Conventional Nanofluids Research Articles

Quadratic regression estimation of hybridized nanoliquid flow using Galerkin finite element technique considering shape of nano solid particles

Because of its multivariate particle suspension approach, the developing class of fluid has a better level of stability as well as increased heat transfer. In this regard, hybrid nanofluid outperforms ordinary fluid and even well-known nanofluid. In a slick environment, we investigate its fluidity and heat transfer qualities. Nano-leveled particle morphologies, porousness materials, variable thermal conductivity, slippage velocity, and thermal radiative effects are all being studied. The Galerkin finite element method is a numerical methodology for numerically solving the governing equations (G-FEM). For this analysis, a Powell-Eyring hybrid nanofluid (PEHNF) flowing via a permeable stretchable surface is used, which comprises two types of nanoparticles (NP), copper (Cu), and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) dispersed in sodium alginate (C6H9NaO7). The heat transfer ratio of PEHNF (Ti6Al4V-Cu/C6H9NaO7) remained much greater than that of conventional nanofluids (Cu-C6H9NaO7), with a range of 43%–54%. When lamina particles are present, the thermal conductivity of the boundary layer increases dramatically, while spherical nanoparticles have the lowest thermal conductivity. As nanoparticles are added under their fractional sizes, radiative heat conductance, and flexible heat conductance, the system’s entropy increases. The flow system’s ability to transport mass decreases when molecule diffusivity decreases dramatically. This is theoretically related to a rise in Schmidt number against molecular diffusivity.

The radiative flow of the thin-film Maxwell hybrid nanofluids on an inclined plane in a porous space

Due to their accelerated rate of heat transfer, nanofluids are of immense interest. This work analyzes an innovative concept of hybrid nanoemulsion with an optimized design under the chemical radiative flow and its thermophysical properties. We are able to achieve great aspects of the flow with the assistance of the sheet’s permeable texture and inclined surface. Furthermore, the effects of thermal conductivity mix convection, chemical reaction, and thermal radiations on velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are also investigated. After converting the fundamental equations to ordinary differential equations with the use of similarity transportation, the problem is then solved analytically with the HAM technique. To investigate key attributes and parameters, a hybrid nanofluid with Ag and Al2O3 nanoparticles as well as Al2O3 for conventional nanofluids with the base solvent water is taken. To illustrate the effects of chemical radiative and mix convection on the thin-film flow, numerous graphs, charts, and tables are shown. Calculations and reviews are performed for reduced friction coefficient, heat, and mass transportation. According to this study, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat-transfer rate than nanofluids when exposed to thermal radiation and at the appropriate surface angle of inclination. Due to ϕAl2O3, ϕAg,S, Rd, the temperature increases, but velocity has the opposite effect. This investigation’s innovative findings will promote the study of condensed nanostructures and nanomaterials.

Thermal Transmission Comparison of Nanofluids over Stretching Surface under the Influence of Magnetic Field

Heat transfer at industrial levels has been revolutionized with the advancement of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. Keeping this development in view, this article aims to present the rate of heat transfer for conventional and hybrid nanofluids, incorporating the Hall Effect over a stretchable surface. The flow governing equations are obtained with the help of suitable assumptions, and the problem is attempted with the boundary value problem technique in MATLAB. The highly non-linear partial differential equations are transformed into non-dimensional forms using suitable similarity transforms. The criterion of convergence for solution or tolerance of a problem is adjusted to 10−7. Water is considered as a base fluid; copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles are mixed to obtain nanofluid. This novel work is incorporated for conventional and hybrid nanofluid with the effect of Hall current above the stretching/shrinking surface. Increasing the Stefan blowing parameter reduces the flow rate; it increases the heat transfer rate and nano-particle concentration of conventional and hybrid nanofluid. Both velocity components decreases by increasing the magnetic field. The Hall Effect also decreases the velocity of nanofluid. The outcomes are compared to previously published work, demonstrating that the existing study is legitimate. The heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid is higher than the convential nanofluid. This study suggests more frequent use of hybrid nanofluid because of high heat transfer rates and reduced skin friction.

Synthesis and characterization of green-functionalized graphene nanofluids as an enhanced working fluid in heat transfer applications

Energy crisis is one of the major concerns that requires significant attention around the world. An access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy will not be attractive if the safety of human and environmental is neglected. Hence, the advancement of energy harvesting method is expected not to be just efficient, but also clean, safe, and environmental-friendly. In this research work, synthesis, and characterization of a green-based functionalized graphene nanofluids is presented. Clove extract was prepared and functionalized on the graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) using apple cider vinegar, followed by dispersion in distilled water to produce clove with apple cider vinegar functionalized graphene (clove+ACV GNP) nanofluids at 0.1 wt.% concentration. Characterization of the clove+ACV GNP nanofluids was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the successfulness of the synthesis and functionalization, while the thermal conductivity was determined using KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer. The covalent bonds shown in the FTIR spectrum, and the morphological structure from the SEM images have indicated that the synthesis and functionalization of clove+ACV GNP have been successfully carried out. As for the thermal conductivity, 0.1 wt.% of clove+ACV GNP nanofluids have shown up to 24.4% enhancement when compared with distilled water, 3.9% enhancement when compared to clove-functionalized GNP at the same concentration, and up to 6.8% when compared with conventional GNP nanofluids. These findings have given a preliminary insight that this safe, non-toxic- clove+ACV functionalized graphene nanofluids is a promising alternative to the conventional, toxic- nanofluids as an enhanced and effective working fluid in heat transfer applications.

3-D Flow of Magnetic Rotating Hybridizing Nanoliquid in Parabolic Trough Solar Collector: Implementing Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Theory and Centripetal and Coriolis Forces

Current research proposes a model for assessing the flow properties and heat transmission from hybridized nanofluids to solar collectors (SCs). A theoretical investigation that was based on the application of alumina-water (Al2O3-H2O) conventional nanofluid and copper/alumina-water (Cu-Al2O3/H2O) hybrid nanofluid has been considered between two rotating plates in parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC). The Cattaneo–Christov model (CCM) for heat fluxing is used for the thermal boundary layer analysis. The impact of centripetal and Coriolis forces on the swirling flow has been considered. Adequate transformations are utilised for the conversion of the regulating partial differential equations (PDEs) into a group of dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Dimensionless ODEs are then tackled by the Keller box method (KBM) in the MATLAB program. The basic concept of this study is to inspect the influences of change in substantial factors on velocities, temperature, and heat transmission rate for both Al2O3-H2O mono nanofluid (MNF) and Cu-Al2O3/H2O hybridized nanofluid (HBNF). The striking feature of the investigation is that the hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al2O3/H2O has a less frictional force and an elevated heat transmission rate (RHT) as assessed with the traditional nanoliquid Al2O3-H2O. Consequently, the rotating factor slows RHT on the surface. In this case study, HBNF is better than the mono NF as a thermal and electrical conductor.

Shape effects on 3D MHD micropolar Au-MgO/blood hybrid nanofluid with Joule Heating

Hybrid nanofluid can be considered another nanofluid due to its thermal properties and potential utilisation in heat transfer analysis. This examination's principal objective is to introduce a correlation between conventional nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid characteristics due to micropolar theory, viscous dissipation, and the effect of Joule heating over an exponentially stretched surface by considering the convention. The governing equations are transformed into a system of nonlinear equations through an appropriate similarity transformation method. The reduced system of equations is evaluated by applying the fifth-order R-K-Fehlberg technique and the shooting process. By plotting the graphs for velocity, microrotation, and temperature distributions, examination between the nature of pure blood, MgO/blood nanofluid, and Au-MgO/blood hybrid nanofluid are analyzed and noted. Results of skin friction and Nusselt number are also presented to understand better the nature of flow and heat transmission rate in a nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. The closing remarks of this analysis are that the rate of heat exchange is 13.8 percent is high in hybrid nanofluid compared to that of nanofluid even within sight of micropolar impacts, viscous dissipation, and convective condition. Finally, platelet size nanoparticles have a higher heat transfer rate than other nanoparticles.

CO2 capture and sequestration in porous media with SiO2 aerogel nanoparticle-stabilized foams

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) via carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been considered an economically feasible method for carbon sequestration. However, due to premature gas channeling that results in escape of a great deal of CO2, the degree of crude oil recovery is low, and the carbon sequestration effect is poor. In this paper, the process of CO2 sequestration was studied from a novel perspective by combining a SiO2 aerogel and a foam for oil displacement to reduce carbon emissions. The CO2 absorption capacities of aerogel nanofluids were tested with different concentrations (0.5–1.0 wt%) and rotational speeds (140–525 r/min). The effects of hindering gas channeling and carbon sequestration in three different flooding modes were evaluated via one-dimensional sandpack flooding experiments. The mechanism for CO2 capture by aerogels in porous media was explored through microscopic visualizations of displacement experiments. The results showed that the CO2 absorption capacity of aerogel nanofluids far exceeded those of water and conventional nanofluids. The CO2 + nanofluid displacement evidently controlled gas channeling and improved CO2 sequestration by forming stable foams, and the final sequestration rate was 60.8%. Moreover, compared with conventional foams, a model was proposed to describe different states of CO2 (dissolved, adsorbed, and free) in aerogel nanoparticle-stabilized foam displacement.

Hybrid nanofluids development and benefits: A comprehensive review

Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) have received the prominent attention of researchers due to their improved thermophysical properties than conventional liquids and single-phase nanofluids. Such high potential heat transfer fluids are obtained from the suspension of two or more dissimilar nanoparticles in a regular heat transfer liquid. Owing to the high heat transfer properties of hybrid nanofluid, these are widely used in industrial processes, manufacturing processes, and biomedical engineering. This framework presents a detailed review of hybrid nanofluids preparation, stability, thermophysical properties, and importance in various engineering fields. Furthermore, present analysis addresses the pH control and ultrasound intensity of hybrid nanofluid. This analysis also manifests a hybrid nanofluid preparation method and suitable nanoparticles mixers for various industrial uses. This study reveals some future trends and possibilities related to HNF and a few suggestions regarding the scope in the future research in this area. A big impact with small particles for coming years. The hybrid nanofluid are having higher thermal conductivity which affects significantly to machining output response variables. By hybridizing the suitable combination of nanoparticles, the required heat transfer effect can be obtained still at low particle concentrations.

Thermodynamic analysis of electroosmosis regulated peristaltic motion of Fe3O4–Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid

This study aims to investigate the thermodynamic analysis for electroosmotic flow of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] hybrid nanofluid in the presence of peristaltic propulsion. Hybrid nanofluid is an aqueous solution of copper and iron oxide nanoparticles. Effects of electric field, Ohmic heating, magnetic field, viscous dissipation, heat sink/source and mixed convection are also considered. The Debye–Hückel and lubrication approach has been adopted to perform mathematical modeling. The resulting differential equations are numerically solved by employing the Shooting method. Analysis has been presented for irreversibility rate and heat transfer for the flow of hybrid nanoliquid. Results reveal that the addition of nanoparticles reduces the temperature and entropy generation of hybrid nanoliquid. Heat transfer rate enhances by improving Joule heating and electroosmotic parameters. An increase in Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity and Hartmann number decrease the velocity of fluid. Thermal performance of hybrid nanofluid ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) is more noticeable in comparison with conventional mono nanofluid ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) and base fluid ([Formula: see text]).

Effects of Joule heating, thermal radiation on MHD pulsating flow of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid in a permeable channel

The current work deals with the pulsatile hydromagnetic flow of blood-based couple stress hybrid nanofluid in a porous channel. For hybrid nanofluid, the fusion of gold (Au) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are suspended to the blood (base fluid). In this model, the employment of viscous dissipation, radiative heat, and Ohmic heating is incorporated. The governing flow equations (set of partial differential equations) are modernized to set of ordinary differential equations by using the perturbation technique. The nondimensional governing equations are solved by adopting the shooting procedure with the help of the Runge–Kutta fourth-order approach. Temperature distributions of hybrid nanofluid and conventional mono nanofluids are portrayed via pictorial results to claim that the hybrid nanofluid has better temperature distribution than mono nanofluids. Temperature is raising for the magnifying viscous dissipation, whereas the reverse behavior can be found with a rise in couple stress parameter. The heat transfer rate is getting high for the higher values of the Eckert number, and the same behavior is noticed with the uplifting magnetic field.

Performance Comparison of a Microchannel Heat Sink Using Different Nano-Liquid Metal Fluid Coolant: A Numerical Study

Abstract This article presents performance comparison between different liquid metal-based nanofluids termed as nano-liquid metal fluids in a microchannel heat sink to achieve ultimate cooling solutions without sacrificing the compact structure and heavy computing speed. The hydraulic and thermal performance of nanofluids having five different liquid metals (Ga, GaIn, EGaIn, GaSn, and EGaInSn) as base fluid and four different nanoparticles (carbon nanotube (CNT), Al2O3, Cu, and diamond) as solute are evaluated comparing with water-based nanofluids. Three-dimensional flow inside miniaturized channels are predicted using single-phase and two-phase numerical simulations. Numerical models are validated against data obtained from experimental studies from the literature. Three different grids are developed, and several element sizes were compared to obtain the grid independence. Upon evaluation, the study can point out that liquid metal-based nanofluids can generate much superior heat transport characteristics with more than 3.41 times higher heat transfer coefficient compared to conventional water-based nanofluids. GaIn–CNT combination exhibits the best thermal solution possible with a heat transfer coefficient increment of 2.68%, 17.19%, 22.16%, and 2.62% over CNT particle-based EGaIn, EGaInSn, Ga, GaSn liquid metal, respectively, for Re = 750. Considering hydraulic performance, performance evaluation criterion (PEC) has been introduced and Ga-based nanofluids are found to be most effective in this perspective. The effect on overall cooling effectiveness has also been carried out with a detailed particle concentration study. This study paves the pathway of using these extraordinary coolants in mini/microchannel heat sinks.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Conventional Fluids and Nanofluids in Micro-Channels with Vortex Generators: A Review

An effective way to enhance the heat transfer in mini and micro electronic devices is to use different shapes of micro-channels containing vortex generators (VGs). This attracts researchers due to the reduced volume of the electronic micro-chips and increase in the heat generated from the devices. Another way to enhance the heat transfer is using nanofluids, which are considered to have great potential for heat transfer enhancement and are highly suited to application in practical heat transfer processes. Recently, several important studies have been carried out to understand and explain the causes of the enhancement or control of heat transfer using nanofluids. The main aim upon which the present work is based is to give a comprehensive review on the research progress on the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of nanofluids for both single- and two- phase models in different types of micro-channels. Both experimental and numerical studies have been reviewed for traditional and nanofluids in different types and shapes of micro-channels with vortex generators. It was found that the optimization of heat transfer enhancement should consider the pumping power reduction when evaluating the improvement of heat transfer.

Heat transfer enhancement with channel surface roughness: A comprehensive review

In various applications such as air conditioning, refrigeration, central heating, and chemical processing, heat losses due to thermal resistance are of considerable amount. To improve the thermo-hydraulic performance of the system involved in such applications, it is required to reduce the thermal resistance. This review article focuses on the works related to heat transfer enhancement using two types of surface roughness that are ribs and corrugations. Ribs and corrugations reduce thermal resistance by increasing surface area and creating perturbation in the flow field. This review article covers various experimental, analytical, and numerical studies related to the thermo-hydraulic performance of different working fluids flowing through the channels incorporated with surface roughness. The effects of using different working fluids that are conventional fluids, nanofluids, and hybrid nanofluids on the heat transfer performance of channels with surface roughness are also studied. Authors believe that this article will provide a basis for the advanced research on the thermo-hydraulic performance assessment of the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids in the ribbed and corrugated channels, which will help in the enhancement of the performance of the system comprising the application of such channels.

Numerical Simulations of Environmental Energy Features in Solar Pump Application by Using Hybrid Nanofluid Flow: Prandtl-Eyring Case

As the primary energy source derived from the sun, solar energy is widely utilized in various technologies, including photovoltaic cells as well as the solar types of energy plates, street lights, and water pumping. This era is about studying solar radiations and a way to active enhancements in solar power pump (SWP) efficacy with the use of solar radiations and nanotechnology. Communication is structured to examine the capability of SWP in terms of transfer of heat using a hybrid nanofluid passing through a parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) placed inside the pipeline of SWP. Solar radiation has been considered a heat source. The performance in terms of heat transfer of the SWP is scrutinized for various effects like porous media, viscous dissipation, radiative heat flux, and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux (C–CHF). Entropy generation analysis is also conducted for Prandtl – Eyring fluid (P-EF). The simulated momentum and energy equations were solved using the Keller box technique, which is a well-known numerical approach. For this work, Prandtl – Eyring hybrid nanofluid (P-EHNF) has been considered, consisting of double diverse kinds of nanotubes (NT), including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the rich, viscous fluid of kind Sodium Alginate (SA). The impact of various parameters on velocity, temperature fields, shear stress, coefficient of drag force, and Nusselt number are investigated and demonstrated in graphs and tables. The SWP experience an enhancement in the transfer of heat for amplification of the parameters of thermal radiative flow as well as viscous dissipation. In comparison with conventional nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid performs better in heat transmission. The thermal efficacy of MWCNT/SWCNT-SA over SWCNT-SA got down to a minimal level of 39.9% and peaked at 42.2%.

Hybrid or mono nanofluids for convective heat transfer applications. A critical review of experimental research

Research on nanofluids has increased markedly in the last two decades. Initial attention has focused on conventional or mono nanofluids, dispersions of one type of solid nano-sized particles in a base fluid. Despite various challenges such as dispersion stability or increased pumping power, nanofluids have become improved working fluids for various energy applications. Among them, convective heat transfer has been the main research topic since the very beginning. Hybrid nanofluids, dispersions of two or more different nanoadditives in mixture or composite form, have received attention more recently. Research on hybrid nanofluids aims to further enhance the individual benefits of each single dispersion through potential synergistic effects between nanomaterials. Multiple experimental studies have been conducted independently analysing the convective heat transfer performance of mono or hybrid nanofluids for single-phase and two-phase convective heat transfer applications. However, there are still no general conclusions about which nanofluids, mono or hybrid, present better prospects. This review summarizes the experimental studies that jointly analyse both hybrid and mono nanofluids for these applications and the results are classified according to the heat transfer device used. Based on this criterion, three large groups of devices were noticed for single-phase convective heat transfer (tubular heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers and minichannel heat exchangers/heat sinks), while one group was identified for two-phase convective heat transfer (heat pipes). The main outcomes of these studies are summarized and critically analysed to draw general conclusions from an application point of view.

Thermal efficiency enhancement of solar aircraft by utilizing unsteady hybrid nanofluid: A single-phase optimized entropy analysis

The foremost energy source originating from the sun, which is solar energy is widely utilized in solar technologies such as photovoltaic cells installed in energy plates, street lights, and water pumping. Meanwhile, the combination between solar radiations and nanotechnology is utilized in solar aircraft (SA). Therefore, this article investigated the working function of parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) to analyze the performance of SA wings. The SA performance is reported due to the heat transfer analysis in the working fluid flows in PTSC, where the selected fluid is tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid (THHNF). The THHNF is this article contains the blend of two nanoparticles (NP), including Copper (Cu) and Silica (SiO2), in the EG-Ethylene glycol viscous fluid. The heat transfer in the working fluid flows in the wings is discussed by considering the influencing factors, namely as variable thermal conductivity, thermal radiations, and porous media. In addition, entropy generation is also conducted for THHNF. The early set of mathematical formulation has been handled using a finite difference method. The distributions of velocity, temperature fields, shear stress, coefficient of surface drag, and Nusselt number are are depicted and tabulated: These results are restricted to the effect of controlling parameters. The main finding from this article is: The aircraft wings experience an enhancement in the heat transmission due to an amplification of thermal radiative flow and variant thermal conductivity. In comparison with conventional nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid shows better performance in heat transmission. The thermal efficacy of SiO2/Cu-EG over Cu-EG recorded a minimal level of 0.2%, and reached maximum percentage at 3.9%.

Comparative thermal transport mechanism in Cu-H2O and Cu-Al2O3/H2O nanofluids: numerical investigation

Thermal efficiency in conventional nanoliquids and hybrid nanofluid is one of the potential areas of research nowadays and multifariously applicable in broad industrial and engineering zone. The hybrid nanofluids have their own importance due to their enhanced thermal conductivity and better conductor for heat transfer. Therefore, the comparative study is performed conventional, and hybrid nanofluids are synthesized by Cu and Al2O3 with water as a base solvent. The novel nonlinear thermal radiations effects are introduced in the constitutive model and then furnished the results for the flow regimes (velocity, thermal behavior, shear stresses and local Nusselt number) by varying the physical constraints. Further, it is executed that the hybrid nanoliquids have ultra-high thermal performance than simple nanoliquid due to the addition of Al2O3. Finally, validation of the study is performed by restricting our model to some physical constraints and found them in excellent agreement with previously published work.

Unsteady 3D heat transport in hybrid nanofluid containing brick shaped ceria and zinc-oxide nanocomposites with heat source/sink

In the field of nano-composites, hybrid nano-fluids have noteworthy applications in aerospace, energy materials, thermal sensors, antifouling, etc. because of their ability to produce higher thermal conductivity than conventional nanofluids. Different combinations of nanocomposites have been found in the literature to develop the suitable hybrid-mixture, but no study has been found yet about the combined influence of ceria and zinc-oxide nanocomposites in the host liquid. In this article, unsteady 3 D transport of water driven hybrid nano-fluid with the consequences of brick shaped nanocomposites (ceria; and zinc oxide; ) has deliberated with the thermal link of heat source/sink. Variable thermal conditions have been supplied at the surface with the effect of a magnetic environment. Similarity relations have been used to articulate the transport equations into solvable forms and then solved numerically via Keller-Box method. Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficients have also plotted with the wide ranges of involved parameters. Thermal setup has also briefly been discussed with the non-uniformity of surface temperature. Rate of heat transfer has significantly improved with the amounts of ceria (1 wt% to 10 wt%) and zinc-oxide (1 wt% to 10 wt%) nanocomposites. The Nusselt number is reported in the range of 4.0 to 4.8 with the increasing amount of from −0.6 to −0.2, whereas it is reported in the range of 3.1 to 3.9 with the varying amount of from 0.2 to 0.6. Rate of heat transfer is observed higher for zinc-oxide nanoparticles as compared to ceria nanoparticles.

Melting Heat Transition in a Spinning Flow of Silver‐Magnesium Oxide/Engine Oil Hybrid Nanofluid Using Parametric Estimation

This study reports the three‐dimensional (3D) flow of Ag‐MgO hybrid nanofluid (HNF) over a spinning disc of flexible thickness in the presence of modified Fourier law. The HNF is contained of silver and magnetic nanoparticulate in the base fluid engine oil. The energy transition has been examined in the involvement of melting heat propagation. The highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is processed by adopting the proper similarity conversions to attain the coupled ODE system. The obtained system of modeled equations is numerically solved by employing the Parametric Continuation Method (PCM). The nature of various constraints, as opposed to the velocities, energy, and mass transmission, is portrayed and described. In comparison to the simple nanofluid flow, the hybrid nanoliquid flow’s velocity and heat conduction are observed to have a significant influence. As a result, the functionality of the hybrid nanoliquid is significantly superior to that of the conventional nanofluid. The positive variation in power‐law exponent n and Reynold number Re significantly enhances the fluid velocity. The effect of both melting coefficient and thermal relaxation term reduces fluid temperature.

Characterisation, Performance and Optimisation of Nanocellulose Metalworking Fluid (MWF) for Green Machining Process

The present research attempts to develop a hybrid coolant by mixing alumina nanoparticles with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) into ethylene glycol-water (60:40) and investigate the viability of formulated hybrid nanocoolant (CNC-Al2O3-EG-Water) towards enhancing the machining behavior. The two-step method has been adapted to develop the hybrid nanocoolant at various volume concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 0.9%). Results indicated a significant enhancement in thermal properties and tribological behaviour of the developed hybrid coolant. The thermal conductivity improved by 20-25% compared to the metal working fluid (MWF) with thermal conductivity of 0.55 W/m℃. Besides, a reduction in wear and friction coefficient was observed with the escalation in the nanoparticle concentration. The machining performance of the developed hybrid coolant was evaluated using Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in the turning of mild steel. A regression model was developed to assess the deviations in the tool flank wear and surface roughness in terms of feed, cutting speed, depth of the cut, and nanoparticle concentration using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The mathematical modeling shows that cutting speed has the most significant impact on surface roughness and tool wear, followed by feed rate. The depth of cut does not affect surface roughness or tool wear. Surface roughness achieved 24% reduction, 39% enhancement in tool length of cut, and 33.33% improvement in tool life span. From this, the surface roughness was primarily affected by spindle cutting speed, feed rate, and then cutting depth while utilising either conventional water or composite nanofluid as a coolant. The developed hybrid coolant manifestly improved the machining behaviour.