Conventional Medium Research Articles

Propagation Behavior Studies on Elliptically Polarized Wave within Chiral Negative Refraction Mediums

According to elementary transmission theories of electromagnetic wave and constitutive relation of mediums, the propagation behaviors are analyzed theoretically and numerically in detail when the elliptically polarized wave is incident upon the surface of a chiral negative refraction medium. The change rules of flux density of reflection and refraction with incident angle are given, which have distinct difference with conventional medium. It is also found that the left and right circularly polarized electromagnetic wave components have different propagation behaviors with the chiral negative refraction medium.

Substitution of manure source and aerator in nursery media on sandy loam topsoil and their fertility indices 4\xa0months after formulation

PurposeIn soil-based nursery media, topsoil, poultry droppings and sawdust conventionally provide anchorage, nutrients and aeration, respectively. Considering poultry droppings’ scarcity and sawdust’s inertness nutrient-wise, more readily available organic wastes should be explored as substitutes. Here, we evaluated the effect of such substitution on media fertility, aimed at seeking alternatives to the conventional practice.MethodsIn a topsoil-manure-aerator volume ratio of 3:2:1, poultry droppings was substituted with pig slurry (slurry) or cattle dung (dung) as manure and sawdust with rice-husk dust (huskdust) as aerator, giving seven soil-based media including reference medium (topsoil+droppings+sawdust) and the control (topsoil+topsoil+topsoil). They were watered regularly and analysed for fertility parameters 4 months later.ResultsReference had the highest pH (8.60) and topsoil + dung + huskdust/control the lowest (6.83). Substituting sawdust with huskdust enhanced pH, organic matter and Mg2+ in droppings/dung-amended media (topsoil+droppings+huskdust/topsoil+dung+huskdust) unlike slurry-amended ones where it too reduced total nitrogen (0.19 vs 0.11%). The substitution also enhanced available phosphorus in topsoil+droppings+huskdust (117.50 mg kg−1) and topsoil+dung+huskdust (71.50 mg kg−1) but reduced K+ in the latter where it too had moderating effects on Na+. Reference surpassed topsoil+slurry+huskdust for Ca2+, but was surpassed by topsoil+droppings+huskdust for Mg2+. Reference/topsoil+droppings+huskdust and topsoil+slurry+huskdust/control showed highest and lowest CEC, respectively. Excluding pH, topsoil+dung+huskdust and topsoil+slurry+sawdust were, notably, consistently similar. Overall, droppings-amended > dung-amended > slurry-amended media and, for available phosphorus only, sawdust-aerated < huskdust-aerated media.ConclusionBased on fertility status 4 months after blending, topsoil+droppings+huskdust could serve as alternative to the conventional nursery medium, or topsoil+dung+huskdust where near-neutral pH is preferred to increased phosphorus/cations release.

Radon Gas Adsorption Properties of Non-Cement Matrix Using Anthracite

Background/Objectives: Recently, research on minimizing the exposure of radon in human environment is under way due to the threat of exposure to radiation, which is a problem in the world.Methods/Statistical analysis: This study is about the production of Radon Radiation Absorbing Hardeners for radon - emitting materials in indoor environment of human body. The anthracite used as a conventional filter medium was used as a radon adsorbent and the characteristics of an adsorbed cured body for the replacement ratio of anthracite were analyzed.Findings: As a result of the analysis of the experimental results, the results of the measurement of the radon gas concentration are as follows. And the adsorption effect on the half - life period of 3.8 days of radon gas was investigated. The adsorption properties of radon gas showed similar tendency irrespective of the measurement period. The longer the period, the more the concentration of radon gas was constant.Improvements/Applications: As a result of this study, the concentration of radon gas tended to decrease as the anthracite replacement ratio increased, which was not related to the duration of the measurement period of 3 days and 7 days. It is considered that the average data analysis is needed through long-term measurement of radon gas, and additional experiments are required considering the space and spatial characteristics. In addition, performance evaluation of other adsorbents is also considered necessary.

Feasibility of using basalt fiber as biofilm Carrier to construct bio-nest for wastewater treatment

Generally, biofilms developed for wastewater treatment readily detach from carrier medium once available thickness exceeds about 2 mm. Carrier media made of basalt fibers (BFs) could form ball-like aggregates (more than 10 cm in size, and called bio-nest). To demonstrate its feasibility for wastewater treatment, both reactors with and without BF carriers (RBF and RCO) were evaluated in terms of nutrient removal, oxygen mass transport and biological viabilities as well as biofilm adsorption characteristics. Therefore, oxygen microprofiles and confocal images for bio-nest as well as functional groups for biofilm-attached BF were performed on microsensor systems, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Despite COD:N ratio, both reactors removed about 90% of COD, while only RBF reactor achieved high denitrification capabilities, with nitrogen removal efficiencies varying between 60.10 ± 0.45% and 82.07 ± 0.64%. Microprofile and confocal images showed that dissolved oxygen could reach the core with depth up to 50 mm, at which viable bacteria were detected. Characteristic peaks on FT-IR spectrum demonstrated that various functional groups of polysaccharide and proteins in EPS played a key role in aggregating biofilm-attached BFs into a bio-nest. Thus, BF provides a promising alternative to conventional carrier medium for wastewater treatment.

Chromogenic media for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A in human stool samples: evaluation in a reference setting.

Detection of Salmonella Paratyphi A stool carriers by conventional stool culture media is hindered by the absence of hydrogen sulphide production compared to most other Salmonella serovars. This study evaluated the detection of Salmonella Paratyphi A in stool samples using Salmonella chromogenic media compared to a conventional medium. Four chromogenic media, COMPASS Salmonella agar (Biokar Diagnostics, Beauvais, France), BBL™ CHROMagar™ Salmonella (BD Diagnostics, Erembodegem-Aalst, Belgium), Brilliance™ Salmonella agar (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, UK) and Salmonella PLUS CHROMagar™ (CHROMagar, Paris, France), were compared to conventional Salmonella-Shigella agar (Oxoid Ltd.). The colony morphology of 29 freshly grown stock isolates (Salmonella and competing organisms) was assessed. The limit of detection (LOD) was also determined using saline and stool suspensions. Finally, recognizability of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates was assessed using 20 human stool samples spiked with different concentrations of Salmonella Paratyphi A. All Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates demonstrated detectable growth with typical purple-coloured colonies that could be clearly differentiated from competing organisms on all four chromogenic media. The LOD for Salmonella Paratyphi A was 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml for all media, except for Brilliance agar (105CFU/ml of stool). Salmonella Paratyphi A was easy to differentiate from competing organisms in the spiked stool samples. Colony yields improved when an enrichment step (Selenite-F broth (BD Diagnostics, Erembodegem-Aalst, Belgium)) and prolonged incubation for 48h were performed. Chromogenic media demonstrated good specificity and a low LOD for the detection of Salmonella Paratyphi A in stool samples.

Towards Functional Droplet Architectures: a Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium for Networks

The confluence of droplet-compartmentalised chemical systems and architectures composed of interacting droplets points towards a novel technology mimicking core features of the cellular architecture that dominates biology. A key challenge to achieve such a droplet technology is long-term stability in conjunction with interdroplet communication. Here, we probed the parameter space of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium, an extensively studied model for non-equilibrium chemical reactions, pipetted as 2.5 mm droplets in hexadecane oil. The presence of asolectin lipids enabled the formation of arrays of contacted BZ droplets, of which the wave patterns were characterised over time. We utilised laser-cut acrylic templates with over 40 linear oil-filled slots in which arrays are formed by pipetting droplets of the desired BZ composition, enabling parallel experiments and automated image analysis. Using variations of conventional malonic acid BZ medium, wave propagation over droplet-droplet interfaces was not observed. However, a BZ medium containing both malonic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedione was found to enable inter-droplet wave propagation. We anticipate that the chemical excitation properties of this mixed-substrate BZ medium, in combination with the droplet stability of the networks demonstrated here for nearly 400 droplets in a template-defined topology, will facilitate the development of scalable functional droplet networks.

Implementation of Backward Surface Waves by Multilayered Metal-Dielectric Metamaterials Partnering with Conventional Dielectric Media

It has been reported that backward surface waves of Tamm state can be supported by a multilayered metal–dielectric metamaterial with different partner materials, such as left-handed metamaterial or dissimilar metallic–dielectric metamaterial. In this paper, the transfer-matrix method is employed to reveal that transverse-magnetic (TM)-polarized backward surface waves can be realized by a multilayered metal–dielectric metamaterial in contact with a conventional homogenous dielectric medium. Owing to the strong optical nonlocality, the existence of such backward surface waves is proved to be dependent on the order of the metallic/dielectric layers. The relevant anomalous dispersion relations can also be dramatically engineered by varying the unit-cell thickness and the filling factor. Additionally, the distribution of the energy flow is presented to further unfold the physical mechanism of the backward surface waves. Finally, a numerical simulation of backward surface wave excited by a TM-polarized Gaussian beam based on a prism-coupled configuration is displayed.

Generation of multivirus-specific T cells by a single stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a peptide mixture using serum-free medium

Background: Restoration of virus-specific immunity by virus specific T cells (VSTs) offers an attractive alternative to conventional drugs, and can be highly effective in immunocompromised patients, including hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. However, conventional VSTs manufacture requires preparation of specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), prolonged ex vivo culture in serum-containing medium and antigen re-stimulation with viruses or viral vectors to provide viral antigens for presentation on APCs. Methods: To simplify this complex process, we developed a method to generate multiple VSTs by direct stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with overlapping peptide libraries in serum-free medium. Results: We generated VSTs that targeted seven viruses (cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], adenovirus [AdV], human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6], BK virus [BKV], JC virus [JCV] and Varicella Zoster virus [VZV]) in a single line. The phenotype, growth and specificity of multiple VSTs produced in serum-free medium were equivalent to those generated in conventional serum-containing medium. Discussion: The use of serum-free medium allows this approach to be readily introduced to clinical practice with lower cost, greater reproducibility due to the absence of batch-to-batch variability in serum and without concerns for infectious agents in the serum used. This simplified approach will now be tested in recipients of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)–matched sibling HSCT.

Isolation and characterization of progenitor cells from surgically created early healing alveolar defects in humans: A preliminary study.

The granulation tissue present in surgically-created early healing sockets has been considered as a possible source of osteoprogenitor cells for periodontal regeneration, as demonstrated in animal studies. However, the in vitro osteogenic properties of tissue removed from human surgically-created early healing alveolar defects (SC-EHAD) remains to be established, being that the aim of this study. Surgical defects were created in the edentulous ridge of two systemically healthy adults. The healing tissue present in these defects was removed 21days later for the establishment of primary culture. The in vitro characteristics of the cultured cells were determined by Armelin method, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, immunohistochemistry, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization assay, and flow cytometry for detection of stem cells/osteoprogenitor cell markers. Cells were able to adhere to the plastic and assumed spindle-shaped morphology at earlier passages, changing to a cuboidal one with increasing passages. Differences in the proliferation rate were observed with increasing passages, suggesting osteogenic differentiation. ALP and mineralization activities were detected in conventional and osteogenic medium. Fresh samples of SC-EHAD tissue exhibited CD34- and CD45- phenotypes. Cells at later passages (14th) exhibited CD34- , CD45- , CD105- , CD166- , and collagen type I+ phenotype. Tissue removed from SC-EHAD is a possible source of progenitor cells.

Sustained high evaporation rates from porous media consisting of packed circular rods

Studies of drying from a conventional porous medium, consisting of spheres, have shown the existence of three periods. In the first period evaporation rate is high and essentially depends on the atmospheric demand. Relatively simpler geometry, such as polygonal capillaries, pins liquid along the corner and retains high evaporation rate till a certain extent. We report an experimental study of evaporation from a new, but yet, simpler rod-based porous medium (RBPM) consisting of closely packed vertical circular rods. This configuration can be thought of an ‘extreme case’ of a polygonal capillary where the internal angle is zero (00). Infrared heating at about 1000 W/m2 causes evaporation from an initially saturated RBPM kept in an acrylic box. We find sustained high evaporation rates until almost all the water is depleted, a feature very different from either a conventional porous medium or a polygonal capillary. Near-zero radii contacts between the rods are able to source the liquid, against gravity, to the open end throughout the rod length (75 mm) and thus capillary depinning in all the experiments were forced due to limited liquid content. Using a novel fluorescein dye visualization technique and a simple mathematical model, we show that the corner films present in the near-zero radii contacts between rods results in the high sustained evaporation rate.

Experimental investigation of effect of orientation and surface roughness on drying of porous media consisting of rods

Studies of drying from a conventional porous medium (CPM), consisting of spheres, have shown the existence of three periods. In the first period drying rate is high and essentially depends on the atmospheric demand while in the last stage mass transfer happens from within the porous medium and is solely governed by the internal properties. In a previous study (Kumar and Arakeri) it was shown, using a cluster of closely packed smooth rods stacked vertically, that stage 1 was sustained till nearly the whole liquid gets evaporated. Near-zero radii contacts, between the rods, offering infinite height rise was shown to be the reason behind such high sustained evaporation rates and elongated duration of stage 1. Here we show that the orientation of the rods dramatically changes the evaporation process from this vertically oriented rod-based porous medium (VRBPM). Unlike the vertical case, in the horizontal case (HRBPM) smooth rods do not support stage 1. In this case transition to stage 2 was due to the liquid-vapour meniscus receding continuously in the network from the start of the experiment. Rough rods pinned the liquid along its rough surfaces and stage 1 is sustained although its duration is much smaller compared to the vertical case. Maintained hydraulic connections against gravity along the roughness of the rods thus provides a better insight towards understanding stage 1 in a conventional porous medium consisting of complicated pore geometry and their connectivity. In all the experiments, infra-red heating at about 1000 W/m2 causes evaporation from an initially saturated RBPM kept in an acrylic box.

LDMAC: A propagation delay-aware MAC scheme for long-distance UAV networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are gaining increasing importance in military and civilian applications. A challenging problem is the efficient communication between multiple UAVs and terrestrial base station (BS), where a wireless link has to cover hundreds of miles. These long-distance wireless networks suffer from heterogeneous and varying propagation delays, making conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols inappropriate. In this paper, a propagation delay-aware access scheme, LDMAC, is designed for long-distance UAV networks. It is a joint design of random access and collision-free time slot allocation. UAVs contend for time slots based on improved Irregular Repetition Slotted Aloha (IRSA), and subsequently the BS makes a collision-free, fair and optimized time slot allocation with temporal reuse. Both of the processes take full advantage of propagation delay to efficiently improve system throughput. Simulation results show that LDMAC achieves up to 30% improvement over IRSA with respect to successful decoding rate (SDR), and outperforms competing protocols that include IRSA and dynamic time division multiple access (D-TDMA) in terms of throughput in mobile wireless networks.

Effects of Copper and PQQ on the Denitrification Activities of Microorganisms Facilitating Nitrite- and Nitrate-Dependent DAMO Reaction

The growth rate of microorganisms that facilitate the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) reaction is slow; thus, establishment of appropriate cultivation conditions for these microorganisms is necessary. In this study, the effect of copper (Cu) and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) concentrations on the nitrite- and nitrate-dependent DAMO activities of these microorganisms were evaluated using an upflow-type continuous cultivation system. The study confirmed that 6 µM Cu and 2 nM PQQ had a positive effect on nitrite-dependent DAMO, but had little effect on nitrate-dependent DAMO. Conventional basal medium does not contain PQQ; therefore, supplementation of basal medium with PQQ could be an effective method for the cultivation of bacteria that facilitate nitrite-dependent DAMO.

Development of a method for the valorization of fermentation wastewater and algal-residue extract in docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp.

Fermentation wastewater (FW) and algal residue are major by-products of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fermentations utilizing Schizochytrium sp. In order to reduce production costs and environmental pollution, we explored the application of FW and algal-residue extract (AE) for DHA production. Components analysis showed that FW and AE contained some mineral elements and protein residues, respectively. When they were used for DHA fermentation, results showed that 20% replacement of fresh water by FW and 80% replacement of yeast extract nitrogen by AE reached DHA content of 22.23 g/L and 27.10 g/L, respectively. Furthermore, a novel medium that utilizes a mixture of FW and AE was applied for DHA fermentation, whereby the final DHA yield reached 28.45 g/L, 24.56% higher than conventional medium. The strategy of valorizing fermentation waste provides a new method for reducing the costs and reducing environmental pollution of microbial fermentations.

Analysis of breakdown property of the composite machining method of abrasive jet and electrical discharge

To improve the machining quality and machining efficiency, the abrasive jet flow is used to replace the conventional electrical discharge dielectric medium, and then the composite machining method of abrasive jet and electrical discharge is proposed. The experimental setup and machining principle of the composite machining method is illustrated. The breakdown property is analysed using the Laplace’s equation and its solution equation of the Gauss’s law in the differential form in the spherical coordinates. The ability limitation of the dispersion phase to weaken the dielectric strength of the electrical discharge machining fluid and the water are calculated, respectively. The conductive abrasive, the air and the Al2O3 non-conductive abrasive could weaken the dielectric strength of the electrical discharge machining fluid to 0.33 times, 0.83 times and 0.55 times, respectively. They could weaken the dielectric strength of the water to 0.33 times, 0.67 times and 0.69 times, respectively. The breakdown characteristics of different dielectric medium used in the composite machining method are analysed based on the calculating results. The water-air-Al2O3 non-conductive abrasive is the working medium with the stable characteristic. The conductive abrasive-air-electrical discharge machining fluid is the working medium with the controllable characteristic.

English

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food for over 800 million people in the tropics. However, its production is constrained by an inadequate supply of clean planting materials. Tissue culture carried out in laboratories is one established method for the mass production of clean planting materials. However, the cost of conventional tissue culture is high and the cassava industry would benefit from an alternative means of propagation. In the current study, a cost-effective protocol for micropropagation of the farmer-preferred cassava landraces &lsquo;Kibandameno&rsquo; and &lsquo;Paja la mzee&rsquo; in Tanzania was evaluated. Ammonium fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, epsom salt, monopotassium phosphate and calcinit were used as alternative source to conventional Murashige and Skoog (MS) macronutrients, while Stanes Iodized Microfood&reg; was used as alternative to MS micronutrients. Nodal cuttings of the 2 cultivars were initiated in either conventional MS or cost-effective medium supplemented with 20 g/l table sugar and 3 g/L agar. Conventional MS was used as the control in this study. Four parameters namely plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes and number of roots were recorded from the two media and the differences were determined. For all 4 parameters, both cultivars performed better in the cost-effective medium as compared to conventional MS. More than 75% of plantlets acclimatized to greenhouse conditions from both types of media survived. The cost of production of cassava plantlets in both types of media was then calculated and compared. The use of the cost effective medium led to a cost reduction of 93% over conventional MS medium, which makes it a feasible and attractive alternative for growers.&nbsp; Key words: In vitro culture, cassava, cost-effective medium, Tanzania, tissue culture, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.

Characterization of Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Serum-Free Medium.

In this article, we report on the development of a defined serum-free medium capable of supporting the culture expansion of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from canine adipose tissue (canine Ad-MSCs). The potential benefits of serum-free media can only be utilized if cells cultured in serum-free media maintain the same functional characteristics as cells cultured in serum-containing media. Therefore, we analyze the characteristics of canine Ad-MSCs cultured in this serum-free medium or in serum-containing medium through evaluation of growth kinetics, clonogenic capacity, senescence, and differentiation capacity. Both, serum-containing medium and our serum-free medium, supported efficient growth and colony formation of canine Ad-MSCs. In addition, canine Ad-MSCs cultured in both media demonstrated similar viability after freeze/thaw, similar cell surface marker expression, and were capable of trilineage differentiation. While canine Ad-MSCs cultured in both media were generally similar, under the conditions of our study, canine Ad-MSCs cultured in serum-free medium demonstrated a shorter lag phase and higher colony-forming capacity, accelerated population doubling, maintained multipotentiality at higher passage numbers, and underwent senescence at higher passage numbers compared to canine Ad-MSCs cultured in conventional serum-containing medium. These results suggest that canine Ad-MSCs cultured in serum-free medium retain the basic characteristics associated with canine Ad-MSCs cultured in serum-containing medium, although some differences in growth kinetics were observed.

Analysis of the Scalability of UWB Indoor Localization Solutions for High User Densities.

Radio frequency (RF) technologies are often used to track assets in indoor environments. Among others, ultra-wideband (UWB) has constantly gained interest thanks to its capability to obtain typical errors of 30 cm or lower, making it more accurate than other wireless technologies such as WiFi, which normally can predict the location with several meters accuracy. However, mainly due to technical requirements that are part of the standard, conventional medium access strategies such as clear channel assessment, are not straightforward to implement. Since most scientific papers focus on UWB accuracy improvements of a single user, it is not clear to which extend this limitation and other design choices impact the scalability of UWB indoor positioning systems. We investigated the scalability of indoor localization solutions, to prove that UWB can be used when hundreds of tags are active in the same system. This paper provides mathematical models that calculate the theoretical supported user density for multiple localization approaches, namely Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) and Two-Way Ranging (TWR) with different MAC protocol combinations, i.e., ALOHA and TDMA. Moreover, this paper applies these formulas to a number of realistic UWB configurations to study the impact of different UWB schemes and settings. When applied to the 802.15.4a compliant Decawave DW1000 chip, the scalability dramatically degrades if the system operates with uncoordinated protocols and two-way communication schemes. In the best case scenario, UWB DW1000 chips can actively support up to 6171 tags in a single domain cell (no handover) with well-selected settings and choices, i.e., when adopting the combination of TDoA (one-way link) and TDMA. As a consequence, UWB can be used to simultaneously localize thousands of nodes in a dense network. However, we also show that the number of supported devices varies greatly depending on the MAC and PHY configuration choices.

Studies on Energy Dissipation Mechanism of an Innovative Viscous Damper Filled with Oil and Silt

To improve seismic performance of a traditional viscous damper, an innovative viscous damper is proposed, in which the conventional damping medium is replaced by a mixture of oil and silt. This new medium is expected to increase damping force and solve the problem that arises out of the fact that the energy dissipation capacity of a conventional fluid viscous damper is low for small displacements. Firstly, the design concept and device configurations are introduced, then a cyclic loading test is applied to investigate the damper’s energy dissipation mechanism in different conditions. Experimental results show that the damper exhibits displacement-dependent characteristics for small displacements, indicating that the silt has changed its damping mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of multiple test parameters on the damping force is analyzed, showcasing that an increase in silt content can visibly increase the damping force. According to experimental data, fitting models of the damping force are obtained and verified, thus promoting further engineering applications.

Anti-infectious properties of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 on enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain H10407.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are major food-borne pathogens responsible for traveler's diarrhea. The production of adhesins and the secretion of enterotoxins constitute the major virulence traits of the bacteria. Treatments are mainly symptomatic and can involve antibiotherapy. However, given the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide, there is an urgent need for the development of new preventive strategies for the control of ETEC infections. Among them, a promising approach is the use of probiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate, using complementary in vitro and in vivo approaches, the inhibitory potential of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against the human ETEC reference strain H10407. In conventional culture media, S. cerevisiae significantly reduced ETEC growth and toxin production. The yeast also inhibited bacterial adhesion to mucin-agar and intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, pre-treatment with S. cerevisiae inhibited interleukin-8 production by ETEC-infected intestinal cells. In streptomycin-treated mice, the probiotic yeast decreased bacterial colonization, mainly in the ileum, the main site of ETEC pathogenesis. For the first time, this study shows that the probiotic yeast S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 can exert an anti-infectious activity against a human ETEC strain through a multi-targeted approach, including inhibition of bacterial growth and toxin production, reduction of bacterial adhesion to mucins and intestinal epithelial cells, and suppression of ETEC-induced inflammation. Interestingly, the highest activity was obtained with a prophylactic treatment. Further studies will aim to assess the effect of the yeast on ETEC survival and virulence under human simulated digestive conditions.