Conventional Irrigation Systems Research Articles

Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Maize (Zea Mays L.) Crop Under Conventional, Fixed, and Alternate Furrow Irrigation for Effective Irrigation Water Management

A study was conducted with the objective of determining the effect of deficit irrigation on maize (Zea mays L.) under conventional, fixed, and alternate furrow irrigation. The experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center (JARC) in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 dry periods. Nine treatments of different deficit irrigation levels were factorial combined and randomized in plots, and all cultural practices were done. The crop water requirement was calculated using the CROPWAT8.0 program. Yield and growth parameter data were recorded, and analyzed using SAS software. The two-year over-all statistical analysis result showed that, different deficit irrigation levels had a significant effect (p<0.05) on grain yield, ear height, fresh biomass, 100 seed weight, girth, and water productivity. However, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on plant height and internode length. The result revealed that 100% ETc conventional furrow gave the highest grain yield (106.1 Qun/ha), followed by 75% ETc conventional furrow (101.23 Qun/ha) and 50% ETc conventional furrow (81.86 Qun/ha). The minimum yield of 55.64 Qun/ha was obtained at a fixed 50% furrow irrigation, and there was a 52.44% yield improvement. The maximum fresh biomass of 196.5 Qun/ha was obtained from 100% conventional furrow, and the minimum 103.40 Qun/ha was at 50% fixed furrow irrigation. The maximum and minimum water productivity of 8.007 and 2.8 kg/m3 were obtained at 75% conventional and 100% fixed furrow irrigation, respectively. Considering the water productivity, net economic benefit and sustainable production of the crop in the agroecology of the study area, combination of 55% up to 85% of deficit irrigation level with conventional furrow irrigation system could be recommended for the production of maize in a deficit furrow irrigation method. Based on the observations made and the statistical analysis done, fixed furrow irrigation was not recommended for the study area.

Development and evaluation of an automated irrigation system for ordinary agriculture farm

Irrigation is a method of applying water to land or soil to assists the growth of crops. Moisture loss is a common problem in the agricultural situation in developing countries. Therefore, a study was conducted to set up a controlling system for irrigation that is based on the moisture content of soil of the crop field to prevent water and electrical waste using a singlephase water pump and to test the performance of the machine at the field level. The irrigation control machine functions with the help of two electrodes used to measure the soil water content were developed successfully using the low-cost electrical and electronic accessories which functions with DC voltage. This study highlights that the automatic machine was successfully performed in the field. When the machine was used in the field, the vegetative parameters such as average plant height and mean leaf area of the maize plants which was grown under the irrigation of an automatic irrigation system were significantly greater than the normally irrigated plants. Further, the maize plants grown under the automatic irrigation system showed early flowering and 34% average individual plant yield improvement compared to the conventional irrigation system.

The Effect of Adding Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) on the Moisture Content of Gypsiferous Soil Under Partial Drip Irrigation System

The alternate partial root-zone irrigation APRI is a modern irrigation method to save irrigation water. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the conventional irrigation(CI) system and the APRI system, using different levels of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120) kg ha-1 in Gypsiferous Soil, on soil moisture content and water use efficiency. The APRI method achieved the best water extraction efficiency of 3.25 kg.m-3. The depths of water added in the traditional irrigation method were (435.58, 420.52, 416.71, 410.98, and 398.67) mm, and in the alternating irrigation method, they were (390.42, 370.50, 361.27, 340.40, and 322.40) mm for the additional levels of (γ-). PGA), respectively. The APRI method achieved an abundance of irrigation water compared with the CI of (11.57, 13.50, 15.35, 20.74, and 23.66)% for the different addition levels of (γ-PGA), respectively. The decrease in moisture content with the increase in the applied water voltage. There is a direct relationship between the amount of water available to the plant and the level of addition of (γ-PGA).

A Systematic Review on Water Fluoride Levels Causing Dental Fluorosis

Dental fluorosis is a long-existing public health issue resulting from inequitable access to potable water. Socially disadvantaged rural communities in fluoride-endemic areas, where a conventional irrigation system is absent and groundwater containing natural fluoride is the predominant source of drinking water, face a significant oral public health threat. This study aimed to determine the association between water fluoride levels and dental fluorosis. A systematic review aligned with PRISMA principles was conducted using the SPIDER search methodology and relevant keywords on many search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Sage, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. This review sought to ascertain the PICO model’s application as a search strategy tool. The reviewers gathered and assessed 1164 papers from January 2010 to January 2023. In total, 24 research papers from diverse databases were included. Using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, grades resulting from several data screens were evaluated. According to a previous systematic review, there may be publication bias in studies examining the association between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis. The findings of this systematic review indicate that subpar fluoride is detrimental to human health. The author outlines legislative tools and technological advancements that might reduce fluoride levels.

Effect of furrow irrigation systems and irrigation levels on maize agronomy and water use efficiency in Arba Minch, Southern, Ethiopia

Improved irrigation water management is the main strategy to improve water use efficiency in areas with limited water resources. Optimizing scarce water by selecting suitable furrow irrigation systems in arid and semi-arid parts of Ethiopia is rarely practiced. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of conventional, alternate, and fixed furrow irrigation systems with three levels of irrigation (100%ETc, 75%ETc, and 50%ETc) on maize agronomy and water use efficiency in Arba Minch, Southern, Ethiopia. The experimental study had nine treatments under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Furrow irrigation system and deficit irrigation levels had a significant impact (P < 0.01) on maize agronomy, grain yield, and water use efficiency. The maximum grain yield of 7.99 ton ha−1 obtained under a conventional furrow irrigation system at 100%ETc was significantly higher than the other treatments and the minimum grain yield of 4.24 ton ha−1 obtained under a fixed furrow irrigation system at 50%ETc was significantly inferior as compared to other treatments. The maximum values of crop, field, and expense water use efficiencies were 2.49, 2.80, and 1.72 kg m−3 under conventional furrow irrigation at 50%ETc, respectively. The minimum values of crop, field, and expense water use efficiencies were 1.47, 1.28, and 1.05 kg m−3 under a fixed furrow irrigation system at 100%ETc, respectively. A conventional furrow irrigation system at 50%ETc can increase 0.64 ha net additional irrigable land pre each hectare compared to the conventional furrow irrigation system at 100%ETc. Water saving up to 50%ETc in conventional furrow irrigation can solve the water shortage problem by improving water use efficiency with insignificant yield reduction.

Paper on Smart Irrigation

Agriculture holds immense significance in India as it is the main source of livelihood for a majority of the population. Over the past few decades, farming has undergone significant technological advancements, becoming more industrialized and technology-driven. Smart agriculture gadgets have empowered farmers to have better control over livestock rearing and crop cultivation, enhancing predictability and efficiency. Technology plays a crucial role in the development of this agricultural nation, and water is a vital resource for farming. While water irrigation is a common method to supply water to farms, it can sometimes lead to wastage. The conventional water irrigation system faces challenges due to water scarcity caused by population growth and climate changes. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a new approach to modernize agriculture. By leveraging automation, IoT can optimize various farming processes and reduce the need for human intervention, making agriculture more efficient. Therefore, a novel method called "automation of water irrigation system using IoT" is proposed to conserve water and save time. This approach involves the use of sensors such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors to measure different soil parameters. Based on the soil moisture value, the motor controlling the water flow will automatically switch on or off. The status of the motor and the sensed parameters will be displayed on a mobile device. By monitoring and collecting data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and sunlight intensity across multiple fields, water usage efficiency and crop yield can be improved for both large and small farms. Additionally, when the soil in agricultural land becomes dry, this method triggers the automatic flow of water for irrigation. Sensors are deployed on farms to monitor crop status, taking into account climate changes and factors like light, humidity, temperature, shape, and size. If any deviations are detected by the sensors, the crop status will be displayed on the farmer's smartphone.

KEMAMPUAN PENYERAPAN HARA PADA BERBAGAI VARIETAS PADI DAN SISTEM PENGAIRAN DI KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

This journal contains research that aims to determine the ability of rice plant tissues in several varieties to absorb nutrients in the soil and in various irrigation systems in Deli Serdang Regency. This study used an Randomized Block Design (RAKL) with the first factor consisting of 2 levels, namely P1 (intermittent irrigation method) and P2 (continuous irrigation method). The second factor consisted of 4 varieties, namely Mentik Wangi, IR-64, Segara Anak, and Cianjur. The data from the analysis showed that the Cianjur variety Ca nutrient absorption and plant dry weight at the 13th week was influenced by various rice varieties and irrigation types, compared to other varieties. The conventional irrigation system showed Ca uptake and plant dry weight 13 weeks higher than SRI irrigation.

Solar Powered Smart Agriculturing

The greater usage of fossil fuels and increasedcarbon emissions, which hasten their rapid depletion, inducesconsumers to switch to renewable energy. Traditional irrigationtechniques may be expensive or environmentally harmful. Inlight of this, conversion to renewable energy sources, like solarenergy, can resolve this problem. Solar energy is widely usedin a wide range of applications since it is user-friendly andenvironmentally friendly. Yet, many rural areas of India continueto use conventional irrigation systems, such as diesel pumps,for irrigation. They are neither economical nor environmentally favourable. It releases a significant amount of hazardous gases,such as carbon dioxide. Farmers can operate a water pumpeffectively and sustainably by adopting a solar photovoltaic-based water pumping system. With the use of moisture sensors,scientific irrigation methodology is implemented, makingirrigation more efficient. In comparison to current technologies,this system is reliable, economical, and capable of increasingagricultural productivity levels. The requirement for labour is also decreased by irrigation automation and wireless control.In this, a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor-drive powersthe water pump. Outside in the field plains, moisture sensorsare being installed to keep track of the wetness in the soil. Themicrocontroller uses the information from the sensors to regulatethe pump’s operation.

Clustered Wireless Sensor Network in Precision Agriculture via Graph Theory

Food security and sustainable development is making a mandatory move in the entire human race. The attainment of this goal requires man to strive for a highly advanced state in the field of agriculture so that he can produce crops with a minimum amount of water and fertilizer. Even though our agricultural methodologies have undergone a series of metamorphoses in the process of a present smart-agricultural system, a long way is ahead to attain a system that is precise and accurate for the optimum yield and profitability. Towards such a futuristic method of cultivation, this paper proposes a novel method for monitoring the efficient flow of a small quantity of water through the conventional irrigation system in cultivation using Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSN). The performance measure is simulated the creation of edge-fixed geodetic clusters using Mat lab’s Cup-carbon tool in order to evaluate the suggested irrigation process model’s performance. The findings of blocks 1 and 2 are assessed. Each signal takes just a little amount of energy to communicate, according to the performance. It is feasible to save energy while maintaining uninterrupted communication between nodes and cluster chiefs. However, the need for proper placement of a dynamic control station in WSN still exists for maintaining connectivity and for improving the lifetime fault tolerance of WSN. Based on the minimum edge fixed geodetic sets of the connected graph, this paper offers an innovative method for optimizing the placement of control stations. The edge-fixed geodetic cluster makes the network fast, efficient and reliable. Moreover, it also solves routing and congestion problems.

Effects of sub-surface wick irrigation system on crop yield, irrigation intervals, base period and crop water productivity of sponge gourd and bitter gourd.

Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a clayey soil, during winter season of October 2022 to January 2023, at the experimental field of Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam on an area of 28m 2 , to evaluate the effects of sub-surface wick irrigation system on yield, irrigation intervals and crop water productivity (CWP) on sponge gourd ( Luffa aegyptiaca ) and Bitter Gourd ( Momordica charantia ) Crops. For burying wick attached bottles total 6 basins were prepared by cultivating the soil down to 60 cm with hand hoe; basin to basin distance was 2m. After that, wick attached bottles were buried 25-30 cm bellow the bed of the basins. The water holding capacity of each bottle was 2.25 liter, every bottle was cut from tail end for water filling purpose, and it also serves as covering lid to avoid evaporation losses. 3 basins were used for growing Sponge Gourd ( Luffa aegyptiaca ) with quality of irrigation water (1.47 dS/m) and other 3 for Bitter Gourd ( Momordica charantia ) crops with same irrigation water properties. 4 seeds of sponge gourd bitter gourd were buried at the depth of 2-5 cm around each basin. Bottles were refilled each time when they reached at a depletion level of 75%. Experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two treatments: (1) Wick irrigation system for sponge gourd from Basin1 to 3 (WS) and Wick irrigation system for bitter gourd from basin 4 to 6 (WB). The results of the experiment revealed that the base period of sponge gourd crop was 95 days with 28 irrigation intervals, while the base period of bitter gourd was 102 days with 31 irrigation intervals. Average yield was achieved 3.64 kg/basin (10.03 ton/ha -1 ) with WS, 4.16 kg/basin (11.46 ton/ha -1 ) with WB treatments, respectively. The crop water productivity (CWP) of sponge gourd under WS was 13.86 kg/m 3 and 19.66 kg/m 3 for bitter gourd under WB treatments respectively. Base period was significantly increased by 20 to 30 days for both crops with wick irrigation system as compared to conventional flood irrigation systems. The study suggests that this system in not properly adopted or well understood by users, therefore it needs further improvement so that, the farmers can take more benefits and to make it more capable for large scales farming.

Water saving and crop yield under sub-surface wick irrigation system for sponge gourd ( Luffa aegyptiaca ) and bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia ) crops.

Abstract High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS) are expensive to install maintain and cannot be operated without skillful labor. While, new water conserving micro irrigation technologies are becoming more popular in counties where water is almost negligible for adopting flood or other conventional irrigation techniques, these technologies can be adopted to convert the desert land into oasis. The present study was thus conducted on experimental field of Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam to evaluate the performance of sub-surface bottle wick irrigation system in terms of water saving and crop yield. Total twelve plastic bottles with water holding capacity of 2 liters were used in the study. All bottles are drilled at the opening caps; wicks were fixed in these holes and glued. Treatments were named as, wick irrigation system for sponge gourd (WS) and wick irrigation system for bitter gourd (WB). Total 6 basins were used in this study and named as B1 to B6 (B1-B3 used for WS and B4-B6 for WB treatments), 2 wicks attached plastic bottles were buried in basins at 10-15 cm bellow the soil surface and the irrigation was applied. The sponge and bitter gourd overnight wetted seeds were sown on the wetted soil around the wicks. The experimental results revealed that the water savings were about 90.1%, and 92.5% with WS and WB treatments respectively, compared to conventional flood irrigation systems. The crop yield was 3.64 kg/basin (9100 kg/hac -1 ) and 4.16 kg/basin (10400 kg/hac -1 ) with WS and WB treatments. The crop water productivity (CWP) was about 13.68 kg/m 3 and 19.66 kg/m 3 with WS and WB treatments. It was concluded that wick irrigation system performs better, especially in terms of water saving and crop yield, but it need several irrigation intervals and consume more time. Further, studies may be conducted on different aspects with different crops and different soil textures. Users are suggested to adapt wick irrigation in water scare regions, small scale farming, urban agriculture, green house crop production. If irrigation is available in large amount, flood irrigation systems can be used to achieve higher yields.

Increasing the Plant Productivity Using the Automatic Controlled Irrigation System: A Comparative Experimental Study

With the development of technology, today, the use of technology in the field of agriculture has become widespread. In order to meet the increasing demand for agricultural products, automation techniques should be used in agricultural areas in order to make the production of agricultural products simpler and more efficient. In this study, an automation system is designed by making use of technology against problems such as irrigation problem and water shortage, which have become an important problem in agricultural areas. The data coming from the humidity sensor placed in the soil is processed to the controller. According to these processed data, when the soil is dry and the plant needs water, the water-pumping set automatically activates and meets the water needs of the plant. Optimum use of irrigation water to be used in agriculture is prevented unnecessary agricultural irrigation, reducing excessive water waste and providing a very high level of energy savings. At the same time, the negativities caused by excessive irrigation have been prevented. It is observed that the automatic controlled irrigation system used in this study saves a lot of water compared to the conventional irrigation system and increases the productivity of the plants to a great extent.

Executing legitimate irrigation scheduling by deficit irrigation mechanism to maximize onion production

Lack of irrigated water poses a threat in arid and semi-arid areas. Hybrid irrigation system has become an obligatory to save water and increase productivity. Deficit irrigation scheduling is a recent innovative approach of water-saving method. An experiment was conducted to estimate the irrigation interval and find an amicable solution by optimum deficit irrigation level at Arba Minch of southern Ethiopia using conventional furrow irrigation system. The treatments comprised 75%, 50% and 25% of irrigation requirement and four growth stages (initial, development, bulb formation, and late), which were considered in random complete block design with three replications. Refilling was commenced when 25% of Readily Available Water (RAW) depletion at the full irrigation was observed. The irrigation intervals at growth stages were 4, 6, 4, and 3 days, respectively, with an overall irrigation interval of 3 days. The net and gross irrigation of the crop were 311.80 mm and 445.42 mm, respectively. The highest crop phenology and yield were obtained by applying Irrigation Requirement (IR) of a maximum 100% and minimum at 25%. The maximum yield of 25.88 ton/ha was obtained from full irrigation which hardly affects the yield of 25.70 ton/ha obtained from 75%IR at late growth stages. Therefore, application of 100%IR at 3 days interval was assessed as economically productive. However, 50%IR at 3 days interval can be an option when there is a constraint of water supply. The findings will be useful for irrigation water management to maximize crop yields with limited water and unlimited land resources.

Evaluation of Automatic Irrigation System for Rice Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture Water Management

The water-resource policy of South Korea has been changing from that of securing water to that of saving water through sustainable water management. Moreover, population aging in rural areas is leading to agricultural water-management problems. In this study, an automatic irrigation system for rice crops was investigated and compared with conventional irrigation, and changes in water productivity and required labor power were quantified. The effect of the proposed system on economic feasibility was verified on farmland by monitoring irrigation water and rice yields for three years. Under the automatic irrigation system, on-site water productivity improved by an average of 12.7% and the labor power required for paddy water management decreased by an average of 21.8% compared to the conventional irrigation system. The internal rate of return was 8.6% higher than the discount rate of 4.5%. The net present value was 406,411 KRW, and the benefit-cost ratio was 1.23. The results can serve as a reference for the on-site introduction of irrigation water-supply automation for sustainable water management and are expected to benefit farmers in saving water and reducing labor demands through sustainable agricultural activities.

Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) on Rice Irrigation

In Malaysia, numerous methods have been subsequently established subjected to water-saving irrigation aiming to improve the common conventional irrigation system. However, among the most preferred water-saving method, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation adoption are presently in paddy cultivation yet has very limited information, especially locally. Hence, this study intended to propose two treatments, namely continuously flooded (control) and AWD irrigation, to investigate the feasibility of AWD implementation. The experiment was conducted at the paddy field of Padang Raja Kelantan, Malaysia. From the result, the agronomic performance was evaluated by several attributes under the growth performance evaluation, grain yield performance evaluation, and chlorophyll measurement. Statistical analysis was performed on the obtained data, and both growth, yield performances, and chlorophyll content resulted in no significant difference at p &lt; 0.05, a 95% confidence level.

Low-Cost Smart Farm Irrigation Systems in Kherson Province: Feasibility Study

The growth of the world population requires an increase in food production. Its solution requires the introduction of advanced technologies, including automated irrigation systems. Commercially available smart irrigation systems are not widespread because of their high cost. A low-cost smart irrigation system based on satellite monitoring is proposed to schedule irrigation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the smart irrigation system during five-year field experiments. Water-use productivity, irrigated water-use productivity, and payback period were used as indicators to evaluate the low-cost irrigation system. This study was carried out for four crops: wheat, corn, sunflower, and rapeseed. The results obtained were compared to conventional irrigation systems. The experiments were designed at five farms locations. Their results showed that average water-use productivity rose from 4.09% (wheat) to 9.8% (sunflower). An increase in yields varied from 5.72% (wheat) to 13.42% (corn). Corn had a maximum yield deviation (26.72%). The payback period depended on the crop variety and the plot area. The payback period for wheat production under the proposed system was the longest (up to 82 months). Payback periods for corn, sunflower, and rapeseed production were shorter (from 3 to 12 months). Therefore, the smart irrigation system provides advantages and can be recommended as a low-cost solution.

Comparative clinical evaluation of conventional syringe irrigation, endoactivator and endovac in reducing the microbial count from infected root canal

Root canal decontamination is a crucial step in achieving endodontic success. For this, absolute eradication of microbes from root canal is of paramount importance. This in vivo study aimed at comparing the Conventional, EndoActivator and EndoVac irrigation system in reducing intracanal bacterial load. 70 necrotic, single rooted teeth having chronic periapical lesions were selected for endodontic therapy and randomly assigned into three groups. Group 1 – 20 teeth treated using Conventional needle irrigation. Group 2 – 20 teeth treated using EndoActivator system. Group 3– 20 teeth treated using EndoVac system. After the surface disinfection, access opening was done. Groupwise irrigation with NaOCl (VISHAL DENTOCARE PVT.LTD.) and EDTA (AMMDENT CANALARGE) was done with each canal in between instrumentation. Data were obtained by culturing bacterial samples of root canal before and after chemomechanical preparation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and CFU was counted. Statistical analysis - Paired‘t’ test was used for intragroup comparisons while ANOVA test followed by the “post hoc Games Howell test” for intergroup comparisons. Significant post-operative reduction in bacterial colony counts was seen with all the groups. EndoVac group had significantly higher mean log reduction in CFU counts than Conventional group.

Determination of optimum irrigation scheduling for sorghum in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

Scarcity of water is the most severe constraint for sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence, novel irrigation water application systems need to be developed so that high crop yield and water productivity per unit of land can be increased. Thus, the field experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the effect of different soil moisture depletion levels on yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop in Benna-Tsemay woreda at Enchete kebele, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-2020). It was arranged in RCBD with three replications and treatment was rated for five levels of available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), where T1 = 60%, T2 = 80%, T3 = 100%, T4 = 120%, and T5 = 140% of ASMD. Analysis of variance has shown that yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by irrigation scheduling. As observed in this study, the most economically attractive and environmentally accepted for small scale farmers with tolerable cost of production and higher net benefit was obtained by application of T3 (100% ASMD) under conventional furrow irrigation system. Therefore, for this particular sorghum crop (teshale variety), it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 100% ASMD under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 95-102, Dec 2021

IoT with Evolutionary Algorithm Based Deep Learning for Smart Irrigation System

In India, water wastage in agricultural fields becomes a challenging issue and it is needed to minimize the loss of water in the irrigation process. Since the conventional irrigation system needs massive quantity of water utilization, a smart irrigation system can be designed with the help of recent technologies such as machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT). With this motivation, this paper designs a novel IoT enabled deep learning enabled smart irrigation system (IoTDL-SIS) technique. The goal of the IoTDL-SIS technique focuses on the design of smart irrigation techniques for effectual water utilization with less human interventions. The proposed IoTDL-SIS technique involves distinct sensors namely soil moisture, temperature, air temperature, and humidity for data acquisition purposes. The sensor data are transmitted to the Arduino module which then transmits the sensor data to the cloud server for further process. The cloud server performs the data analysis process using three distinct processes namely regression, clustering, and binary classification. Firstly, deep support vector machine (DSVM) based regression is employed was utilized for predicting the soil and environmental parameters in advances such as atmospheric pressure, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Secondly, these estimated outcomes are fed into the clustering technique to minimize the predicted error. Thirdly, Artificial Immune Optimization Algorithm (AIOA) with deep belief network (DBN) model receives the clustering data with the estimated weather data as input and performs classification process. A detailed experimental results analysis demonstrated the promising performance of the presented technique over the other recent state of art techniques with the higher accuracy of 0.971.

Antimicrobial efficacy of photosensitized nanoparticles, diode laser, conventional, and sonic irrigation systems against enterococcus faecalis in root canals – An in vitro study

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effect of Photosensitized Nanoparticles, Diode Laser (DL), and Conventional and Sonic Irrigation Systems against Enterococcus faecalis in root canals – An in vitro Study.Materials and Methods: The root canals of 104 extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared, and E. faecalis was incubated in the root canals for 1 week. The teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 20): No treatment was done, sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) group (n = 20): Canals irrigated with5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s, NaOCl and Endoactivator group (n = 20): Canals irrigated with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s followed by activation of NaOCl with Endoactivator for 30 s, NaOCl and 910 nm DL group (n = 20): (1 W 5 times for 5 s) canals irrigation with5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s followed by Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with 910 nm DL, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)/Indocyanine green (ICG)/DL group (n = 20): DL modified PDT with 5 min of irrigation with 5 mL AgNPs (100 ppm)/ICG/910 nm DL (200 mW, 30 s). A reduction in colony count was assessed by counting colony-forming units by Digital Colony Counter.Results: Significant reductions were noted in E. faecalis colony counts in all groups (P < 0.05). The greatest reduction in colony count (99.93%) was noted in the NaOCl and DL group followed by NaOCl and Endoactivator group; however, the differences in this respect between the AN/ICG/DL group and NaOCl group were not significant (P > 0.05).Conclusions: NaOCl and 910 nm DL were more successful in reducing the number of E. faecalis colony counts followed by NaOCl and Endoactivator group but it can also be concluded that PDT with ICG, an 910 nm DL, and AgNPs has the potential to be used as an adjunct for disinfection of the root canal system.