Conventional Paddy Fields Research Articles

Dampak Pertanian Organik dan Konvenional pada Biodiversitas dan Sifat Kimia Tanah pada Budi Daya Tanaman Padi Sawah

The phenomenon of leveling off and environmental degradation that occurs as a negative impact of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides encourages the development of organic farming systems that can produce crop yields that are not contaminated and free from synthetic chemicals and maintain a healthier environment. The research was conducted from October to December 2022 by taking soil samples from farmers' paddy fields in Tegal Regency using an organic (Cawitali Village) and conventional or non-organic (Jembayat Village) farming system. Composite soil samples were taken from a soil depth of 0 to 20 cm from the soil surface using a soil drill on lowland rice fields with organic farming systems and conventional farming after harvest. The analysis of the chemical properties of the soil carried out was C-organic (Walkley and Black), N-total (Kjeldahl), CEC and soil bases (exch-Ca, exch-Mg, exch-K, and exch-Na), total P (25% HCl) and available P (Bray I), while the observed soil biological properties were the total number of microbial and fungal populations. The results showed that organic paddy soil's chemical and biological properties were relatively higher than conventional paddy soil's. Total fungi in organic lowland soils were lower than in conventional paddy fields. The nutrient status of C-organic and N-total in organic rice fields tended to increase compared to conventional rice fields, namely from very low to low and low to moderate, respectively. In contrast, the other nutrient statuses observed tended to remain relatively unchanged. Generally, soil biological and chemical properties were better in organic farming than in conventional farming systems. Keywords: leveling off, organic farming, conventional farming, nutrient status

Comparison and analysis of soil microbial communities in organic and conventional paddy fields by farming season

Interest in soil health and biodiversity conservation has become increasingly important. Consequently, studies comparing the chemical and biological characteristics of organic and traditional paddy soils have been increasing. Soil microorganisms are essential in nutrient cycling; however, their diversity is challenging to ascertain because of their environmental sensitivity and complex interactions. Particularly, in domestic rice cultivation, the soil undergoes multiple irrigation and drainage processes during crop growth, providing a diverse ecological environment for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study is to compare the microbial community and diversity between paddy soils in two agricultural systems. We selected organic and conventional paddy fields in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi Province, and collected monthly samples from August to November 2022 for analysis. Bacteria and fungi were amplified from the 16S rRNA V3V4 region, ITS 3–4 region respectively, For the comparison of microbial diversity, Alpha diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, Gini-Simpson indices) were analyzed. The results indicated genus-level differences in microbial communities, with the genera Mucor and Sirastachys exclusively present in organic paddy soils, while the genus Ustilaginoidea was exclusively found in conventional paddy soils. Among them, Ustilaginoidea is reported to be a fungus causing false smut disease, causing damage to crop growth and quality. Additionally, the comparison of microbial diversity between the two farming showed no significant differences (p>0.05). In conclusion, When the microbial communities present in both farming systems were examined, organic farming appeared to be more advantageous than conventional farming regarding crop disease and health. This study provides essential soil chemical and microbiological data for understanding the fundamental characteristics of paddy soils in South Korea.

Potential soil degradation of paddy fields through observation approaches from various sources of environmental diversity

Soil is classified as a vital and non-renewable natural resource for food production. We also could produce good-quality, healthy, and nutritious food through healthy soil. Good quality soil was rare to find. Typically, land used for food crop cultivation is regarded as having substantially degraded soil, characterized by a low proportion of soil macro primer nutrients and organic C content. This study aimed to determine the soil degradation of paddy field through environmental diversity that occur on the field. This research result showed that conventional paddy field cultivation is classified as degraded soil. Moreover, organic paddy field cultivation was classified as low degraded soil. After classifying the soil, proceed challenges of recommendations have been formulated this research aims. Monitoring the soil degradation level is necessary to set some recommendations for cultivation to prevent the ongoing degradation of rice fields and threaten food security. This research will produce a guideline and a body of literature highlighting the necessity of monitoring soil degradation levels and identifying limiting variables so that a paddy soil management strategy based on soil health can be adopted to sustain food security.

Macro-scale perspectives in conservation biological control: latitudinal differences in the effects of organic farming on insect pests and natural enemies in rice paddy ecosystems

The pest control services provided by natural enemies are important for maintaining crop productivity in environmentally friendly agriculture with reduced use of pesticides. Organic farming is generally considered to increase the abundance of natural enemies and to enhance ecosystem services, but species and guild compositions vary from region to region, and so the population levels of pests and their natural enemies can be expected to vary geographically. Here, we surveyed the abundance of rice insect pests and spiders as their natural enemies in 51 organic and 45 conventional paddy fields at 22 locations in Japan and examined latitudinal differences in the effects of farming practices on their abundance. Independently of latitudinal differences, organic farming had positive effects on the abundance and species diversity of spiders caught in nets and on Tetragnatha and lycosid spiders. It increased the abundances of the leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps and the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera, and decreased that of the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. Both spiders and insect pests showed diverse responses to the interaction between farming practice and latitude. In particular, insect pests distributed in warmer regions, such as So. furcifera and Ne. cincticeps, tended to be more abundant in the south. The ratios of spider to pest abundance, as indicators of pest suppression, were lowest in organic paddies at lower latitudes for So. furcifera and Ne. cincticeps; at higher latitudes they were higher in organic paddies than in conventional paddies for La. striatellus. These results suggest that the effectiveness of pest suppression by natural predators in organic paddy fields varies by region depending on the ecological characteristics of each organism. As such, it is necessary to devise field management strategies appropriate to each region to balance crop production and biodiversity.

Identification of weed dominance and diversity in organic and conventional paddy field (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation

Identification of weed dominance and diversity in organic and conventional paddy field (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation

Diversity and Composition of Arthropods Natural Enemies in Integrated Rice Fish Farming System (Minna padi) and Its Functions in Agroecosystems

Minna Padi is an integrated rice fish farming system that implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem. However, the effects of minna padi farming systems on the diversity of natural enemies have not been reported previously. This research was conducted to compare the diversity and abundance of natural enemies [parasitoids and predators] in minna padi and conventional rice fields. Three pairs of minna padi and conventional paddy fields were selected for fields research. Natural enemies were collected in the field research using sweeping nets, yellow sticky traps and pitfall trap every two weeks during the cultivation. The results showed that the abundance of parasitoids was higher in minna padi than that in conventional farming systems. However, the abundance of predators was higher in conventional farming systems. Parasitoid and predator species richness also showed no difference between the two rice farming systems. However, the composition between the two farming systems was different, minna padi was dominated by parasitoids such as Aphonagmus sp. and Eurythoma dentata, while conventional dominated by a predator such as Pardosa pseudoannulata and Plexippus sp.

Density, Distribution and Population Structure of Apple Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) in Organic and Conventional Paddy field Ecosystems

Golden snail is one of the important pests that attack paddy crops. The structure of golden snail is divided into 3 based on the size of the shell diameter, namely juveniles (0.5-1 cm), preadults (1-2.5 cm), and adults (2.5-4 cm). The paddy cultivation system can affect the golden snail population. The purpose of this study was to determine the density, distribution and population structure of the golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) with case studies in Cicalengka (conventional field) and Ciparay (organic field), District of Bandung, from October 2020-January 2021. This research used survey method with sampling technique in purposive sampling. At each location divided into 5 fields with sized 10x5 m which were divided into 7 quadrant plots. Sampling was carried out at the age of paddy crops 14,21,28, and 35 days after planting. The observerd parameters were density, distribution pattern using the Index of Morisita (Id) and population structure of P. canaliculata. The results showed that the density of P. canaliculata in organic field was higher than in conventional field. The average population structure of pre-adult golden snails in organic and conventional rice fields was significantly different at 14-35 days after planting (DAP) and adult golden snails at 14, 28, and 35 DAP. Distribution pattern of P. canaliculata in organic and conventional were grouped.

A Drone Technology Implementation Approach to Conventional Paddy Fields Application

This paper proposes an approach to implementing modern technology farming, namely agricultural drones, to help farmers enhance crop spraying efficiency, with a case study on conventional paddy fields in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia. Traditional spraying operations in paddy fields are dangerous as operators must deal with prolonged and frequent exposure to toxic chemicals. In the field experiment, an agricultural drone sprayed fertilizer and pesticides in the 1.5 ha paddy field in Parit Keladi Village, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. For fertilizer and pesticide spraying, the impact on the paddy was measured periodically, involving paddy height and tiller number, randomly in the same field. Implementation in the area shows that the ground area coverage by the spraying drone was 6-7.5 m when it had an altitude is 4 m, with four nozzles and a 1,6 l/m spraying flow rate. This study implemented drone technology in the conventional paddy field, one of the famous agricultural commodities in Indonesia and other Asian countries. With this agricultural drone technology approach, we believe that semi-modernization or even modernization of conventional paddy fields can be achieved and accepted by the farmer community to increase the efficiency of farming activities and pave the way for smart farming.

Do Agrochemical-Free Paddy Fields Serve as Refuge Habitats for Odonata?

Agrochemical-free rice farming has attracted interest for restoring paddy field biodiversity and producing safe food. Odonata are commonly used as a biodiversity indicator in these low-input farms. However, the effect of agrochemical-free rice farming on odonate diversity has rarely been assessed over the entire emergence period of these insects. We investigated whether different farming practices, such as conventional or natural (agrochemical-and fertilizer-free) cultivation, and associated water management strategies affect the emergence rates of Odonata in paddy field landscapes in central Japan. Weekly exuviae sampling in 2017 and 2019 suggested that odonate assemblages differed between conventional and natural paddy fields, with a higher number of taxa emerging from natural paddy fields. Contrary to expectations, conventional paddy fields had equivalent or higher emergence rates of all Odonata and two numerically dominant Sympetrum species. Peak emergence periods for numerically dominant taxa differed between the farming types, with the emergence of three Sympetrum species peaking in late June in conventional paddy fields and that of S. frequens peaking in early to mid-July in natural paddy fields. Our findings suggest that both conventional and natural paddy fields are important habitats for Odonata in Japan.

Species Richness of Leaf Roller and Stem Borers (Lepidoptera) Associated with Different Paddy Growth and First Documentation of Its DNA Barcode

Leaf folder and stem borer are pest moths (Lepidoptera) of paddy crop and caused serious damage and significant rice yield loss. The richness, abundance, and diversity of the pest moths were calculated in one paddy planting season and sampled from a model conventional paddy field, located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Sabak Bernam, Selangor). The adult and immature stages of moths associated with paddy plants have been sampled using active sampling namely sweep net and stem cross-cutting. A total of 189 individuals belonging to five species under two families (Crambidae and Noctuidae) were recorded. Overall, the richness (R’), diversity (H’), and evenness (E’) index of lepidopteran species were 0.76, 1.51, and 0.90, respectively. The richness and species abundance throughout the paddy stages were discussed. The DNA barcode of five collected species using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) viz. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (leaf folder), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), Chilo auricilius Dudgeon, Sesamia inferens (Walker), and Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller) (stem borers) were presented. This study’s outcomes are very important as the initial stage for conservation purposes, especially in managing the strategy in handling the pest species populations in the paddy field.

Impact of paddy growth stages on the parasitoid community of yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas)

The yellow stem borer (YSB) (Scirpophaga incertulas) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) is a conundrum pest of paddy in India. One of the best ways to overcome the attack of this pest is to control the initial stage of its life cycle by parasitoids. Per cent infestation of yellow stem borer and extent of parasitization was assessed in organic and conventional paddy fields at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Results revealed that stem borer infestation was more (0.59%) in conventional rice than organic rice (0.47%). Larval parasitoids, viz., Myosoma chinensis (Szepligeti), Trathala flavoorbitalis, Temelucha philippinensis and pupal parasitoids Xanthopimpla punctata emerged from both conventional and organic cropping systems. Myosoma chinensis was the most dominant among all the parasitoids recorded and all are new records to Delhi region. This study indicated that organic cultivation practices supported more to beneficial insects. Overall per cent parasitization under organic ecosystem was higher (34.6%) to conventional ecosystem (13.3%).

Cadmium mapping and contamination potential on different paddy field managements in Sragen Regency, Indonesia

Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful metal for paddy soil that is affected by inorganic fertilizer, pesticides, and industrialization. This study aimed to investigate the Cd contents in paddy soil, plant tissue, and grain, as well as the spatial distribution of potential Cd contamination. This study was conducted in Sragen Regency on paddy fields with different management, i.e., organic paddy fields, conventional paddy fields (Alfisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Vertisols), and paddy fields that often use wastewater (textiles, batik, and sugar factories) for irrigation. Forest land was used as a control. This study used descriptive explorative methods based on overlay land use, soil type, and industrial distribution map of Sragen Regency. The results showed that paddy soils with different management had higher Cd content than the forest soil. Organic paddy field had the lowest Cd content in soil (0.019 ppm) and rice grain (0.0006 ppm). Approximately 1,914.4 ha (3%) of paddy field in Sragen Regency that uses sugarcane industry wastewater as irrigation had the highest soil Cd content (0.16 ppm). In contrast, the highest Cd content in rice grain (0.046 ppm) was observed in conventional paddy field. The management of paddy field and rice cultivation significantly affected Cd contamination in soil and rice grain; therefore, environmentally friendly paddy field management needs to be encouraged.

OsASN1 Overexpression in Rice Increases Grain Protein Content and Yield under Nitrogen-Limiting Conditions.

Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor affecting crop yield in unfertilized soil. Thus, cultivars with a high N use efficiency (NUE) and good grain protein content (GPC) are needed to fulfill the growing food demand and to reduce environmental burden. This is especially true for rice (Oryza sativa L.) that is cultivated with a high input of N fertilizer and is a primary staple food crop for more than half of the global population. Here, we report that rice asparagine synthetase 1 (OsASN1) is required for grain yield and grain protein contents under both N-sufficient (conventional paddy fields) and N-limiting conditions from analyses of knockout mutant plants. In addition, we show that overexpression (OX) of OsASN1 results in better nitrogen uptake and assimilation, and increased tolerance to N limitation at the seedling stage. Under field conditions, the OsASN1 OX rice plants produced grains with increased N and protein contents without yield reduction compared to wild-type (WT) rice. Under N-limited conditions, the OX plants displayed increased grain yield and protein content with enhanced photosynthetic activity compared to WT rice. Thus, OsASN1 can be an effective target gene for the development of rice cultivars with higher grain protein content, NUE, and grain yield under N-limiting conditions.

Carbon Organic Content under Organic and Conventional Paddy Field and its Effect on Biological Activities (A Case Study in Pati Regency, Indonesia)

The low organic matter content of paddy soils impacts the declining quality of land. Without the efforts to enrich the soil organic matter (SOM) content, the productivity of paddy fields will decrease or the need for inorganic fertilizers will increase to reach the level of yield. The present research aims to determine the effect of differences in organic and conventional paddy fields management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and biological activities. The research was conducted from July to September 2018 on organic and conventional paddy fields in Dukuhseti Sub-district, Pati Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Sampling points were taken from six organic samples in the organic paddy fields while the other six samples were taken from conventional paddy fields. The variables observed in this research were organic C, pH, total N soil, total bacterial colonies, soil respiration and microbial biomass C. The results show that the organic C content in the organic paddy field (2.4%) was higher than that of the conventional paddy field (1.8%). The C content of organic paddy fields increased by 0.6%. The differences of the total bacterial colonies, soil respiration and microbial biomass C between organic paddy fields and conventional paddy fields were 11.5 CFU g<sup>-1</sup>, 7.42 mg CO<sub>2</sub> week<sup>-1</sup> and 0.51 µg g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, because the use of organic farming systems could improve the biological nature of soils and caused biological activity in organic paddy fields to have the highest value compared to conventional paddy fields.

The spider diversity and plant hopper control potential in the long-term organic paddy fields in sub-tropical area, China

Previous studies showed that organic farming augmented natural enemies and enhanced pest control in the agroecosystem, but the effect may change over time, as long-term application of different cultivation methods would gradually affect the agricultural systems. In this paper, spider diversity and its plant hopper control potential were assessed in paddy fields cultivated organically for 5 (OR5), 10 (OR10) and 15 (OR15) years and in conventional paddy fields (CR). The results showed that the abundance, richness and Pilou evenness of spiders in organic paddy fields were significantly higher than those in conventional paddy fields were, but no significant difference found between OR5, OR10 and OR15. There was no significant difference between Shannon Wiener index (H') of spiders in organic and conventional paddy fields. There was no distinct difference in spider assemblage composition between conventional and organic paddy fields, and a considerable overlap between the organic paddy fields with different organic farming period. Plant hopper was less abundant in organic paddy fields than conventional ones in rice blooming stage, but there was no difference in other rice growth stages. A higher number of the spider species in organic paddy fields had large temporal overlap with plant hopper than that in conventional fields. Adopting organic practices in paddy fields can maintain a high diversity of spiders across rice paddy ecosystems, although there was not significant increase of spider diversity over time after five years since transition.

Characteristics water balance in paddy fields with pipelines or open channels in Hokkaido

Hokkaido is an important agricultural area of Japan. The amount of arable land managed per farming household has been increasing because of the aging of farmers and the decreasing number of agricultural households. To improve labor productivity, increasing the size of paddy fields and developing groundwater-level control systems have been promoted in recent years. Hokkaido has a cool climate, so its rice cultivation season is shorter than elsewhere in Japan. To manage the expanded fields in the short work period, farmers have been making efforts to reduce labor and disperse the peaks of field work by shifting from conventional transplanting to direct seeding. The authors conducted surveys of the submerged water level, groundwater level, and amount of water intake at paddy fields in areas with large-scale paddy fields with pipeline systems or with open channel systems, and in areas with conventional small-scale paddy fields. This study reports the results of comparisons between the characteristics of water management and water balance in an area with a pipeline system to those in an area with an open channel system.

Promotion of rice–duck integrated farming in the water source areas of Shanghai: its positive effects on reducing agricultural diffuse pollution

The paper aims to study the effects of replacing the conventional rice farming by the rice–duck integrated organic farming on the reduction of agricultural diffuse pollution around Dianshan Lake in the suburbs of Shanghai, Southeast China. Agricultural activities of 21 rice farms in Jinze Town nearby Dianshan Lake were tracked and investigated for the consecutive 5 years, with the questionnaires on the inputs of agro-chemicals within the rice-growing seasons under the conventional rice farming in detail. The nutrient amounts discharged from the conventional rice fields were calculated and these from the rice–duck integrated organic farming potentially implemented surrounding the lake were also estimated. The quantities of N and P2O5 applied to the conventional paddy fields of the six towns surrounding the lake were 2.01 × 106 kg a− 1 and 4.59 × 105 kg a− 1 on annual average, respectively; these discharged into the environment were estimated to 1.48 × 105 kg a− 1 and 1.34 × 104 kg a− 1 on annual average, respectively. The quantities of herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides discharged from the conventional rice fields of the six towns were 1.67 × 104 kg a− 1 on annual average. The potential replacement of the conventional rice farming by the rice–duck integrated organic farming around the lake will reduce the amounts of N and P2O5 discharges through runoff and leaching by 83.79% and 92.11%, respectively, and completely prevent the diffuse pollution of biocides. The implementation of the rice–duck integrated organic farming around Dianshan Lake will not only be beneficial to lake protection, but also to raising the incomes of local farmers, and, thus, should be highly encouraged.

Mitigasi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui penerapan irigasi intermittent di lahan sawah beririgasi

Mitigasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) melalui penerapan irigasi terputus (intermittent) di lahan sawah beririgasi telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghitung besarnya potensi mitigasi melalui perhitungan laju emisi GRK dan Global Warming Potential (GWP) pada penerapan irigasi intermittent dan konvensional. Pengambilan sampel GRK (CH4, CO2 dan N2O) dilakukan di Daerah Irigasi Mrican Kanan Jombang pada petak tersier TB 1 Ki, TB 2 Ki, TL4 Ka dan petak konvensional sebagai kontrol. Sampel diambil pada 3 fase pertumbuhan padi yaitu fase vegetatif, primordia dan pemasakan buah dalam box penangkap GRK. Sampel dianalisa di laboratorium dengan kromatografi gas (GC). Hasil pembacaaan fluks GRK ditujukan untuk mendapatkan nilai Emisi GRK dan GWP agar dapat dilihat penurunan emisi GRK pada perlakuan pemberian air secara terputus. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan penerapan irigasi intermittent dapat menurunkan emisi CH4 sebesar 33,18% dan potensi pemanasan global GRK sebesar 34,9% jika dibandingkan dengan penerapan irigasi konvensional (tergenang).

Penerapan Algoritma Genetika Untuk Optimasi Pengelolaan Air Lahan Padi Sawah Rendah Emisi Gas Metana (CH4)

Conventional paddy field with continuous flooding irrigation produces a lot of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, especially methane gas (CH4). Effective water management is important to reduce methane gas emissions from paddy fields. This study aimed to determine optimum water level and soil moisture in each plant growth stage by genetic algorithms (GA) with system of rice intensification (SRI) practices. Research was conducted with three irrigation regimes i.e, continuous flooding regime (FR), moderate regime (MR), and dry regime (DR). Observation data were used to simulate the optimum water level and soil moisture. Based on the optimum water level scenario of the GA model, methane gas emissions could reduce 63.54% and optimum soil moisture can reduce methane gas emission up to 58.12%.

The Effect Analysis of Vegetation Diversity on Rice-Fish Mixed Farming System in Paddy Wetland

Organic farming practices including loach based ecosystem-farming have been demonstrated to be effective in conjunction with rice farming to increase yield and quality. This new form of farming combines agriculture and fishery and is quickly developing into a new industry. The current study investigated the effect of rice-fish mixed farming system on the vegetation-diversity function. Vegetation within the four study sites was surveyed and analyzed based on plant taxonomy. The vegetation survey demonstrated that 127 taxa of 38 families, 100 genera, 107 species, and 20 varieties occurred within the study sites. A total of 15 plant species taxa occurred in the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat and did not occur in the conventional paddy field lacking fish habitat. This difference is thought to arise from differences in moisture requirements for vegetation. Life form analysis demonstrated differences in hemicryptophytes, therophytes, and hydrophytes according to fish habitat. The naturalized plants identified were also determined to be species widely distributed throughout Korea. Frequency analysis demonstrated that the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat had a high ratio of both obligate and facultative wetland plants relative to the conventional paddy field. Based on the study results, it is likely that vegetation-diversity will increase with environment diversity. However, no statistical significance was observed according to paddy types. Future research should aim to identify additional environmental factors, including the existence of fish habitat, habitat area, depth of fish habitat, hydrological parameters, water quality, and paddy soil environment, to enhance vegetation-diversity and biocultural diversity. Key words : Organic Rice, freshwater