Conventional Lock Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Sistem Penguncian Pintu Menggunakan Rfid Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega 2560

Theft is a crime in Article 362 of the Criminal Code (Criminal Code), theft of many ways is one of gouging the door, destroying the building, forcing the victim to end with murder. The security guard did his best to secure a territory in order to avoid crime, one of which was theft. His ordinary theft occurs at a time when residents or owners are in a state of careless. Theft can happen anytime and anywhere, within a year of theft can reach dozens of times. To avoid this, the residents do security with a crude, at least the residents do the locking with a conventional lock on the door of the house, warehouse or room that there are precious objects. With the development of today's technology world, technological developments are also very rapid. One of the technological developments emerged Microcontroller, RFID, and other sensors. A microcontroller is a board used to control the input output of a circuit. Microcontrollers can be incorporated with RFID to be a door locking circuit, and can be added again with other sensors to get the maximum.

Using RFID technology to develop an intelligent equipment lock management system

The equipment lock has acted as an important tool for power companies to protect the electricity metering equipment. However, the conventional equipment lock has two potential problems: vandalism and counterfeiting. To fulfil the control and track the potential illegal behaviour, the human labour and paper are required to proceed with related operations, resulting in the consumption of a large amount of human resources and maintenance costs. This research focused on the design of RFID technology applied to the traditional equipment lock, with the mobile and electronic technology, we are able to strengthen the management/operating convenience of the lock and provide the solutions for anti-counterfeiting and spoilage detection, so that the national energy can be properly protected and fairly distributed. The integration of RFID data interface and mobile sensing devices will enhance the control of electricity meters and other metering devices for the power company, it will also provide accurate and mobile support with interactive mode, real-time display by the system, and real-time information services. It will serve as the 'last-mile' management tool for the electrical equipment and improve development of the intelligent electric grids.

Microcontroller Based Electronic Digital Lock with Security Notification

Due to the advancement in science and technology all over the world, there is a significant increase in the rate of crime and sophistication in crimes; as a result, it is necessary to ensure the security of one’s self and one’s valuable belongings. The main goal of this paper is aimed at creating an electronic security system capable of detecting an intruder and reporting to security personnel. The design of the microcontroller based electronic digital lock with security notification uses a four-digit pass key for its operation. The operation involves opening the door, closing the door, changing of password and alarm upon wrong password entry. It is important for use in Bank Vaults, Hotels, Offices and can also be used in our homes. The research objectives were achieved with the use of microcontroller which programs the ATMEGA328P microprocessor and interfaces it with all the other components in the circuit. In the end, the circuit was able to activate the relay switches for opening and closing the door in about three seconds, and the alarm sounds when it detects a wrong password. Comparison was made between the conventional traditional lock system and the proposed one. The distinctive feature added is the sliding door, the security notification feature and the password modification in case of a breach in security. The design fulfills the requirements of supporting conventional lock systems eliminating the use of ordinary keys shared among occupants. To demonstrate and evaluate the design, a prototype was developed. As compared to other microcontroller based digital lock, it is easy and it required less hardware. It doesn’t need additional A/D and D/A converter. We can set the password and reset it without using external device and can be easily implemented. The evaluation shows that the design works well, consumes minimal power and is able to unlock a door.Atmega328p Microcontroller was used as the main component of the project.

Smart Home Security Access System Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

Nowadays, the rapid growth of burglary and theft cases over the world has been threatening to the vulnerability of traditional home security systems. Therefore the development home security with intelligent control wherein focus to enhance conventional technique to theadvanced digital security systemand to be more interestinginhome or building owner for preventing intruders in smart home implementation. However, using avariety of type conventional lock doors for security purposes and analog intruder sensor with individual function system is not secure enoughin order to protect the person or company properties. That why the emergence of new technology such as integrated circuit network will apply in Smart Home system for abetter security solution to prevent the houses from theintruder and hazardous fire incident. Therefore, this project is done to design and build a smart system with consist of digital security entry for automatic lock doors and also for activating or deactivate all security sensor in houses which is function for detecting the irregular movement and hot temperature (fire incident) in-house for the domestic residential sector. This product includeswith doors automatic lock system using servo motor and detect irregular movement intruder using PIR motion sensor (HC-SR501) and also measure hot temperature using temperature sensor (LM35). The sensor will transmit theanalog signal to Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) the Altera DE2-115 board to be processed and which will then display the status entry after key-in password and activation security system on the LED seven segment displays. The entry login controller will use apush button or switchesavailable on FPGA board that are used to login password for automatic door accessand also able maintained for control home smart security system.

Post-flight trajectory reconstruction of suborbital free-flyers using GPS raw data

Abstract This paper describes the reconstruction of postflight trajectories of suborbital free flying units by using logged GPS raw data. We took the reconstruction as a global least squares optimization problem, using both the pseudo-range and Doppler observables, and solved it by using the trust-region-reflective algorithm, which enabled navigational solutions of high accuracy. The code tracking was implemented with a large number of correlators and least squares curve fitting, in order to improve the precision of the code start times, while a more conventional phased lock loop was used for Doppler tracking. We proposed a weighting scheme to account for fast signal strength variation due to free-flier fast rotation, and a penalty for jerk to achieve a smooth solution. We applied these methods to flight data of two suborbital free flying units launched on REXUS 12 sounding rocket, reconstructing the trajectory, receiver clock error and wind up rates. The trajectory exhibits a parabola with the apogee around 80 km, and the velocity profile shows the details of payloadwobbling. The wind up rates obtained match the measurements from onboard angular rate sensors.

Security System with Three Way Authentication

Security is the prime concern of organizations and individuals these days. It could be a house or an office which needs to be modernized with latest security systems that are more secure and robust systematically. Conventional Lock with key methods are more vulnerable to replication of keys and physically getting broken, in order to overcome this, modern techniques like RFID and Mobile applications are used. Though the prior mentioned security systems are often implemented with only the alarms and cameras which may intimate the user about the breach and collect the evidences respectively, there aren’t any counter-measures proposed to expel the thief out of the place. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to deploy counter-measures to expel the thieves out of the place even after successful breach through the door/window along with the inherent functions of the already existing systems. This paper also proposes an effective handling way of a worst-case scenario, which prevents the deployment of countermeasures when a genuine user breaks through the door in emergency situations.

The Rise and Fall of the Duke of Richmond’s Musket: Britain’s Finest but Least Known Flintlock Musket

This paper describes the efforts of Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, Master General of the Ordnance from 1782 until 1795, and the very talented gunsmith Henry Nock to give the British army a much-improved flintlock musket during the 1780s and early 1790s. New evidence from surviving prototypes illustrates the development of the rare musket that has become known as the ‘Duke of Richmond’s Musket’. The need for large quantities of arms to fight the wars with France resulted in the abandonment of this excellent gun in favour of the lower quality but much faster to make India Pattern Musket, and afterwards many Duke of Richmond Muskets were converted to conventional locks and then lost in the Tower of London fire of 1841. Only a handful of examples exist today.

Investigation into the Flow Properties of Coarse Solid Fuels for Use in Industrial Feed Systems

Material feeding and handling systems have been cited as one of the most common causes of process downtime where thermochemical conversion processes are concerned. New and emerging fuels come in a variety of forms, and if such fuels are to be deployed widely it is imperative that material feeding and handling systems are designed appropriately. This study proposes an approach for designing material feeding and handling systems for use with coarse solid fuels. The data obtained from this study indicates particle size to be one of the key issues affecting the flowability of bulk solids further to the uniformity in particle shape. Coarse bulk solid samples were shown to flow more freely than their milled and pulverised counterparts, generating higher degrees of flowability. The results from this study were also applied to a new feed system used for feeding solid fuels to high pressure processes named the Hydraulic Lock Hopper. In this study the Hydraulic Lock Hopper demonstrated the feeding of wood pellets, torrefied spruce pellets, and ground anthracite coal grains against a pressure of 25 barg in two modes of operation. Energy savings compared to conventional lock hopper systems were recorded in the region of 80%.

Development of a novel solids feed system for high pressure gasification

The Hydraulic Lock Hopper (HLH) embodies a high pressure dry feed system that uses water as an incompressible fluid to bring about compression. No pressurising gas is required, so commonly used inert gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide are conserved. The HLH has successfully demonstrated the feeding of solid fuels such as wood pellets to pressures as high as 25barg in two modes of operation. Energy requirements of 15.51kJ/kg (Mode 1) and 20.61kJ/kg (Mode 2) have been recorded which translate to significant energy savings of 81.9% and 75.9% compared to conventional lock hoppers. Energy savings have been projected to increase for Mode 2 where lock gas contamination with syngas takes place, and the mass flow rate has been shown to operate independently of pressure varying between 2 and 2.5tonnes/day. The HLH has also been shown to have a negligible effect on the fuel moisture content with moisture content increases being recorded to be consistently less than 1wt.%.

A threaded-connection locking mechanism integrated into a multi-piece mining wheel for enhanced structural performance and safety

Multi-piece wheel components are used for off-the-road (OTR) mining wheels for the purpose of tire mounting. Incident report analyses indicate that the disengagement of the rim components in the locking region is a common cause of failure. This study proposes a threaded-connection locking mechanism to remove the conventional lock ring to enhance the engagement and improve the performance of the OTR wheel. Using validated finite element models, two numerical tests were conducted to evaluate the proposed design and the conventional design, namely, (1)a pull-out tests to evaluate the engagement capability of rim components and (2) quasi-static loading tests to assess stress levels and fatigue lives. The pull-out test results showed the proposed design was almost twice as strong as the conventional design in resisting the disengagement of the rim components and the mode of failure associated with the proposed design is less catastrophic. Under quasi-static loading conditions, the maximum effective stress was approximately 29% lower and the average stress was much lower on the front section of the rim base for the proposed design. The estimated fatigue life for the proposed design was approximately three times greater than the conventional design.

Angular Stability Potentially Permits Fewer Locking Screws Compared With Conventional Locking in Intramedullary Nailed Distal Tibia Fractures: A Biomechanical Study

To compare mechanical stability of angle-stable locking construct with four screws with conventional five screw locking in intramedullary nailed distal tibia fractures under cyclic loading. Ten pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric tibiae were intramedullary nailed and assigned to either an angle-stable locking construct consisting of four screws or conventional five-screw locking. After simulating an unstable distal two-fragmental 42-A3.1 fracture, the specimens were mechanically tested under quasistatic and cyclic sinusoidal axial and torsional loading. Bending stiffness of the angle-stable and the conventional fixation was 644.3 N/° and 416.5 N/°, respectively (P = 0.075, power 0.434). Torsional stiffness of the angle-stable locking (1.91 Nm/°) was significantly higher compared with the conventional one (1.13 Nm/°; P = 0.001, power 0.981). Torsional play of the angle-stable fixation (0.08°) was significantly smaller compared with the conventional one (0.46°; P = 0.002, power 0.965). The angle-stable locking revealed significantly less torsional deformation in the fracture gap after one cycle (0.74°) than the conventional one (1.75°; P = 0.005, power 0.915) and also after 1000 cycles (angle-stable: 1.56°; conventional: 2.51°; P = 0.042, power 0.562). Modes of failure were fracture of the distal fragment, loosening of distal locking screws, nail breakage, and their combination, equally distributed between the groups (P = 0.325). Both the angle-stable locking technique using four screws and conventional locking consisting of five screws showed high biomechanical properties. Hence, angle-stable locking reflects a potential to maintain fixation stability while reducing the number of locking screws compared with conventional locking in intramedullary nailed unstable distal tibia fractures.

Mechanical Lock of the Lumen: Researching towards new Approaches for Permanent Vascular Access

Theoretical proposals for two new vascular access devices (a central venous catheter (CVC) and a peripheral vascular access system, PVAS) are presented in this article. The new CVC concept is based on a mechanical obturator used for CVC locking. Compared to conventional locks, it should, theoretically, allow the reduction of bacterial contamination, biofilm and thrombotic formation. A new tunneling technique, based on a "rigid tunnel sheath" providing a more stable connection, as compared to a traditional CVC cuff, and an increasingly protected exit site, allows CVC changing changeover to take place through the sheath; therefore, avoiding surgical intervention. PVAS, based on the same mechanical lock concept, is structured from four components: obturator, soft graft, rigid tunnel sheath and foldable sheath. The total graft length is about 80 mm, its inner extremity being uncovered to allow a gentle curve reaching the native vessel. The outer extremity and bifurcation are reinforced by a titanium rigid sheath together with a Dacron cuff. The obturator is protected, and several technical solutions have been considered to guarantee sterility: the "accordion sheath", the "foldable sheath", and the "balloon obturator system". The major advantage of PVAS on CVC is the implant on the peripheral vessel which allows the saving of central veins and possibly avoiding life-threatening complications. As compared with an arterial-venous fistula or an arterial-venous graft, PVAS's main advantage should be the possibility of implanting even in "desperate" cases, so avoiding fistula needle positioning. It could be indicated for pediatric or psychiatric patients, for home-based or frequent dialysis schedules. Lower hemodynamic stress should therefore reduce vessel damage, such as aneurism, pseudo-aneurism, intimal hyperplasia and cardiac overload. The development of prototypes is in progress to verify both device usefulness and safety in clinical practice.

Lock elision for read-only critical sections in Java

It is not uncommon in parallel workloads to encounter shared data structures with read-mostly access patterns, where operations that update data are infrequent and most operations are read-only. Typically, data consistency is guaranteed using mutual exclusion or read-write locks. The cost of atomic update of lock variables result in high overheads and high cache coherence traffic under active sharing, thus slowing down single thread performance and limiting scalability. In this paper, we present SOLERO (Software Optimistic Lock Elision for Read-Only critical sections) , a new lock implementation called for optimizing read-only critical sections in Java based on sequential locks. SOLERO is compatible with the conventional lock implementation of Java. However, unlike the conventional implementation, only critical sections that may write data or have side effects need to update lock variables, while read-only critical sections need only read lock variables without writing them. Each writing critical section changes the lock value to a new value. Hence, a read-only critical section is guaranteed to be consistent if the lock is free and its value does not change from the beginning to the end of the read-only critical section. Using Java workloads including SPECjbb2005 and the HashMap and TreeMap Java classes, we evaluate the performance impact of applying SOLERO to read-mostly locks. Our experimental results show performance improvements across the board, often substantial, in both single thread speed and scalability over the conventional lock implementation (mutual exclusion) and read-write locks. SOLERO improves the performance of SPECjbb2005 by 3-5% on single and multiple threads. The results using the HashMap and TreeMap benchmarks show that SOLERO outperforms the conventional lock implementation and read-write locks by substantial multiples on multi-threads.

Fast Gap Detection of Non-Contact Type AFM Using a Square-Law Demodulator

We applied a square-law demodulator as a gap information detector of non-contact type AFM for fast detection of the cantilever tip-sample gap and simple implementation. As a gap information detector, a lock’in amplifier or a rectifier detector have been conventionally used for non-contact type AFMs. However, the lock’in amplifier has complicated structure and the rectifier detector has a distortion problem. To verify the performance of the square-law demodulator, the step response is measured. Additionally, the non-contact type AFM image of a 1μm standard grid sample is measured with the square-law demodulator. For comparison, the experimental results are also provided for the conventional lock’in amplifier.

A hybrid distributed optimistic concurrency control method for high-performance real-time transaction processing

The conventional lock scheme tends to suffer from a cascade of blockings, while the optimistic concurrency control (OCC) scheme may suffer from wasting resources. To overcome these problems, some researchers have proposed a combination of OCC and lock in transaction processing. Using this method, Thomasian proposed the hybrid method for conventional distributed transaction processing, and Lam proposed the DOCC-DA protocol for distributed real-time database system based on forward validation. This paper proposes a new protocol, called Hybrid Distributed Optimistic Concurrency Control Embedded in two-Phase Commit, which is based on back validation. The new protocol makes use of access invariance and runtime information which can guarantee a rerun transaction to meet its deadline and abort the fruitless run transactions as early as possible. A series of simulation experiments have been done to investigate the performance of the new protocol. The results show that its performance is consistently better than that of other protocols.

Nonblocking Algorithms and Preemption-Safe Locking on Multiprogrammed Shared Memory Multiprocessors

Most multiprocessors are multiprogrammed to achieve acceptable response time and to increase their utilization. Unfortunately, inopportune preemption may significantly degrade the performance of synchronized parallel applications. To address this problem, researchers have developed two principal strategies for a concurrent, atomic update of shared data structures: (1)preemption-safe lockingand (2)nonblocking(lock-free)algorithms. Preemption-safe locking requires kernel support. Nonblocking algorithms generally require a universal atomic primitive such ascompare-and-swaporload-linked/store-conditionaland are widely regarded as inefficient. We evaluate the performance of preemption-safe lock-based and nonblocking implementations of important data structures—queues, stacks, heaps, and counters—including nonblocking and lock-based queue algorithms of our own, in microbenchmarks and real applications on a 12-processor SGI Challenge multiprocessor. Our results indicate that our nonblocking queue consistently outperforms the best known alternatives and that data-structure-specific nonblocking algorithms, which exist for queues, stacks, and counters, can work extremely well. Not only do they outperform preemption-safe lock-based algorithms on multiprogrammed machines, they also outperform ordinary locks on dedicated machines. At the same time, since general-purpose nonblocking techniques do not yet appear to be practical, preemption-safe locks remain the preferred alternative for complex data structures: they outperform conventional locks by significant margins on multiprogrammed systems.

Multi-View Memory Support to Operating Systems in Locking for Transaction and Database Systems

Database (DB) and transaction processing systems utilize their own locking of data items instead of using locking services provided by operating systems (OSs). There are two major reasons for this, one deals with the size of lockable items while the other one with efficiency: (i) OSs provide efficient locking of pages by utilizing the Memory Management Unit. The problem is that the system page size is much too large for locking in transaction or DB systems. (ii) Invocation of OS locking services by applications results in context switching, and in many systems in heavy weight context switching, thus greatly reducing efficiency. The focus of this paper is to investigate the use of the Multi-View Memory (MVM) model and its supporting architecture in providing efficient locking services for transaction processing or DB systems. The model provides for enforcement of access-control protocols through finite-state machine (FSM) specification on units of data that can vary in size from one region of memory to another. The locking protocol is specified by an FSM definition and thus facilitates locking of variable-sized data items by threads executing transactions. Threads executing transactions do not explicitly request locks on data items—they simply access the data items while locking is performed automatically and in many instances without software intervention. This is facilitated by hardware assistance in that the FSM definitions and lock unit state information are stored in caches. Only when a thread is suspended are the state changes communicated to the software lock manager. Delays for lock acquisitions through the MVM model architecture are determined and compared with delays due to lock acquisition by a conventional lock manager.

Automatic NMR field-frequency lock—pulsed phase locked loop approach

A self-contained deuterium frequency-field lock scheme for a high-resolution NMR spectrometer is described. It is based on phase locked loop techniques in which the free induction decay signal behaves as a voltage-controlled oscillator. By pulsing the spins at an offset frequency of a few hundred hertz and using a digital phase-frequency discriminator this method not only eliminates the usual phase, rf power, offset adjustments needed in conventional lock systems but also possesses the automatic pull-in characteristics that dispense with the use of field sweeps to locate the NMR line prior to closure of the lock loop.

A novel field-frequency lock for a superconducting spectrometer

A conventional field-frequency lock requires excellent phase stability (typically ±1°) and negligible change of leakage (<2% of the signal) if the lock is to be maintained to an accuracy of one part in 10 9, a typical homogeneity for a high-resolution magnet. Such specifications are very difficult to achieve under variable temperature conditions. Another drawback of a conventional lock is that it tends to interfere with the main signal, giving sidebands in the spectrum, if the two Larmor frequencies are at all close to one another. Provided only long-term stability is required, as is normally the case with a superconducting system, a lock having none of the above disadvantages may be constructed on the principle of a phase-locked loop, using a deuterium free induction decay to monitor the magnetic field. Such a lock is capable of “pulling in” in milliseconds from a considerable error in deuterium frequency (e.g., 30 Hz) while maintaining the desired long-term stability. The device has been successfully used with concentrations of heavy water as small as 0.1% of the sample volume.