Conventional Precipitation Method Research Articles

Effect of Nucleation Heterogeneity on Mineral Precipitation in Confined Environments

AbstractThe formation of new mineral phases in confined environments, especially in porous media, is crucial for various geological processes like mineralization and diagenesis. The nucleation and precipitation of minerals are initiated at the microscale through fluid‐rock interaction, where dissolution of primary phases leads to supersaturated conditions and nucleation and growth of secondary ones. Previous research has focused primarily on either precipitation or nucleation, without fully exploring their combined impact. Our study introduces a computational framework that integrates classical nucleation theory with the micro‐continuum method. We validated our model by comparing with experiments, and discovered that different surface nucleation rate changes the mode of precipitation from a preferential to uniform precipitate textures. Furthermore, our study uncovered that the conventional deterministic precipitation method tends to underestimate the permeability of the porous matrix. In contrast, the new framework significantly improves model accuracy by incorporating preferential precipitation and heterogeneous nucleation.

Light-assisted ethanol dry reforming over NiZnOx hollow microspheres with enhanced activity and stability

Light-assisted thermocatalytic dry reforming of ethanol (EDR) utilizing the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and thermocatalysis is regarded as a promising route to convert greenhouse gas CO2 into value-added chemicals. In this work, double-shell NiZnOx hollow microspheres (NiZnOx-M) were synthesized as light-harvesting catalyst to enhance EDR performance under mild conditions. The characterization results of UV–vis–NIR and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL) indicated that the band gap energy of NiZnOx-M catalyst was narrower because of the smaller Ni nanoparticles, thereby broadening its optical response range especially in visible light. The strong absorbance of light could greatly improve the activation of ethanol/CO2 and the gasification of carbon. With light irradiation, light could induce the transfer of photogenerated electron from semiconductor ZnO to active metal Ni, reducing the reaction energy barrier. Hence, NiZnOx-M catalyst showed superior photothermal catalytic activity along with good resistance capacity to coke accumulation and aggregation of active metal. Ethanol conversion was ca.2 times those obtained over NiZnOx-C prepared by conventional precipitation method. No obvious deactivation occurred after 100 h tests. This work provides some guidance for the design of high-performance photothermal catalyst to achieve the photo-thermal-chemical conversion of the greenhouse gases.

Synthesis of pure and Cd-doped hydroxyapatite for the photo-catalytic degradation of Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin: Crystallographic characterization using XRD

Nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAp) is considered an elementary material for artificial bone tissue engineering and the applications are expanding and one of them is the photocatalytic degradation of environmentally hazardous pollutants. In this research, HAp nanoparticles, in pure form and doped with cadmium (Cd), were synthesized using a conventional wet-chemical precipitation method. Additionally, the synthesized samples such as pure and Cd-doped HAp were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the XRD analysis allowed for a detailed estimation of the crystallite size, assisting in their tailoring of increased photocatalytic activity. The crystallite sizes of the nano-crystallite Hap were evaluated using the Scherrer Method (SM), Williamson-Hall Method (WHM), Size-Strain Plot (SSP), Halder-Wagner Method (HWM), and Sahadat-Scherrer Method (SSM). The models confirmed the formation of nano crystallite hydroxyapatite in pure and doped form. Cadmium doping in HAp showed great photocatalytic activity for example at 150 min, 31 % amoxicillin and 52 % ciprofloxacin were degraded upon 1.5 wt % Cd doping in HAp crystal. The research demonstrated that doping Cd in HAp crystal improved photocatalytic activity towards antibiotic solution (ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin) under all test circumstances.

Reparation of nano-FeS by ultrasonic precipitation for treatment of acidic chromium-containing wastewater

Nano-FeS is prone to agglomeration in the treatment of chromium-containing wastewater, and ultrasonic precipitation was used to synthesize nano-FeS to increase its dispersion. The optimization of the preparation method was carried out by single factor method (reaction temperature, Fe/S molar ratio and FeSO4 dropping flow rate) and response surface methodology. Dynamic experiments were constructed to investigate the long-term remediation effect and water column changes of nano-FeS and its solid particles. The changes of the remediation materials before and after the reaction were observed by SEM, and the mechanism of the remediation of chromium-containing wastewater by nano-FeS prepared by ultrasonication was revealed by XRD. The results showed that the reaction temperature of 12 °C, Fe/S molar ratio of 3.5 and FeSO4 dropping flow rate of 0.5 mL/s were the best parameters for the preparation of nano-FeS. The nano-FeS has efficient dispersion and well-defined mesoporous structure in the form of needles and whiskers of 40–80 nm. The dynamic experiments showed that the average removal of Cr(VI) and total chromium by nano-FeS and its immobilized particles were 94.97% and 63.51%, 94.93% and 45.76%, respectively. Fe2+ and S2− ionized by the FeS nanoparticles rapidly reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Part of S2− may reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, forming a small iron cycle that gradually decreases with the ion concentration. Cr(III) and Fe2+ form Cr(OH)3 and FeOOH, respectively, with the change of aqueous environment. Another part of S2− reacts with Cr(III) to form Cr2S3 precipitate or is oxidized to singlet sulfur. The FeS nanoparticles change from short rod-shaped to spherical shape. Compared with the conventional chemical precipitation method, the method used in this study is simple, low cost, small particle size and high removal rate per unit.

Different solvents and organic modifiers for the control of crystallographic parameters in nano-crystallite hydroxyapatite for amplification of photocatalytic activity.

In this research, HAp nanocrystals were synthesized using conventional wet chemical precipitation methods using various organic modifiers, including urea, palmitic acid, and naphthalene. Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were used as solvents in this process. Different characterization techniques, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, were employed to ascertain the formation of HAp nanocrystals. Numerous structural parameters, including lattice parameters, unit cell size, volume of the unit cell, specific surface area, degree of crystallinity, dislocation density, macrostrain, and crystallinity index, were assessed using XRD data. The linear straight-line method of Scherrer's equation, Monshi-Scherrer's method, the Williamson-Hall method, the size-strain plot method, the Halder-Wagner method, and Sahadat-Scherrer's model were applied to compute the crystallite size of the synthesized HAp samples. All the synthesized HAp has crystalline structures within the permissible range of 1-150 nm which were estimated from the XRD data using the mentioned models. However, the values for strain (from -3 × 10-4 to 6.4 × 10-3), strain (from -9.599 × 104 to 7 × 1010 N m-2), and energy density (from -11 × 1011 to 2 × 107 J m-3) were also calculated for the synthesized samples. In addition, the optical band gap energy of the synthesized HAp was computed (5.89 to 6.19 eV). The synthesis media have a control on the crystallographic planes, e.g. in the case of the ethanol medium, the (110) plane exhibited significant intensity (which could potentially serve as a driving force for enhancing photocatalytic activity). The use of 100% ethanol HAp yields the most favorable outcome regarding both the degradation percentage (91.79%) and degradation capacity (7%) for the Congo red dye.

Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell biowaste using Azadirachta indica extract as a green template

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) were successfully synthesized from eggshell waste by microwave-assisted (MW) as well as conventional heating precipitation methods and a green template i.e., Azadirachta indica (AI) (neem) leaf extract.

Humidity Sensing Analysis of ZnxCo2−xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Nanocomposite Solid State, Thin and Thick Film Sensors at Room Temperature

This paper reports the performance of the humidity sensing properties of cobalt zincate nanocomposite synthesized via conventional precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) outline revealed amorphous nature of nanocomposite. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show sphere-shaped morphology all over the surface. Optical characterization of the film was carried out by Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer. By Tauc plot the estimated value of band gap of the film was found 3.81 eV. The variations in electrical resistance of the pellet and films were measured with change in Relative Humidity (RH%). As RH% increases, the resistance of each pellet decreases for the range 10% to 95%. The activation energy calculated from Arrhenius plot was found 0.58 eV. This investigation demonstrates the potential of ZnxCo2−xO4 nanocomposite for x < 1 based sensor for humidity sensing which is unique.

Synthesis of a homogeneous CeO2–ZrO2-Al2O3 composite material by a novel hydrothermal assisted precipitation method

CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA) composites, combining the advantages of CeO2-ZrO2 (CZ) and Al2O3, are widely used in three-way catalyst as an indispensable support material. However, due to the adverse Zr-Al interaction and the different precipitation conditions for Ce3+/Ce4+ and Zr4+, the CZA prepared by conventional co-precipitation method has poor compositional homogeneity, resulting in degradation of redox properties. In this study, a homogeneous CZA composite is synthesized by a novel hydrothermal assisted precipitation method, in which the CZ-precipitates and Al-precipitates will be controlled separately. A quantitative EDX points analysis reveals that the Ce/Zr ratio in the resulting CZA material exhibits slight fluctuations between 0.72 and 0.91, which is much narrow than that from conventional precipitation method (0.38∼0.83). As a result, the resulting CZA material exhibits the better redox property, higher specific surface area, and more importantly, its supported Pd/CZA catalyst exhibit superior three-way catalytic activity, the T50 (temperature for 50% conversion) for CO, NO, C3H6 and C3H8 over which is 41 ℃, 26 ℃, 28 ℃ and 12 ℃, respectively, lower than that from conventional method.

Monodisperse Plant Protein Nanoparticles Prepared by Cation-Exchange Resins for Stabilization of Pickering Emulsions.

Our understanding of the microstructure of many plant proteins is based on the ancient and conventional methods of alkali extraction and acid precipitation, which generate considerable amounts of NaCl causing salting-out effects and aggregation of their molecules. In this study, monodisperse rice protein (RP) nanoparticles were prepared using cation-exchange resins that release H+ and absorb Na+, thus avoiding the generation of NaCl during neutralization of the alkali extracts. The generated RP nanoparticles of small diameter (20 nm) and excellent uniformity (0.17 polydispersity) quickly diffuse to and stabilize the oil-water interface, producing oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. The emulsifying ability and emulsion stability afforded with these nanoparticles were 17 and 3.5 times higher than those of nanoparticles prepared by conventional alkali extraction and acid precipitation methods, respectively. Furthermore, increased RP nanoparticle concentration created more stable emulsions with smaller droplets and reduced flocculation index vital for practical applications. This study provides a convincing example of how to prepare monodisperse protein nanoparticles that adsorb at a fluid interface, which may find numerous applications in food and cosmetic formulations.

Structural elucidation and targeted valorization of untractable lignin from pre-hydrolysis liquor of xylose production via a simple and robust separation approach

Effective separation of lignin macromolecules from the xylose pre-hydrolysates (XPH) during the xylose production, thus optimizing the separation and purification process of xylose, is of great significance for reducing the production costs, achieving the high value-added utilization of lignin and increasing the industrial revenue. In this study, a simple and robust method (pH adjustment) for the separation of lignin from XPH was proposed and systematically compared with the conventional acid-promoted lignin precipitation method. The results showed that the lignin removal ratio (up to 60.34 %) of this simple method was higher than that of the conventional method, and the proposed method eliminated the necessity of heating and specialized equipment, which greatly reduced the separation cost. Meanwhile, this simple method does not destroy the components in XPH (especially xylose), ensuring the yield of the target product. On the other hand, the obtained lignin was nano-scale with less condensed structures, which also possessed small molecular weights with narrow distribution, excellent antioxidant activity (8–14 times higher than commercial antioxidants) and UV protection properties. In conclusion, the proposed simple separation method could effectively separate lignin from XPH at low cost, and the obtained lignin had potential commercial applications, which would further enhance the overall profitability of industrial production.

Temperature sensing based on upconversion properties of Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+ tri-doped Y2O3 micro particles phosphors obtained by conventional precipitation method

Upconverter materials based on Y0.983-xYb0.012Ho0.005TmxO3, x = 0.000 – 0.012, were synthesized by conventional coprecipitation method followed by calcination process at different temperatures: 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 4 h under air atmosphere. The materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, and PL. The effects of the dopant concentration and calcination temperature on the upconversion emission quantum yield were investigated upon excitation with CW laser diode at 980 nm, with tunable laser power pump. Predominant emission narrow bands arising from Ho3+ transitions (5F4,5S2→5I8) in the green region and Tm3+ (1G4→3H6) in the blue spectral region, and (3H4 → 4H6) in the infrared region, were observed. The material containing Yb3+, Ho3+ presented values of relative sensitivity (SR) from 1.3 K−1 (13 K) to 0.00119 K−1 (450 K) while the presence of the Yb3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ in material exhibited 1.2 K−1 (13 K) to 0.00097 K−1 (450 K). The system showed emission via upconversion mechanism, even suspended in aqueous medium. Furthermore, the concentration of Tm3+ showed to be crucial for the change in the upconversion intensity of the present materials. These outcomes strongly suggest that the tri-doped Ho3+, Yb3+, and Tm3+ materials discussed here may be suitable for optical temperature sensing and PDT.

Recent Understanding in the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Multilayer Graphene: Controlling Uniformity, Thickness, and Stacking Configuration.

Multilayer graphene has attracted significant attention because its physical properties can be tuned by stacking its layers in a particular configuration. To apply the intriguing properties of multilayer graphene in various optoelectronic or spintronic devices, it is essential to develop a synthetic method that enables the control of the stacking configuration. This review article presents the recent progress in the synthesis of multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). First, we discuss the CVD of multilayer graphene, utilizing the precipitation or segregation of carbon atoms from metal catalysts with high carbon solubility. Subsequently, we present novel CVD approaches to yield uniform and thickness-controlled multilayer graphene, which goes beyond the conventional precipitation or segregation methods. Finally, we introduce the latest studies on the control of stacking configurations in bilayer graphene during CVD processes.

Sulfide recovery using fluidized bed homogeneous crystallization technology to produce nickel sulfide from wastewater that contains sulfides

Sulfide-containing wastewater, characterized by its foul odor, corrosiveness, and toxicity, can endanger human health. Fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) avoids the excessive sludge production commonly associated with conventional chemical precipitation methods. In this study, FBHC is used to treat sulfur-containing synthetic wastewater. Furthermore, nickel-containing wastewater was utilized as a precipitant in the system, hence the advantage of simultaneous sulfur and nickel removal from the wastewater. The operating parameters, including pH, a precipitant dosage of [Ni2+]0/[S2−]0, and cross-sectional surface loading (LS, kg/m2h) are optimized. The optimum operating conditions of pH 9.8 ± 0.3, [Ni2+]0/[S2−]0 = 0.8, and LS = 1.5 kg/m2h results in total sulfur removal (TR) of 95.7% and crystallization ratio (CR) of 94.8%. The effect of organic compounds (acetic acid, oxalic acid, EDTA, and citric acid) and inorganic ions (NO3−, CO32−, PO43−, F−, and Cl−) on the nickel sulfide granulation process was discussed.

Construct CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 support with relative CeO2-ZrO2-rich surface by peptization method to tame the thermal stability of Pd species in three-way catalysts

The sintering of Pd under high temperature operation conditions usually leads to serious deactivation of Pd-based TWCs. As the stronger Pd-CeO2-ZrO2(Pd-CZ) interaction in the form of Pd-O-Ce bond favors to anchor Pd species than that of Pd-Al2O3, to construct a CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA) support with a relative CZ-rich surface is beneficial to selectively enlarger the Pd-CZ interface to maintain the excellent catalytic function of Pd/CZA TWCs. For the purpose, a facile one step peptizing method has been put forward to achieve the CZA material to stabilize Pd species. By XRD, TEM and Mapping, it could be inferred that comparing with the conventional precipitation method and peptization-precipitation method, the CZ nanoparticles could be homogeneously distributed on the network structure of porous Al2O3 by in-situ growth in the peptization method. Then the CZA with a relative CZ-rich surface could be obtained, which interacted strongly with the supported Pd species and thus stabilized the Pd species in oxidation states and smaller particle size. As a result, the Pd/CZA catalyst from peptization method exhibited the best activity for CO, NO, C3H6 and C3H8, the T90 (complete conversion temperature at 90% conversion) of which was reduced by 40 °C, 50 °C, 40 °C and 20 °C comparing with that of Pd/CZA derived from conventional precipitation method even being thermal aged at 900 ℃/3 h, respectively.

Nucleation kinetics of reactive crystallization of ammonium di-uranate

ABSTRACT The reactive crystallisation of ammonium di-uranate (NH4U2O7) from uranyl nitrate (UO2 (NO3)2) and ammonia (NH3) is a key process in the nuclear fuel cycle towards uranium-bearing fuel preparation. However, the process kinetics and mechanism remain poorly understood and the modelling of the reactive crystallisation of NH4U2O7(ADU) is not available. Hence, this work aims to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of the nucleation and growth of ADU through induction time measurements by comparing sonochemical and conventional precipitation methods. Induction was measured as functions of initial supersaturation starting from S = 1.07 to S = 1.875 and in a temperature range of 30 °C to 80 °C. The solubility data of ADU were also found experimentally. The trends in the experimental data suggest that two nucleation mechanisms co-exist: heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation at low and high supersaturations respectively. Due to acoustic cavitation of the ultrasound prompting micromixing, the induction time is markedly reduced in the sonochemical route owing to the reduction of the energy barrier for nucleation. The induction time data were also analysed to calculate the interfacial energy (γ) and other parameters including the radius of the critical nucleus (r*), critical free energy of the nucleus (ΔG*) and nucleation rate (J). Determination of nucleation kinetics gives us insights into the fundamentals of the ADU crystallisation process for control and optimisation. Highlights: Nucleation kinetics of the reactive crystallisation of ADU was studied through classical nucleation theory Induction time data with supersaturation are interpreted by classical nucleation theory and different crystallisation kinetic parameters were determined Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation was determined from the correlation A comparison of sonochemical and conventional precipitation shows that in the sonochemical route, the nucleation happens at lower supersaturation with lower induction time because of much lower activation energy requirement All the model data gives us an insight into the crystallisation kinetics to optimise and control the crystallisation process of ADU

Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Fe@Fe3O4 Boosting Fenton Chemistry

Iron-based materials are widely applied in Fenton chemistry, and they have promising prospects in the processing of wastewater. The composition complexity and rich chemistry of iron and/or oxides, however, hamper the precise understanding of the active sites and the working mechanism, which still remain highly controversial. Herein, iron oxides of four different model systems are designed through a conventional precipitation method plus H2 reduction treatment. These systems feature Fe@Fe3O4 with abundant oxygen vacancy, Fe0 and Fe3O4 particles with interface structures, and Fe3O4-dominated nanoparticles of different sizes. These materials are applied in the decomposition of methyl orange as a model reaction to assess the Fenton chemistry. The Fe@Fe3O4 with core–shell structures exhibits significantly higher decomposition activity than the other Fe3O4-rich nanoparticles. A thin Fe3O4 layer formed by auto-oxidation of iron particles when exposed to air can boost the activity as compared with the Fe0 and Fe3O4 particles with interface structures but poor oxygen vacancy. The unique hetero-structure with the co-existence of both metallic iron and oxygen vacancy displays excellent redox propensity, which might account for the superior Fenton activity. This finding provides a new perspective to understand and design highly efficient iron-based Fenton catalysts.

Synthesis of submicron‐sized silver azide by multi‐nozzle spray flash synthesis**

AbstractSubmicron‐sized powders of silver azide (AgN3) were prepared by Curtius’ reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium azide (NaN3) in aqueous solutions by a new process: the Spray Flash Synthesis (SFS). The SFS process consists in spraying the two precursor solutions in a heated atomization chamber (130–190 °C), maintained under low vacuum (15–30 kPa). The reaction occurs in the droplets which have collided; the final size of particles is limited by the fast evaporation of water and the small amount of matter available in each droplet which can be considered as an individual micro‐reactor. The mean particle sizes of silver azide synthesized by the SFS process range from 220 nm to 390 nm, which means that these particles are three times smaller than those obtained by the conventional precipitation method. Submicron‐sized AgN3 powders can be initiated by a photographic flash.

Deep separation of critical metals of Mo and Re from waste solution by stepwise precipitation flotation: Selective chelation underlying separation mechanism

Conventional selective precipitation method has disadvantage in the low-efficiency filtration of fine precipitated particles during the treatment of waste solutions. To overcome this shortcoming, a stepwise precipitation flotation process was proposed to deeply separate Mo and Re from Mo-Re mixing waste solution with low concentrations in this work. Chelating agents are critical for the selective separation of Mo and Re. Experimental results show that the rhenate can be firstly separated from mixing solution by the synergistic effect of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). In the weak alkaline solutions with pH range of 6–10, CTAB shows a stronger competitive adsorption capacity with rhenate than molybdate through electrostatic interactions and coordination reactions. Meanwhile, DTAB has a great inhibition effect on the chelation of molybdate by CTAB in this pH range, which can further enhance the selective chelation of rhenate by CTAB. After Re separation, molybdate can be further recovered by CTAB from the residual solution with pH range of 3–5. In this pH range, Mo mainly exists in the form of isopolymolybdates acid, and molybdate shows a stronger competitive adsorption ability with CTAB than DTAB. Molybdate reacts with CTAB to form precipitate, and the fine precipitated particles are readily separated via flotation. The turbidity of the residual liquid after flotation is less than 5 NTU, meeting the wastewater discharge standard. In the Re precipitation flotation procedure, the comprehensive efficiencies of Re and Mo are 96.6% and 0.14% under the main conditions of temperature of 25°C, n(CTAB)/n(Re) molar ratio of 2:1, n(DTAB)/n(CTAB) molar ratio of 2:1, and pH of 6. In the further Mo flotation separation, Mo comprehensive recovery of 97.9% is achieved by using CTAB and KH2PO4 as chelation agent and flocculant, respectively. The technological parameters of the conventional selective precipitation method and precipitation flotation method as well as the Mo and Re distributions in these two processes were compared in this study. Moreover, compared with the conventional selective precipitation method using inorganic precipitators, the precipitation flotation process shows a unique advantage in the easy purification of obtained products due to the utilization of organic agents.

Preparing a Ca-Bi-O System by the Precipitation Method and Studying Its Intermediate Structural Properties for Applications in Water Treatment

This study focuses on the development of a Ca-Bi-O system (CBO) with efficiency in the degradation of Rhodamine B, which is extremely toxic to many organisms and can have long-term negative consequences if not safely removed from the water. The conventional precipitation method was used to create a stable phase of Ca2Bi2O5 with a stoichiometric 1:1 molar ratio of Ca:Bi. Before obtaining the pure phase, the details of the reaction processes were investigated and the various intermediate products were identified using X-ray diffraction followed by Fourier transform infrared, UV-Vis, and Raman spectroscopy. An ab initio calculation evaluated with the HSE06 functional yields a band gap of 3.5 eV, similar to the band gap obtained by diffuse reflectance recorded on Ca2Bi2O5. This newly synthesized compound is addressed to the environmental application by investigating the photocatalytic properties of CBO materials obtained at different calcination temperatures. The investigation of pure Ca2Bi2O5, with characterization techniques and complemented by new first-principles calculations to investigate the photocatalysis provide valuable new insights for this scarcely studied yet potentially interesting compound.

Amorphous nickel phosphate as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitor

Amorphous NiHPO4•3 H2O is successfully synthesized by a conventional chemical precipitation method at room temperature. It is delivered at a high specific capacity of about 2191 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. The cycle performance is illustrated by the asymmetric capacitor. It is also delivered the good cycling stability and the specific capacitance maintained 101% of the initial capacitance (731 F g−1) after 500 cycles. And its energy density and power density of NiHPO4•3 H2O are as high as 112 Wh kg−1 and 501 W kg−1, respectively. A lot of nano-scale microspheres, and mesoporous contributed to its high specific capacitance. On account of amorphous structure, produces acquires the excellent cycle performance which may efficiently enhance the electron transfer, ease volume expansion and achieve the performance improvement. It is indicated that amorphous nickel phosphate has a great potential application as electrode materials for energy storage.