Conventional Positions Research Articles

The use of drill‐bit energy as a downhole seismic source

A new wellbore seismic technique uses the vibrations produced by a drill bit while drilling as a downhole seismic energy source. The technique is described as “inverse” VSP because the source and receiver positions of conventional VSP are reversed. No downhole instrumentation is required to obtain the data and the data recording does not interfere with the drilling process. These characteristics offer a method by which borehole seismic data can be acquired, processed, and interpreted while drilling. Interchanging the conventional VSP source and receiver positions improves the efficiency of recording multioffset surveys for imaging a 3-D data volume in the borehole vicinity. The continuous signals generated by the drill bit are recorded by a pilot sensor attached to the top of the drillstring and by receivers located at selected positions around the borehole. The pilot signal is crosscorrelated with the receiver signals to compute traveltimes of the arrivals and to attenuate incoherent noise. Deconvolution and time shifts of the pilot signal compensate for the effects of propagation from the drill bit to the top of the drillstring. By repeating this process for an interval of the well, a VSP‐equivalent data set is generated. Results from a test well demonstrate that the processed drill‐bit data are comparable to conventional VSP data.

Practical stick bass

The present invention is directed towards a stringed musical instrument of the type commonly known as a bass but particularly structured to have a reduced and variable overall dimension so as to facilitate transporting of the instrument and allow expansion of certain effective dimensions thereof such as the height (length) and width of the instrument to facilitate playing of the instrument in conventional positions such as standing and/or sitting and using conventional techniques.

Deskilling or Enskilling?: An Empirical Investigation of Recent Theories of the Labour Process

This article involves an investigation of the effects of technological changes since 1970 upon the division of labour in three British paper mills. The data was collected in the Spring and Summer of 1984 and is used to develop a model of technical change and the division of labour that moves well beyond conventional positions in the field. In particular, Braverman's theory of deskilling is challenged empirically and theoretically. A new theory the compensatory theory of skill is set out in the early stages of the article and a modified version of this approach is accepted in the conclusions. The most important finding involves the rapid increase in maintenance skills in the three plants examined. Other significant findings centre on the need for production workers to interpret computer controlled dials or meters and then to respond using their traditional detailed understandings of the processes of paper manufacture. This paper is concerned with the impact of technical change upon unskilled work in the paper and board industry. It is part of a wider project examining the impact of automation in the British manufacturing industry upon the division of labour and particularly upon the jobs of skilled manual workers. l The British paper and board industry has been subject to intense competition since the early 1970s, particularly from Sweden, Finland and the E.E.C. Employment in the industry fell from 63,000 in 1970 to 37,000 in 1982 whilst imports rose from 2,505,600 tonnes to 3,954,600 tonnes over the same period. Traditionally, Britain has lagged behind foreign competitors in terms of the generation of new plants. In 1982 54 per cent of British capacity in the paper and board industry had been installed before 1950 and only 6 per cent since 1971, compared with equivalent figures in Sweden of 20 per cent (pre-1950) and 31 per cent (since 1971) and in Finland of 23 per cent (pre-1950) and 24 per cent (since 1971).2 The British Journal of Sociology Volume X,S Vl Number 4 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 05:00:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 612 Roger Penn and Ililda Scattergood Nevertheless, our research shows that in the firms which we have examined there has been a considerable amount of automation since 1971 and that technical change has accelerated since 1979 and the onset of the present economic depression. The three firms examined are all located in the north-west region of England an area which has been a traditional centre for paper making in the twentieth century. We will use these case studies to probe the various models of skilled work and technical change within the current sociological literature. I MODELS OF SKII,LED WORK AND TECHNICAL CHANGE Four models of skilled work and technical change can be identified in the sociological literature. We present them chronologically since the later models can be seen as improvements upon earlier conceptualizations as a result of empirical work in the area of changes in the division of labour. The first model is what has been called the 'skilling' thesis. Its central argument is that advanced industrial societies require increasingly skilled workforces. Great importance is attached by writers like Bell (1973) and Touraine (1969) to the emergence of electronics as a new force in production. Perhaps the strongest argument concerning the importance of electronics for future developments in the division of labour was put forward by Fuchs (1968) in his seminal work, The Service Economy. Fuchs argued that the evolution of new advanced technologies (particularly computers) requires an increasingly educated labour force for their cuccessful development. Fuchs's work was part of a general current of ideas in the US during the 1960s which emphasized the need for increased investment in manpower training or the production of 'human' capital. Indeed, it is the belief amongst human capital theorists that investment will increasingly take such a form that provides the basis for their view that sophisticated technology will engender a secular 'skilling' of the workforce in advanced industrial . .

Microdosimetric Spectra Measurements of Janus Neutrons

Neutron radiation from the JANUS reactor at Argonne National Laboratory is being used with increasing frequency for major biological experiments. The fast neutron spectrum has a Kerma-weighted mean energy of 0.8 MeV and low gamma-ray contamination. In 1984 the JANUS fission converter plate of highly enriched uranium was replaced by one made of low-enriched uranium. We recorded microdosimetric spectra at several different positions in the high-flux irradiation room of JANUS before the change of the converter plate. Each set of measurements consisted of spectra taken at three different site diameters (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ..mu..m) and in both ''attenuator up'' and ''attenuator down'' configurations. At two conventional dosimetry reference positions, two sets of measurements were recorded. At three biological reference positions, measurements simulating several biological irradiation conditions, were taken. The dose rate at each position was estimated and compared with dose rates obtained previously by conventional dosimetry. Comparison of the different measurements showed no major change in spectra as a function of position or irradiation condition. First results from similar sets of measurements recorded after the installment of the new converter plate indicate no major change in the spectra. 11 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.

Microdosimetric Spectra Measurements of Janus Neutrons

Neutron radiation from the JANUS reactor at Argonne National Laboratory is being used with increasing frequency for major biological experiments. The fast neutron spectrum has a Kerma-weighted mean energy of 0.8 MeV and low gamma-ray contamination. In 1984 the JANUS fission converter plate of highly enriched uranium was replaced by one made of low-enriched uranium. We recorded microdosimetric spectra at several different positions in the high-flux irradiation room of JANUS before the change of the converter plate. Each set of measurements consisted of spectra taken at three different site diameters (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ..mu..m) and in both ''attenuator up'' and ''attenuator down'' configurations. At two conventional dosimetry reference positions, two sets of measurements were recorded. At three biological reference positions, measurements simulating several biological irradiation conditions, were taken. The dose rate at each position was estimated and compared with dose rates obtained previously by conventional dosimetry. Comparison of the different measurements showed no major change in spectra as a function of position or irradiation condition. First results from similar sets of measurements recorded after the installment of the new converter plate indicate no major change in the spectra. 11 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.

The Dimensions and Dipole Moments of Poly(propylene glycol) Chains

Conformational energies of poly(propylene glycol) chains were calculated using classical torsional and nonbonded interaction potentials. It was shown that distinct energy minima occurred at rotational angles about the skeletal C—O bond including an asymmetric carbon, which were displaced by about −25, 0, and 20° (or 25, 0, and −20°) from the conventional symmetric positions of trans (T), gauche (G), and another gauche (G′), respectively. Two types of potential functions were used for the van der Waals interaction energy; from the comparison of experimental data for dimension and dipole moment with the theoretical values calculated in the rotational isomeric approximation, the one recommended by Scott and Scheraga and by Abe et al., was found to be appropriate for PPG chains. Calculations also showed that the mean-square moments increase with increasing syndiotacticity, although their extent was smaller than those predicted for asymmetric vinyl chains. Theory and experiment for the mean-square moments were in fair agreement in terms of their magnitude and dependence on tacticity and on molecular weight without introducing any adjustable parameter.

The tilted left anterior oblique position in the study of congenital cardiac anomalies.

Selective cineangiocardiography is widely used for the demonstration of congenital cardiac anomalies. Selective opacification of a cardiac chamber is performed after a diagnosis has been proposed or established by physical examination, radiographic and fluoroscopic examination of the chest, and study of data derived from external electrocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The selection of the injection site is determined by (a) the diagnosis established from the data and (b) the ability to introduce a catheter into the desired chamber. The roentgenographic positions chosen for selective angiocardiography depend upon the type of available equipment and the nature of the presumed cardiac anomaly. In the use of biplane rapid film changers, Kjellberg et al. (2) first called attention to the advantages and disadvantages of conventional positions for examination of congenital cardiac anomalies. Because of the complexities of cardiac anatomy, these investigators experimented with various positions of the patient. In addition to rotating the patient, Kjellberg tilted the x-ray tube so that the atrial and ventricular septa could be optimally outlined. Routine use of this maneuver was abandoned because of distortion projected on the biplane angiocardiograms. Kjellberg, therefore, recommended conventional postero-anterior and lateral projections for examination of virtually every cardiac lesion. These projections are the usual ones when biplane rapid film-changers are employed. On the other hand, the use of oblique positions is required for most examinations performed with a single-plane rapid film-changer or a cine unit. The right anterior oblique position is useful in the demonstration of atrioventricular valves (i.e., mitral stenosis) and in the separation of aorta and pulmonary artery (i.e., tetralogy of Fallot). The left anterior oblique position is preferred in study of the atrial and ventricular septa in presence of intracardiac shunts. Rationale for Use of Tilted Left Anterior Oblique Position In the postero-anterior and true lateral projections of the angiographic image, there is inevitable overlap of the central portions of the atrial and ventricular chambers and the atrioventricular valves. With atrial septal defects, the overlap of the cardiac chambers precludes precise localization of a defect site (2). Correlation of the frontal projection with the lateral is necessary for localization of high ventricular septal defects (1). In the conventional left anterior oblique position, the ventricles lie nearly directly in front of their respective atria. As a result, the interventricular septum is foreshortened and superimposed on the atrial septum. The atrioventricular valves are not visible when the atria are opacified because the contrast medium overlaps the valvular plane.

Oral extrahepatic cholangiography: a simple reliable technic.

In the past twelve years, since the introduction of the triiodo contrast media for oral cholecystography and Cholografin for intravenous cholangiography, the accuracy of gallbladder examinations has increased strikingly. Criteria have been established which permit a more careful classification of gallbladder disease and a more precise localization of obstructive lesions. As a result of the higher incidence of extrahepatic duct visualization, lesions about the ampulla of Vater and in the periductal region have entered the realm of x-ray diagnosis. A technic of oral cholecystography that will visualize the entire biliary system is therefore essential. An ideal study would require few films and no fluoroscopy; it should be accomplished in a minimum of time and follow a simple routine (14). Such a method has been evolved by us in the past six years. The purpose of this presentation is primarily to demonstrate a technic of “complete” oral cholecystography with the aid of a synthetic cholagogue (Bilevac) and no adjuvant drugs either per os or intravenously, such as have been mentioned by many writers. Method A preliminary postero-anterior view of the right upper quadrant is obtained on the day prior to the study. The patient is instructed to have a fat meal for lunch but to restrict all fatty or fried foods at dinner. At 9 p.m. the contrast medium is taken in the usual manner. Telepaque is used in dosages of 3 to 6 grams, dependent upon the weight of the patient. At 9 a.m. the following day, a postero-anterior and a right posterior oblique view of the gallbladder region are made. The supine view is most reliable and serves as a baseline of gallbladder volume study (contractility). Following the fat meal, a single evacuation film is made at ten minutes, with the patient in the supine position rotated 15° onto the right side. In our experience the supine film taken ten minutes following the fat meal is most significant for “complete” oral cholecysto-cholangiography. Several authors have mentioned this view as an additional one but have not stressed its anatomic value in the examination (3–5, 15) (Figs. 1–4). Sachs (3) and Shehadi (5) speak of adding it to their routine but not to the exclusion of the conventional positions. Our reliance upon a single film in the supine position after the fatty meal has been so successful that rarely are the other technics as reviewed by Shapiro et al. (6) needed. Anatomically and physiologically the supine (right posterior oblique) view of the gallbladder is correct. Because the cystic and common ducts assume a dependent position in relation to the gallbladder in the supine position, there is a better diffusion of the heavier bile-contrast medium toward the neck of the gallbladder and into the extrahepatic ducts (16). Another advantage of this position is escape of gas from the more dependent right colon toward the splenic flexure or distal colon.

The importance of precordial leads taken above the conventional positions in following the evolution of myocardial infarction: Rafael M. Alzamora, M.D., and Augusto Mispireta, M.D., Lima, Peru

A review of differental diagnostic information from 11 studies of patients with anorexia nervosa is provided. Both intercurrent depressive and obsessive-compulsive features are most frequently reported overall. In seven of these studies providing information about premorbid and intercurrent personality disturbances, obsessive-compulsive characteristics are reported as most frequent in four. It is suggested that presumed connections between anorexia nervosa and depressive illness may be secondary to a more direct link with the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.

The Present State of Civil Liberty Theory

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Present State of Civil Liberty TheoryDavid RiesmanDavid Riesman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 6, Number 3Aug., 1944 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2125486 Views: 5Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.