platforms currently only provide basic information and modal/service integration and are deployed either as bespoke applications or added to existing social media and navigation applications. Two main models of MaaS delivery were identified: public-controlled model that is predominant and centered primarily on integrating existing state-run public transport services, and partnership model that is emerging in cities such as Beijing to integrate more mobility services beyond conventional public transport. The complex landscape of actors associated with the emerging public–private partnership model presents new challenges for transport governance, especially in balancing an established tradition of strong public sector control over transport on the one hand, and the interests of the fledgling private sector mobility service providers on the other hand.

Designing a C-ITS Communication Infrastructure for Traffic Signal Priority of Public Transport

Looking ahead: transforming conventional public transport prioritization into C-ITS G5 services. The city of Frankfurt aims to digitize its public transport prioritization system in order to fulfill the requirements of future public transport communication standards and, moreover, to build on this very infrastructure for the development of imminent C-ITS services. Therefore, the communication systems of the mobility and transport provider VGF (Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt am Main mbH) are being revised fundamentally by implementing new technologies for Car2X C-ITS G5 communication. The hardware components of the C-ITS system are strategically positioned with the help of a newly developed planning tool that identifies and determines the range of communication. For highly significant sites and locations of the hardware components, the calculated data are validated by utilizing measurements within a mobile setup. The operational stability and the development of previously unused potential are then carried out via the combination of the C-ITS services TSP (Traffic Signal Priority) and GLOSA (Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory). The overlay of the C-ITS services results in a high level of operational stability. As a result, potentials can be adequately employed through the sensible shifting of waiting times to the stops and a smooth flow of traffic through information on optimal speed and remaining times of the traffic light potentials. This paper presents a new methodology with which it is now possible to plan and evaluate C-ITS with regard to service distribution and radio propagation.

Comparing passengers’ satisfaction with fixed-route and demand-responsive transport services: Empirical evidence from public light bus services in Hong Kong

Conventional public transport services are usually highly regulated with fixed-route and fixed-schedule, which are considered less flexible and efficient to serve low-density and dispersed settled areas. Demand-responsive transport is possibly a more economically and operationally viable solution, which offers dynamically allocated routes and schedules and serve the widespread passenger demand. There have been numerous simulation studies comparing the effectiveness of these two types of transport services in different settings, but which type is more favorable to passengers and what service aspects play the key role in shaping the overall satisfaction with the service quality from the passengers’ point of view are largely unknown. Using fixed-route and demand-responsive public light buses in Hong Kong as a case study, this research conducted an on-street questionnaire survey with 547 samples regarding the passengers’ perception of the performance of ten service aspects and the overall performance. An ordered logit model was accordingly developed to identify the relative importance and contribution of these service aspects to the overall service quality. An importance-performance analysis was further carried out to visualize the ratings of importance and performance of the service aspects, and to prioritize the improvement areas. The findings reveal that the passengers were less satisfied with the demand-responsive public light bus services in general. Among all the service aspects, we find that the in-vehicle environment, waiting time, driver’s attitude, and safety hold a higher improvement priority. Policy implications for improving and regulating both fixed-route and demand-responsive public light bus services are suggested.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS FOR SELECTION OF CONVENTIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION MODES AND ONLINE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN MAGETAN DISTRICT

One important aspect of transportation is the choice of mode. Mode selection, as one of the steps in transportation planning. Mode selection plays an important role in determining transportation policy issues, in relation to the types of modes and infrastructure available. This study aims to analyze the choice of modes of online public transportation and conventional public transportation for people in Magetan Regency. Using multiple linear regression analysis, this study also tries to measure the factors that influence the choice of online public transportation modes and conventional public transportation in Magetan Regency. In addition, this study aims to measure the probability of choosing online public transportation modes and conventional public transportation for people in Magetan Regency using stated preference and binomial logit analysis. Based on data from 300 respondents, the results showed that 243 people chose online public transportation and 57 people chose conventional public transportation. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that all variables in this study are accepted. The results of the probability measurement show that the probability of people choosing online public transportation is worth 0.696 and the probability of people choosing conventional public transportation is worth 0.304.

Alternative travel mode for commuters with disability in Accra: The lived experiences of Uber and taxi users

This paper explores the alternative travel mode choice among persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the city of Accra. With a limitation in the ownership of private cars among PWDs, public transport plays a critical role in connecting them to various life enhancing opportunities. Despite its importance, the unresponsive nature of Ghana's public transport services and poor attitudes towards the disability community have induced the need for a reliable alternative travel mode hence the need to examine factors that influence this trend in Accra. Using a qualitative research design, this study engaged 28 visually and 22 physically impaired participants through convenience sampling and snowballing. Findings revealed that the lower fees charged for conventional public transport services informed their patronage but the ease, convenience, exclusive services and the friendly reception from Uber drivers remained the key attraction for the increasing trend in their patronage of such services. Unfortunately, higher fees associated with Uber services translated to few trips and fewer social engagements. The study recommends an overhaul of Ghana’s public transport system by ensuring strict compliance to the transport provision of Ghana’s Disability Act given its potential to increase PWDs’ travel options as seen in the enjoyment of lower transport fares.

STRUGGLE FOR SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIAN CITIES

Public transport contributes significantly to the development of socioeconomic activities and the long-term sustainability of all communities worldwide. Undoubtedly, it is a catalyst for maximizing quality urban living, social service accessibility, and environmental balance. Despite its considerable importance and benefits, public transport in Nigeria is still poorly practiced, and plagued by complex operational challenges. Based on this context, we assessed the public transport systems in Ikeja-Lagos, Abeokuta, and Ibadan cities to understand the struggle for sustainability in Nigeria. This study examined the socioeconomic and travel characteristics of passengers, the availability and condition of public transport infrastructural facilities, peculiar public transport challenges, and the best possible strategies to sustain public transport systems in Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, while a multistage sampling technique was utilized to administer a well-validated questionnaire on the passengers at central transport nodes within the selected cities using both descriptive and inferential analysis. The results show that most of the respondents are men and spend more than 10% of their monthly income on public transport usage. Findings show that conventional public transport has been proven unpopular in Ibadan and Abeokuta cities compared to a chaotic and inadequate bus rapid system in Ikeja-Lagos. Findings also revealed traffic signal and control devices, and terminal facilities as top-two rated public transport facilities in good condition. The study revealed that public transport modes across the selected cities are operationally cracked as they are characterized by unprecedented challenges. The results of the Analysis of Variance established a statistical significant variation among the challenges mitigating sustainable public transport in the selected Nigerian cities. The study concludes and recommends, among other measures, full-adoption of appropriate mass transit options, particularly intra-city rail and the development of multimodal transport system.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on travel preferences by students in Padang City

The use of public transportation after implementing the Level 3 Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) policy during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge for students. This study aims to determine the effect of applying PPKM rules in using public transportation among students using descriptive statistics compared to conditions before the pandemic and determining the probability of high school students in Padang using public transportation during PPKM rules. Data were obtained from 425 respondents using a web-based questionnaire survey. The pandemic had an impact on reducing student allowances per week by 26% because school lasted three days out of 6 days per week; there was a decrease in the frequency of using public transportation 4-9 times/more per week by 22.4% The opposite occurs in the use of private vehicles. Travel with a frequency of >7 times/week increased by 31.4% during the pandemic. The resulting utility model is expressed in multiple linear regression equations. The utility model of using public transportation for high school students in Padang: Y(AUK-AUO) = 0.577 + (-0.039) Δtime + (- 0.072) Δcost +0.848 health protocols applied; (R2=0.26). Furthermore, the travel fare difference attribute was the most influential attribute of students’ probability to use conventional public transportation.

Analysis of influencing factors and anti-pinch measures for door pinch accidents in conventional public transportation

A safe and convenient bus service is important for improving the bus mode share. However, during the morning and evening peak travel periods, hurrying passengers may get caught in closing doors when they squeeze into a bus. We conducted a survey of bus door pinch accidents that occurred in Harbin, China for the past five years to investigate the factors contributing to such accidents. A total of 1465 samples were collected to explore the effects of passenger age, gender, and other factors on pinching accidents. The results of the logit regression analysis revealed that all six influencing factors significantly affect the occurrence of door pinch accidents. Juveniles, females, and slow-moving people are more susceptible to pinch accidents. Additionally, situations such as door congestion, rushing to get on or off the bus, and inappropriately located cameras increase the likelihood of such accidents. To further investigate the effects of variables on different scenarios, the accidents were classified into four categories based on their occurrence process and object and analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The results show that juveniles and females are more likely to be involved in accidents in which objects are pinched, slow-moving people are more prone to be pinched while boarding and rushing to get on or off the bus, and congestion at the doors increases the probability of all four types of pinch accidents. Therefore, we recommend modifying the door position, eliminating the front door seat, and adjusting the handrail distribution to alleviate door congestion. Moreover, the door-closing warning sound must be amplified to remind passengers that the door is about to close, potentially reducing the number of pinching accidents caused by rushing to get on or off the bus.