Conventional Metallic Alloys Research Articles

Improving Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni High Entropy Alloy via C and Mo Microalloying.

The as-cast [Co40Cr25(FeNi)35-yMoy]100-xCx (x = 0, 0.5, y = 3, 4, 5 at.%) HEAs (high-entropy alloys) were prepared by a vacuum arc melting furnace and were then hot rolled. The effect of C and Mo elements on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of HEAs was systematically analyzed. The results showed that when no C atoms were added, the HEAs consisted of FCC + HCP dual-phase structure. In addition, as the Mo content increased, the grain size of the alloy increased from 17 μm to 47 μm. However, only the FCC phase appeared after adding 0.5 at.% carbon in Mo microalloyed HEAs, and the grain size of the Mo4C0.5 HEA decreased significantly. Due to the Mo atom content exceeding the solid solution limit, the carbides of Mo combined with the C element appeared in the Mo5C0.5 HEA. The strength of C and Mo microalloyed HEAs significantly increased compared to HEAs with no C added. However, the Mo4C0.5 HEA exhibited excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, which was superior to a majority of reported HEAs and conventional metal alloys. Its yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation were 757 MPa, 1186 MPa, and 69%, respectively. The strengthening mechanism was a combination of fine grain strengthening, TWIP effect, and solid solution strengthening.

Polyetheretherketone: Properties, Modifications and Applications in General Dentistry

Abstract The commercialisation of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) of polyaryletherketone family paved for the new development in the medical field, especially in dentistry. The high performance and better bioavailability, biocompatibility and strength all together made this material a replacement for laboratory technicians to switch from conventional metallic and zirconium alloys to PEEK. The objective is to know the general characteristics, mechanical and chemical properties and various uses of PEEK in dentistry and the use of PEEK in implant prosthodontics. Various modifications of PEEK like Carbon fiber reinforced (CFR-PEEK) and Glass fiber reinforced (GFR-PEEK) were discovered to replace unreinforced PEEK due to its better physical and mechanical properties. The various applications of PEEK are also a main objective. PEEK has replaced titanium in implant dentistry because of its better tensile strength and its elastic modulus which is close to the dentin. The advantages and disadvantages of PEEK in dental implant prosthesis are also considered.

Mechanical properties of lamellar-structured 18Ni300 maraging steel manufactured via directed energy deposition

The combination of repetitive melting–solidification cycles, directional laser scanning, and microstructure design using additive manufacturing (AM) is effective for enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic alloys. Because the ultrafine metastable phases in as-built metallic alloys are beneficial to their mechanical properties, there is a design window to enhance the strength–ductility combination by controlling the metastable phase distribution with AM. In this study, ultrafine lamellar-structured maraging steel consisting of martensite and austenite was manufactured using directed energy deposition. The stripe laser scan strategy induced linear (Mo, Ti, Ni)-rich segregations that formed lamellar-structured austenite by reducing the martensitic transformation starting temperature in the high-Ni-content maraging steel. The deformation-induced martensitic transformation and back-stress hardening near the austenite–martensite interfacial region enhanced the plasticity capability of the AM-processed maraging steel and achieved a better strength–ductility combination compared with conventional and recently developed AM-processed maraging steels. This result indicates that artificial microstructural design via AM is important for enhancing the performance of metallic alloys, which can also be achieved with conventional metallic alloys by distributing the metastable phase with processing variable control.

Achieving superior combined cryogenic strength and ductility in a high-entropy alloy via the synergy of low stacking fault energy and multiscale heterostructure

A Co30Cr20Fe18Mn18Ni11Si3 high-entropy alloy (HEA) with low stacking fault energy and high strengthen was designed based on the principle of heterostructure strengthening. The alloy was processed into a multiscale heterogeneous microstructure containing hierarchical twins. The alloy achieved an ultrahigh yield strength of 1500 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1750 MPa and a large ductility of 20 % at 77 K. These mechanical properties were superior to those of most FCC HEAs reported in the literature, breaking the strength-ductility trade-off of conventional metal alloys. Such extraordinary mechanical properties were attributed to a suitable strain hardening capability, stemming from the synergistic effect of hetero-deformation-induced hardening, twinning-induced plasticity, and deformation-induced phase transformation during tensile deformation.

Evaluation of polyetheretherketone composites modified by calcium silicate and carbon nanotubes for bone regeneration: mechanical properties, biomineralization and induction of osteoblasts.

Desired orthopedic implant materials must have a good biological activity and possess appropriate mechanical property that correspond to those of human bone. Although polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has displayed a promising application prospect in musculoskeletal and dentistry reconstruction thanks to its non-biodegradability and good biocompatibility in the body, the poor osseointegration and insufficient mechanical strength have significantly limited its application in the repair of load-bearing bones and surgical operations. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNT)/calcium silicate (CS)/polyetheretherketone ternary composites were fabricated for the first time. The addition of CS was mainly aimed at improving biological activities and surface hydrophilicity, but it inevitably compromised the mechanical strength of PEEK. CNT can reinforce the composites even when brittle CS was introduced and further upgraded the biocompatibility of PEEK. The CNT/CS/PEEK composites exhibited higher mechanical strengths in tensile and bending tests, 64% and 90% higher than those of brittle CS/PEEK binary composites. Besides, after incorporation of CNT and CS into PEEK, the hydrophilicity, surface roughness and ability to induce apatite-layer deposition were significantly enhanced. More importantly, the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryo osteoblasts were effectively promoted on CNT/CS/PEEK composites. In contrast to PEEK, these composites exhibited a more satisfactory biocompatibility and osteoinductive activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that ternary CNT/CS/PEEK composites have the potential to serve as a feasible substitute to conventional metal alloys in musculoskeletal regeneration and orthopedic implantation.

Multi attribute decision making through COPRAS on tensile properties of hybrid fiber metal laminate sandwich structures for aerospace and automotive industries

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are made by sandwiching a fiber-reinforced composite between thin layers of metal. FMLs are modern materials utilized in the manufacture of automobiles and aircraft because of their improved mechanical behavior compared to conventional metallic alloys. In the current study, different fabrics, that is, jute (J), glass (G), carbon (C), basalt (B), and aramid (A) were used as reinforcing components for composites that were sandwiched between two aluminum (Al) alloy sheets as a metal component in the proposed FMLs. The effect of hybridizing J-reinforced composite with different declared fabrics on the tensile response of the designed FMLs was experimentally investigated. The proposed FMLs were created using manual lay-up and compression casting techniques. Complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) was adapted to find the best FMLs structure that achieved the optimum tensile properties. The Al/2C/4J/2C/Al and Al/8J/Al structures were ranked first and last, respectively, based on COPRAS results.

Light Weight MnTiAlNiFe High-Entropy Alloy (LWHEA) Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Process: Mechanical, Microstructure, and Tribological Properties

The present work is focused on the development of lightweight high entropy alloy (LWHEA) using a powder metallurgy process. The primitive powders of manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) with a purity of ∼ 99.5 % and particle size in the range of 40 to 70 µm were considered as a raw material for the synthesis of present LWHEA. The elemental powders at an equal molar ratio were mechanically alloyed (MA) in a high-energy ball milling for 28 hrs. The MA powders were then cold compacted using 500 MPa pressure, followed by sintering at 900 °C in an inert atmosphere to produce a bulk cylindrical sample of 8 mm diameter and 8 mm height. The average particle size of the milled powders was measured by FESEM image analysis, while the crystal size of the milled powders was predicted from the XRD peak broadening followed by full-width half maximum (FWHM) peak profile calculation using the Hall-Williamson method. The BCC structure, along with intermetallic phases, was identified in the sintered bulk LWHEA of MnTiAlNiFe. Some intermetallic phases act as reinforcement in the alloy. The EDX analysis of MA powder revealed that all the elemental powders were distributed homogeneously to form a solid solution of LWHEA powder. The deformation behavior of the sintered MnTiAlNiFe LWHEA was studied by analyzing the loading–unloading curve of micro indentation. A remarkable improvement in the hardness values (microhardness ∼ 7.382 GPa and Martens hardness ∼ 3.09 GPa at 3 N load) was observed compared to conventional lightweight metallic alloys. The investigation of the wear behavior of the bulk MnTiAlNiFe LWHEA samples carried out in a Universal Tribometer coupled with a 3D optical profilometer predicts the load-dependent coefficient of friction of the sample.

A Review on Drilling of Multilayer Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Aluminum Stacks: Optimization of Strategies for Improving the Drilling Performance of Aerospace Assemblies

In recent years, the use of hybrid composite stacks, particularly CFRP/Al assemblies, and fiber metal laminates (FMLs) has progressively become a convincing alternative to fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and conventional metal alloys to meet the requirements of structural weight reduction in the modern aerospace industry. These new structural materials, which combine greater mechanical properties with low specific mass, are commonly assembled by riveted and bolted joints. The drilling operation, which represents the essential hole-making process used in the aerospace industry, proves particularly challenging when it comes to achieving damage-free holes with tight tolerances for CFRP/Al stacks in one-shot operations under dry conditions due to the dissimilar mechanical and thermal behavior of each constituent. Rapid and severe tool wear, heat damage, oversized drilled holes and the formation of metal burrs are among the major issues induced by the drilling of multi-material stacks. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements concerning the selection of optimized strategies for high-performance drilling of multi-material stacks by focusing on the significant conclusions of experimental investigations of the effects of drilling parameters and cutting tool characteristics on the drilling performance of aerospace assemblies with CFRP/Al stacks and FML materials. The feasibility of alternative drilling processes for improving the hole quality of hybrid composite stacks is also discussed.

Free Vibration Analysis of Anisotropic Composite Materials of a Fixed-Wing

Nowadays, the availability of composite materials and their acceptable manufacturing cost, in addition to their high strength-to-weight ratio, has shifted the use of the materials from metal alloys to composite materials in the aircraft industry. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of wing natural frequencies and deflection with regard to three different composite materials - carbon fiber, glass fiber, and Kevlar fiber - was conducted, and the results were compared with conventional metal alloys aluminum2024 and 7075-T6, while taking into account the anisotropic behavior of the composite materials. The results indicate that the metal alloys aluminum 2024 and 7075-T6 have the best properties, and consists of the most suitable materials for aircraft wings compared with other composite materials. In addition, the deflection of the wing using AL2024 was about 0.549 unit length and for 7075-T6 was about 0.547 unit length, which was almost less than half of the deflections of other proposed composite materials which are 1.252, 1.389, 1.293 unit length for glass fiber, Kevlar fiber and carbon fiber, respectively.

Surface‐Tailored Medium Entropy Alloys as Radically Low Overpotential Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts

AbstractNumerous studies have explored new materials for electrocatalysts, but it is difficult to discover materials that surpass the catalytic activity of current commercially available noble metal electrocatalysts. In contrast to conventional transition metal alloys, high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have immense potential to maximize their catalytic properties because of their high stability and compositional diversity as oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). This work presents medium‐entropy alloys (MEAs) as OER electrocatalysts to simultaneously satisfy the requirement of high catalytic activity and long‐term stability. The surface of MEA electrocatalyst is tailored to suit the OER via anodizing and cyclic voltammetry activation methods. Optimized electrical properties and hydrophilicity of the surface enable an extremely low overpotential of 187 mV for achieving the current density of 10 mA cm−2 alkaline media. Furthermore, a combined photovoltaic‐electrochemical system with MEA electrocatalyst and a perovskite/Si tandem solar cell exhibits a solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.6% for an unassisted hydrogen generation system. These results present a new pathway for designing sustainable high efficiency water splitting cells.

Tensile and flexural characteristic of functionally graded carbon fiber reinforced composites with alumina and yttria stabilized zirconia fillers for bone implant

Bone fractures are a common form of injury with more than 10 million cases per year in India. The vivo treatment of bone fractures is done with a surgical bone plate attached to the site of fracture. The bone plate attached to the injured bone facilitates the load bearing and helps in the healing of bones. Commonly stainless steel, titanium alloys and chromium cobalt alloys are used as the materials for these implants. They have the disadvantage of stress shielding the bone and having differing elastic modulus from the bone which causes reduction in bone density and implant loosening, respectively. This problem can be reduced using bone implant that have mechanical properties like the bone. The bone is a natural functionally graded material with varying mechanical properties from the surface to the core of the bone. So, a functionally graded material concept can be used instead of conventional metal or metal alloys for the bone plates. The gradation is done in a carbon fiber reinforcement polymer matrix with alumina and yttria-stabilized zirconia as particulate filler. Mechanical testing has shown that carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite with YSZ as particulate filler exhibits the best properties that are suitable for use as implants.

Symbiotic crystal-glass alloys via dynamic chemical partitioning

The design of high performance structural materials is always pursuing combinations of excellent yet often mutually exclusive properties such as mechanical strength, ductility and thermal stability. Although crystal-glass composite alloys provide better ductility compared to fully amorphous alloys, their thermal stability is poor, due to heterogeneous nucleation at the crystal-glass interface. Here we present a new strategy to develop thermally stable, ultrastrong and deformable crystal-glass nanocomposites through a thermodynamically guided alloy design approach, which mimics the mutual stabilization principle known from symbiotic ecosystems. We realized this in form of a model Cr-Co-Ni (crystalline)/Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Cr-Co-Ni (amorphous) laminate composite alloy. The symbiotic alloy has an ultrahigh compressive yield strength of 3.6 GPa and large homogeneous deformation of ∼15% strain at ambient temperature, values which surpass those of conventional metallic glasses and nanolaminate alloys. Furthermore, the alloy exhibits ∼200 K higher crystallization temperature (TX > 973 K) compared to that of the original TiZrNbHf-based amorphous phase. The elemental partitioning among adjacent amorphous and crystalline phases leads to their mutual thermodynamic and mechanical stabilization, opening up a new symbiotic approach for stable, strong and ductile materials.

Molecule-like chemical units in metallic alloys

Each conventional alloy has its own specific compositions but the compositional origin is largely unknown due to our insufficient understanding about chemical short-range ordering in the alloy, in particular, in the solid-solution state. In the present paper, the compositions of metallic alloys are discussed and formulated, by unveiling the basic moleculelike structural units in solid solutions. Friedel oscillation theory, which describes the partial charge screening behavior in solid solutions, and henceforth the origin of short-range ordering, is applied to pin down the ideal chemical compositions of conventional metallic alloys. We propose that, at a specific composition, atoms self-assemble into an ideally ordered structure consisting of atoms residing in the nearest-neighbor shell (denoted as cluster) plus those in the next outer shell (denoted as glue atoms), which can be formulated as [cluster](glue atoms). This simplified version of short-range-order structure represents the smallest charge-neutral and mean-density zone (termed as “chemical units”) and can be regarded as the ‘molecules’ of solid solutions. Accordingly, the chemical units and the corresponding molecule-like formulas for face-centered-cubic (FCC), hexagonal close-packed (HCP), and body-centered cubic (BCC) structures are analyzed and equations are obtained to identify the chemical formulas for FCC solid solutions. For instance, well-known α-brass Cu-30Zn alloy is formulated as [Zn-Cu12]Zn4. Examples of aluminum alloys, superalloys and stainless steels are also illustrated, demonstrating the versatility of the present model to interpret chemically complex alloys.

Mechanical characterisation of kenaf/PALF reinforced composite-metal laminates: Effects of hybridisation and weaving architectures

Fibre metal laminates are advanced sandwich materials that offer various outstanding properties over conventional metallic alloys and composites. This research study intends to investigate the effects of weaving architectures and stacking configurations on the mechanical properties of fibre metal laminates based on kenaf/pineapple leaf fibre. Fibre metal laminates were fabricated through the hot moulding compression technique. Mechanical tests were performed on the kenaf/pineapple leaf fibre-based fibre metal laminates. In accordance with the findings obtained, hybridisation had led to the improvement in the mechanical properties of fibre metal laminates in comparison with [K/K/K] fibre metal laminates. Overall, twill woven-ply [P/P/P] fibre metal laminates showed the highest tensile and flexural strength, which was 14.53% and 33.50% higher than twill woven-ply [K/K/K] fibre metal laminates, respectively. Besides, the twill woven-ply [P/P/P] fibre metal laminates also displayed the highest impact strength and indentation properties compared to other non-hybrid and hybrid fibre metal laminates. When comparing the fibre metal laminates with different weaving architectures, twill woven-ply fibre metal laminates were shown to have higher mechanical properties over those of plain woven-ply fibre metal laminates.

Investigation on low velocity impact behavior of sandwich composite and monolithic laminate plates using FEM analysis

Because the fiber composite approach can provide significant improvement in specific strength and stiffness over conventional metal alloys, the consuming demand is getting more increase. Moreover, the composite material structures are more effective in economic point of view due to great reduction of number of parts and manufacturing processes relatively to the conventional metal structure. However the composite structures has an disadvantage for instance, very weak for impact damage due to foreign object damage such as, sand, rock, birds, tool, etc. Especially the damage due to low velocity impact rather than that by high velocity impact cannot be visually found. Such the low velocity damage can be divided into some types such as matrix cracking, fiber fracture, delamination, etc. In this study low velocity impact behaviors of monolithic laminate plate were investigated and sandwich composite plate compared using a commercial FEM Code.

Nanoglass‐based balloon expandable stents

Here, a prototypical metallic nanoglass is proposed as a new alloy for balloon expandable stents. Traditionally, the stainless steel SS 316L alloy has been used as a preferred material for this application due to its proper combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Recently, metallic glasses (MGs) have been considered as promising materials for biodevice applications. MGs often display outstanding mechanical properties superior to those of conventional metallic alloys and overcome some of the weaknesses of SS 316L, such as radiopacity, stainless steel allergy, and thrombosis-induced restenosis. However, commonly used monolithic MGs, which have an amorphous homogeneous microstructure, suffer from lack of ductility that is necessary for deployment of balloon expandable stents. In contrast, nanoglasses, that is, amorphous alloys with heterogeneous microstructure, exhibit enhanced ductility which makes them promising materials for balloon expandable stents. We evaluate the feasibility of a prototypical Zr64 Cu36 nanoglass with a grain size of 5 nm for balloon expandable stents by performing finite element method modeling of the stent deployment process in a coronary artery. We consider the BX-Velocity stent design and the nanoglass mechanical properties calculated from atomistic simulations. The results suggest that nanoglasses are suitable materials for balloon expandable stent applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:73-79, 2020.

Osteocytes respond to particles of clinically-relevant conventional and cross-linked polyethylene and metal alloys by up-regulation of resorptive and inflammatory pathways

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a major cause of implant failure in total hip replacements. Aseptic loosening caused by osteolytic lesions is associated with the production of bioactive wear particles from the articulations of implants. Wear particles infiltrate the surrounding tissue of implants, promoting inflammation as well as bone resorption. Osteocytes have been shown to both regulate physiological osteoclastogenesis and directly remodel their perilacunar bone matrix by the process of osteocytic osteolysis. We hypothesise that osteocytes respond to wear debris of orthopaedic implant materials by adopting a pro-catabolic phenotype and thus contribute to periprosthetic osteolysis through the known pathways of bone loss. Osteocyte responses to particles derived from clinically relevant materials, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and metal alloys, Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo, were examined in vitro in human primary osteocyte-like cultures. Osteocyte-like cells exposed to both polyethylene and metal wear particle types showed upregulated expression of catabolic markers associated with osteocytic osteolysis, MMP13, carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) and cathepsin K (CTSK). In addition, pro-osteoclastogenesis markers RANKL and M-CSF were induced, as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNFα, albeit with different kinetics. These findings suggest a previously unrecognised action of wear particles of multiple orthopaedic materials on osteocytes, and suggest a multifaceted role for osteocytes in periprosthetic osteolysis. Statement of SignificanceThis study addresses periprosthetic osteolysis, a major clinical problem leading to aseptic loosening of orthopaedic implants. It is well accepted that wear particles of polyethylene and of other implant materials stimulate the activity of bone resorbing osteoclasts. Our recent work provided evidence that commercial particles of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) stimulated osteocytes to adopt a bone catabolic state. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that particles derived from materials in clinical use, conventional UHMWPE, highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), and Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo metal alloys, all stimulate human osteocyte activities of osteocyte-regulated osteoclastogenesis, osteocytic osteolysis, proinflammatory responses, osteocyte apoptosis, albeit to varying extents. This study provides further mechanistic insight into orthopaedic wear particle mediated bone disease in terms of the osteocyte, the most abundant and key controlling cell type in bone.

Comparison of bond strength of two porcelains and two base metal alloys in metal-ceramic restorations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between two porcelains (VITA VMK Master and VITA VM13) and two types of base metal alloys (Ceramill Sintron and Verabond). In an experimental study, 20 rectangular strips (25 mm × 4 mm × 0.5 mm) of each base metal alloy (Ceramill Sintron and Verabond) were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions. After sandblasting and polishing, the samples were placed in an ultrasonic device to remove surface contaminants. A surface of 8 mm × 4 mm × 1 mm of samples was veneered with Vita VM13 and VITA VMK Master. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 10 each group; VM13/Ceramill, VMK Master/Ceramill, VM13/Verabond, and VMK Master/Verabond), and bond strength was evaluated by three-point bending test with a universal testing machine. Two-way ANOVA was used for comparison in each group, post hoc Scheffe's test was used for analyzing data between groups, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the normality (P < 0.05). The maximum bond strength was related to Verabond/VM13 (44.35 ± 7.9 MPa) and then the Ceramill Sintron/VM13 (39.33 ± 4.43 MPa), and the lowest was related to the Ceramill Sintron/VMK Master (29.75 ± 3.2 MPa). There was no significant difference between bond strength of VM13 with the two alloy groups (P > 0.05), and bond strength of VMK Master to Ceramill Sintron CAD/CAM alloy was less than the conventional Verabond alloy (P < 0.05); however, bond strength of all the groups was above the standard threshold (25 MPa). Based on the results of this study, the bond strength of the porcelain to Verabond was better, but the bond strength of the porcelain to Ceramill Sintron also was not less than the standard threshold; thus, this new CAD/CAM alloy can be an alternative to the conventional base metal alloys in the metal-ceramic restorations.

Developing Superplasticity in High-Entropy Alloys Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are currently attracting much interest because they offer unique properties and good ductility at low temperatures. These materials are of interest primarily because they contain five or more principal elements, with each element having a concentration between 5 and 35 at. %, and yet they have very simple structures based on solid solution phases. Superplasticity is defined formally as a tensile elongation without failure of at least 400% and very recent experiments have shown that the HEAs also have a potential for exhibiting superplastic ductilities when testing at elevated temperatures. Since superplasticity requires a very small grain size, typically &lt;10 μm, it is feasible to process HEAs using severe plastic deformation in order to introduce significant grain refinement. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent results showing superplasticity in HEAs and to compare directly the superplastic flow in HEAs and superplasticity in conventional metallic alloys.

Influence of kenaf fabric on the tensile performance of environmentally sustainable fibre metal laminates

Towards the use of environment friendly materials, the recent trend has inclined to the natural based resources in a wide variety of applications. Fibre metal laminates are the contemporary materials used in aerospace industry due to the excellent mechanical behaviour compared to conventional metallic alloys. In this study, the effects of kenaf fabric layers, fibre orientations and chemical treatment on the tensile responses of thermoplastic fibre metal laminates were investigated. The laminates were formed based on plain weave kenaf fabric, polypropylene and annealed aluminium 6061 through the hot press compression method. The tensile test was performed at a quasi-static rate of loading with reference to ASTM E8. Experimental results revealed that the number of kenaf fabric has a major contribution to the tensile strength and modulus of the laminates. For untreated laminates, it was noticed that the increase in the kenaf fabric layers deteriorates the tensile strength and modulus. For treated laminates, the encapsulation of two layers of kenaf fabric exhibited the highest tensile properties. Furthermore, fibre metal laminates with a fibre orientation of 0°/90° exhibited higher tensile strength and modulus compared to fibre orientation of ±45°. However, higher elongation was observed for the laminates with a fibre orientation of ±45° due to the scissoring effect. Overall, the treated laminates showed higher tensile strength and modulus than untreated laminates.