Conventional Heating Method Research Articles

Effect of moderate electric field on the properties of gelatin capsule residue-based films

This work focused on the development of edible films based on gelatin capsule residue by ohmic heating. The effect of the electric field strength (9.5 V cm−1 and 19 V cm−1) on the mechanical, thermal, physicochemical and morphological properties of films was investigated and compared to films produced by the conventional heating method. Results demonstrated that the application of 9.5 V cm−1 during ohmic heating was able to improve tensile strength from 2.66 MPa to 6.62 MPa in comparison to the conventional method, whereas the film developed using 19 V cm−1 reached a value of 3.26 MPa. Young's Modulus was also significantly increased, while an opposite effect was observed for elongation at break. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that all samples had two transition temperatures. Electrically treated film (9.5 V cm−1) presented increased crystallinity and thermal stability. Thickness, morphology and water-related properties were not affected by the application of electric field. Films produced by ohmic heating, especially when 9.5 V cm−1 was applied, presented improved mechanical and thermal properties, with increased crystallinity.

Rapid and energy-efficient preparation of boron doped g-C3N4 with excellent performance in photocatalytic H2-evolution

Microwaving heating method, which shows significantly higher efficiency in synthesis time and energy utilization than conventional heating method, was firstly applied to synthesize boron doped g-C3N4 (B-g-C3N4). Results demonstrated that B-g-C3N4 could be prepared in 35 min via the method. XRD and XPS analyses verified the successfully doping of B element into the structure of g-C3N4. The doped B improved the photoabsorption performance of g-C3N4. Meanwhile, it greatly hindered the annihilation of charge carriers, prolonging the lifetime of photogenerated electrons, and thereby resulting in the excellent photocatalytic activity. The optimal B-g-C3N4 exhibited a H2 production rate of 1439 and 400 μmol g−1 h−1 under simulated sunlight and visible light irradiation, respectively. This values are about 2.4 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4. This study offered an energy-efficient and rapid way for the synthesis of external atom doped g-C3N4 with high catalytic efficiency.

Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract

AbstractZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were green synthesized usingPelargonum zonaleleaf extract under three different heating methods, and their characteristics were evaluated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antibacterial well diffusion method. The FT-IR analysis indicated that thePelargoniumleaf extract contained hydroxyl and amide I groups which were related to the proteins, carbohydrate, tannins and phenolic compounds of the extract and had an essential role in the reduction of the zinc ions and synthesis of the ZnO NPs. The obtained results revealed that the synthesized spherical individual ZnO NPs as well as the number of aggregates using microwave irradiation, autoclave and conventional heating (heater-stirrer) methods had average crystalline size of 51, 60 and 61 nm. Furthermore, antioxidant activities of the fabricated ZnO NPs were 7.8, 4.1 and 5.5% by using conventional heating, autoclave and microwave irradiation, respectively. The obtained results indicated that all the formed ZnO NPs had bactericidal effects against to the both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria strains. However, the synthesized ZnO NPs using conventional heating method had the highest antibacterial activities toward both studied bacteria strains.

Benzimidazole - Schiff bases and their complexes: synthesis, anticancer activity and molecular modeling as Aurora kinase inhibitor.

A new series of Schiff bases containing benzіmidazole moiety 11-17 were synthesized by the reaction of 4-(1H-benzо[d]іmіdazоl-2-yl)anіline (1) with different aromatic aldehydes (4-10) via conventional heating and microwave irradiation methods. The structures of the novel Schiff bases were characterized by using different spectral data. Also, metal complexes 18-21 of compound 13 were synthesized, and their structure was confirmed by spectral measurements (IR, NMR, UV), molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The novel synthesized ligand 13 and its complexes 18-21 were tested for their in vitro antitumor activities towards breast, liver and lung cancer cell lines. Also, the acute toxicity of the prepared compounds 13 and 18-21 was determined in vivo. The results showed that the newly synthesized compounds 13 and 18-21 exhibited a significant activity against cancer, especially for complex 21, compared to standard drug doxorubicin. The molecular docking of complexes 20 and 21 has been also studied as Aurora kinase inhibitors.

Comparative Study on Conventional and Ultrasound Irradiation Promoted Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstitutedquinoxaline Derivatives

A series of ten chalcone-substituted quinoxalines (4a-e), (3a-e) starting from 1-(phenylquinoxalin-2-yl)ethanone and 1-(3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl)ethanone have been synthesized using conventional heating and ultrasound-assisted methods. Furthermore, novel of five quinoxaline derivatives including pyrazoline, isoxazole, pyrimidin-2-one, N-acylpyrazoline and pyridin-2-one moieties were also prepared from the reaction of chalcone compound 4a with different cyclization reagents using the same strategy. The structures of all synthesized compounds were established on the basis of FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The ultrasonic irradiation method provide several advantages over conventional heating method, including shorter reaction times (30-90 min.) and good percentage yields (65% - 88%), comparing with conventional protocol (5 to 20 hrs. with 30% to 55% reaction yields).

Selective, C-3 Friedel-Crafts acylation to generate functionally diverse, acetylated Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives

Carbon-carbon bonds are integral for pharmaceutical discovery and development. Frequently, CC bond reactions utilize expensive catalyst/ligand combinations and/or are low yielding, which can increase time and expenditures in pharmaceutical development. To enhance CC bond formation protocols, we developed a highly efficient, selective, and combinatorially applicable Friedel-Crafts acylation to acetylate the C-3 position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. The reaction, catalyzed by aluminum chloride, is both cost effective and more combinatorial friendly compared to acetylation reactions requiring multiple, stoichiometric equivalents of AlCl3. The protocol has broad application in the construction of acetylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with an extensive substrate scope. All starting materials are common and the reaction requires inexpensive, conventional heating methods for adaptation in any laboratory. Further, the synthesized compounds are predicted to possess GABA activity through a validated, GABA binding model. The developed method serves as a superior route to generate C-3 acetylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine building-blocks for combinatorial synthetic efforts.

Parametric studies of methyl esters synthesis from Thumba seed oil using heterogeneous catalyst under conventional stirring and ultrasonic cavitation

The depletion of petroleum resources has created great demand for environmental friendly renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is one of the alternatives to petroleum fuels. The objective of present study is to produce biodiesel (Thumba methyl ester) from Thumba oil in presence acidic ion exchange resin i.e. Amberlyst 15 catalyst followed by results of experimental investigation carried out by the conventional stirring method as well as an ultrasonic cavitation method. The effect of molar ratio (1:4 to 1:8 (oil to alcohol)), catalyst concentration (1.0–1.4% (Weight of catalyst/Weight of oil)), Reaction temperature (55 °C–70 °C) on yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and conversion of triglycerides (TG) were studied by keeping other process parameter constant. Many experiments were employed to investigate the effects of these parameters. Using conventional stirring method, More than 91% conversion of TG was obtained at optimum values of 65 °C in 1 h with 1:6 oil to methanol molar ratio and catalyst concentration of 1.2% Amberlyst 15 in oil. A higher yield of thumba methyl ester about 89% and conversion of triglycerides about 97% was obtained in ultrasonic cavitation reactor within 40 min only. The optimized values of temperature, oil to alcohol molar ratio and catalyst concentration were found to be 65 °C, 1:6 molar ratio and 1.2 wt% of oil respectively. Ultrasonic cavitation method was found to be more rapid, energy efficient and time saving over conventional stirring method. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard heat of reaction, standard Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant at optimized operating conditions were reported. A kinetic study of transesterification of Thumba oil for conventional heating method is presented in this paper. The observed rate constant for the overall reaction was of two orders. The experimental data thus obtained was well fitted to the second order kinetics with respect to methanol.

Comparative studies of structural, magnetic and photocatalytic degradation on 4-chlorophenol by ZnFe2O4 nanostructures prepared via cost effective combustion methods

Simple microwave oven is used to synthesize ZnFe2O4 nano particles by adding glycine as a fuel. This simple method is named as Microwave Assisted Method (MAM). To extend comparative analysis of the ZnFe2O4 nano particles another method [conventional heating method (CHM)] is also adapted to synthesis the material. Subjecting the samples to structural characterizations it is found that no other secondary phase impurity is observed in the as synthesized nano particles. Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and HR-SEM analysis of both MAM and CHM samples show the spinel structure and nanoparticles spherical-like morphology. The crystallite sizes from XRD analysis were found as 17.92 and 25.45 nm for MAM and CHM samples respectively. The average particle sizes were found to be 20 and 25 nm from high resolution scanning electron microscope analysis. The magnetic susceptibility obtained from vibrating magnetic spectrometer gives the value of 37.66 emu/g for MAM and 24.3 emu/g for CHM samples respectively. This shows super paramagnetic behavior of MAM and CHM ZnFe2O4 nano particles. BET surface analysis shows that surface area of ZnFe2O4-MAM is more than ZnFe2O4-CHM. Photocatalytic degradation of ZnFe2O4-MAM and ZnFe2O4-CHM of 4-chlorophenol shows an efficiency of 91.43 and 84.65% respectively. ZnFe2O4 nanostructure is a good active, reusable and stable Eco-friendly material for industrial application.

Increased bio-oil yield from Swietenia macrophylla seeds through microwave pretreatment and ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction

Low recovery coupled with intensive energy requirement due to long processing time makes the potential of bio-oil production not seamlessly appreciated. In this study, the optimization of bio-oil yield from non-edible Swietenia macrophylla seeds through microwave pretreatment before ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction was investigated. Central composite design of response surface methodology was employed to analyze the effects to the bio-oil yield of the irradiation time (4–8 min) and irradiation power (90–450 W) as pretreatment variables using a microwave oven at 2.45 GHz frequency. Results showed that microwave pretreatment significantly increased the bio-oil yield by 5% with optimum recovery of 43% at shortened pretreatment time of 7 min instead of 6 h in the conventional oven heating method. The bio-oil yield increased when the irradiation time was increased, while irradiation power showed no significant effect. Analysis of the produced bio-oil through Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation spectroscopy identified similar functional groups present both in the extracted bio-oils from the microwave and the conventional pretreated seeds indicating that the former pretreatment, like the latter, did not destruct the compounds present in the seeds. The study demonstrated that the seeds of S. macrophylla have strong potential for bio-oil production and poise huge implications to the future of liquid biofuel and chemical industries.

Optimization of the conventional hydrothermal carbonization to produce hydrochar from fish waste

Fish waste disposal is a major cause for concern for the seafood processing industries. Fish processing generates enormous quantities of waste as almost 45% of the live weight of fish is regarded as waste. Current ways of managing fish waste involves dumping in oceans, landfills, or treating them with already established strategies. Dumping these wastes without any form of treatment is far from being environmental friendly. Current utilization strategies suffer from disadvantages such as incomplete utilization of solid and liquid wastes or generation of new waste effluents that needs further processing. Therefore, there is a need to find an alternate/supplemental method of seafood utilization. Previously, we have reported the use of microwave hydrothermal carbonization (MHTC) to carbonize fish waste to hydrochar. Here, a conventional heating method such as a custom autoclave reactor is reported that could also be used to carbonize fish waste to hydrochar. Upon response surface design optimization, it was found that a maximal yield of hydrochar (~ 35%) can be achieved at a holding temperature of 180 °C and at a holding time of 120 min. We have also characterized the elemental, proximate, energy, and surface properties of hydrochar produced by conventional hydrothermal carbonization (CHTC). It was found that the quality of the hydrochar produced by MHTC is largely comparable to CHTC. This further proves that HTC could be employed to generate energy from non-lignocellulosic wastes such as fish waste while getting rid of the waste in an eco-friendly manner.

Microwave-induced formation of oligomeric amyloid aggregates

Amyloid aggregates have emerged as a significant hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Although it has been recently reported that microwave heating induces amyloid aggregation compared with conventional heating methods, the mechanism of amyloid aggregate induction has remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the formation of oligomeric amyloid aggregates (OAAs) by microwave irradiation at microscale volumes of solution. Microwave irradiation of protein monomer solution triggered rapid formation of OAAs within 7 min. We characterized the formation of OAAs using atomic force microscopy, thioflavin T fluorescent assay and circular dichroism. In the microwave system, we also investigated the inhibitory effect on the formation of amyloid aggregates by L-ascorbic acid as well as enhanced amyloid aggregation by silver nanomaterials such as nanoparticles and nanowires. We believe that microwave technology has the potential to facilitate the study of amyloid aggregation in the presence of chemical agents or nanomaterials.

Development of high-efficient synthetic electric heating coating for anti-icing/de-icing

One novel multi-layered anti-icing/de-icing coating has been developed by combination of the fronted electric heating coating and top super-hydrophobic coating. Compared with the conventional electric heating method where the elements are embedded in fiber reinforced plastic, this multi-layered coating can reduce the energy consumption by up to 58% for anti-icing. The anti-icing experiments demonstrate that the multi-layered coating not only realizes anti-icing with low-temperature (the anti-icing temperature was about 7 °C), but also possesses high-efficient electric heating and anti-icing performances. From the viewpoint of micro-scale, the experiment of ice drop detaching from substrate was conducted to demonstrate that the thin water layer greatly reduces the ice adhesive force. The electric heating coating has the potential for diverse industrial applications due to its convenient fabrication, damage resistance and high-efficient anti-icing/de-icing properties.

Single phase blend: An advanced microwave process for improved quality low-cost biodiesel production from kitchen food waste

Accumulation and disposal of kitchen food waste is a substantial environmental issue due to the absence of appropriate reuse techniques. The present study developed a low-cost biodiesel production method and used Taguchi optimization technique to improve FAME yield. A single phase blend (oil, co-solvent and solvent mixture) was prepared and subjected to microwave irradiation to accelerate the initial slow reaction rate. Transesterification was carried out in a closed vessel under various temperature-pressure conditions. The reaction parameters were optimized through Taguchi model. Maximum FAME yield of 96.89 wt% was achieved at microwave cell pressure: 2.2 MPa, temperature: 170 °C, reaction time: 4 min and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt% with single phase blend ratio 1:6:30 (oil: co-solvent: methanol). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as co-solvent that contributed to maximum FAME conversion and produced glycerol tert-butyl ether (GTBE), a useful fuel additive as a byproduct. Improved cetane number observed for the kitchen food waste derived biodiesel signifies the fuel of superior fatty acid structure. Maximum 85 wt% GTBE conversion was attained at 200 °C temperature and cell pressure 3.9 MPa at 10 min reaction time. Microwave irradiation method consumed 2.7% lesser energy than conventional heating method.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Plant Extract-Assisted Combustion Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Spinel ZnAl₂O₄ Nano-Catalysts.

Spinel ZnAl2O4 nano-catalysts were synthesized by a simple, economical and eco-friendly microwave irradiation (MIM) and conventional heating methods (CHM), using metal nitrates and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant extract, which play a dual role of both oxidizing and reducing nature. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern results were confirmed that the samples have a single-phase cubic spinel structure with high crystalline nature of ZnAl2O4. Surface morphology of the samples was revealed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques and they are confirmed particle-like structure with grain size below 50 nm. The optical band gap (Eg) was measured using Kubelka-Munk model by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) and the Eg value is higher for MIM product than CHM, due to the smaller particle size of ZnAl2O4-MIM. The magnetic property of the samples was determined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and showed a superparamagnetic behavior. Spinel ZnAl2O4 nano-catalysts are magnetically recyclable and could be reused with no significant loss in catalytic activity. Both the samples were successfully tested as catalysts for the conversion of alcohols into respective carbonyl compounds using H2O2 (as oxidant) and acetonitrile (as a solvent) system. It was found that the ZnAl2O4-MIM nanocatalysts show best performance of conversion of alcohols into a carbonyl compounds than that of ZnAl2O4-CHM, due to the smaller particle size and higher surface area of ZnAl2O4-MIM samples.

Solar energy as a process intensification tool for the biodiesel production from hempseed oil

A simple, green, and energy efficient method for the biodiesel production has been developed using Fresnel lens solar concentrator (FSC). The transesterification of hempseed oil using FSC approach and conventional heating approach was studied by varying different process variables such as molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and stirring speed with an objective to establish benefits of FSC method. The highest biodiesel yield of 97.37% was obtained for FSC method in 4 min of reaction time with reaction conditions of molar ratio 4.5:1, catalyst loading 0.9 wt%, temperature about 60 °C, and 200 rpm. While, conventional heating method yielded only 21.3% of biodiesel in similar reaction conditions. To obtain similar yield (97%), conventional heating method required 70 min of reaction time at molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 °C, catalyst loading of 1.05 wt%, and stirring speed of 300 rpm. Energy efficiency for both the methods was calculated, and observed that FSC method is 73 times more energy efficient than conventional heating method. Therefore, FSC method intensifies the process by reducing the requirements of time, energy, molar ratio and catalyst amount. The physicochemical properties like acid value (0.23 mg of KOH/g of oil), density (0.87 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (3.12 mm2/s), pour point (−1 °C) and flash point (153 °C) of synthesized biodiesel were also compared with American Chemical Society for the Materials (ASTM) D6751 standard and found within the limit.

The application of ohmic heating for inulin extraction from the wet-milled and dry-milled powders of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tuber

Abstract In this study, ohmic heating was applied for inulin extraction from the Jerusalem artichoke tuber (JAT). Raw materials for extraction were prepared by two different schemes comprising milling the blanched JAT slices and water mixture (wet milling) and grinding the dried JAT to be powder before mixing water (dry milling). Also, the inulin extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator and then spray-dried to be inulin powder. The main objectives were (1) to investigate the effects of applying ohmic heating on the extraction yield and quality of inulin extracts in comparison with conventional method and (2) to determine the suitable preparation method by comparing between wet and dry milling. The results indicated that the electrical conductivities of JAT solutions prepared from the wet-milled and dry-milled powders were 0.121–0.200 and 0.123–0.247 S/m respectively. The inulin extraction applying ohmic heating resulted in the significantly higher yield than conventional heating. Furthermore, the sample preparation using dry milling provided the higher extraction yield and inulin purity than that of wet milling. The scanning electron micrographs illustrated that in overall the dry-milled JAT samples were more porous and finer than the wet-mill samples. The inulin purity of the powder product obtained from the production with dry milling and ohmic method was about 57.29 g/100 gdry mass while its production yield was 17.59% which was rather low due to the loss of solids occurring in the blanching, extraction and spray drying processes. Industrial relevance Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) has been widely cultivated in many countries. Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JAT) accumulates inulin as a main carbohydrate reserve; hence, it has high potential to be raw material for inulin powder production. Nowadays, inulin is generally used by the food and beverage industries as a soluble dietary fiber, prebiotic and fat or sugar replacer. The extraction is a crucial process for producing inulin powder from JAT. The result of this work revealed that ohmic heating method provided higher inulin extraction yield than conventional heating method. Furthermore, the sample preparation using dry milling provided the higher extraction yield and inulin purity than that of wet milling. This information is vital for the inulin powder manufacturers to make a decision for their production facility concept and design.

Poly (l-lactic acid) synthesis using continuous microwave irradiation–simultaneous cooling method

In this study, Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) synthesis was studied using direct melt condensation polymerization (DMP) method in an experimental microwave (MW) system where external cooling was applied to keep both temperature (T) and MW power (P) continuous and constant during the polymerization. T, P, reaction time (t), catalyst type, and catalyst amount were considered to determine appropriate process conditions. In addition, some experiments were carried out under the similar process conditions using MW-assisted ring opening polymerization (MW-ROP) and conventional heating (CH) methods. These methods were compared in terms of process performance and various properties of the oligomeric PLLA. According to results, polymerization rate, polymer yield, average-molecular weight, the dispersity, and thermal properties of PLLA products were similar in both MW methods but higher than CH counterparts. Furthermore, low crystallinity of PLLA products synthesized by MW methods showed the effect of MW on the optical purity (L or D) of products. Finally, energy saving was accomplished by 73% and an increase of polymer production rate by 37.7% in MW-DMP method.

Influence of Microwave Irradiation on Extraction of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Waste

Chitosan is natural polysaccharides which is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible and have many advantages in various kinds of fields including health, food, agriculture, and industry. Chitosan usually take long time to extract by conventional method for deacetylation process of chitin. Raw material for chitosan can be found in shrimp shell waste. Chitosan manufactures usually need high temperatures and chemicals in large quantities and it takes much time and consumes a lot of energy where will give bad effect to the environment. Recently microwave irradiation as nonconventional energy sources is widely used in chemical reactions. To reduce the impact of environmental pollution due to excessive use of chemical treatment, the objective of this work is processing chitosan under microwave irradiation. Expected production of chitosan with the same mass requires fewer chemicals than conventional heating. In particular, the study will examine the effect of making the chitosan and adding chemicals, reaction time and operating temperature and degree of deacetylation in chitosan with conventional heating methods that the results will be compared using a microwave. In this research will be developed to the design and fabrication of prototype scale extractor for manufacturing chitosan from shrimp shell waste after optimum results obtained from the research laboratory scale. From the research we can conclude that microwave will speed up reaction time. FTIR also showed functional group of chitosan formed from microwave irradiation have same results. Keywords: chitosan, shrimp shells, microwave

Pilot scale applications of microwave heating for soil remediation

Thermal remediation technologies are very efficient for the removal of lipophilic organic contaminants from solid waste or soil. Compared to conventional heating method that is energy consuming due to the low thermal conductivity of contaminated material, microwaves bring several benefits for thermal solids treatment. There are three different approaches for the application of microwave heating for remediation - 1) contaminated material heating in a kiln, 2) the in-situ heating of contaminated surfaces and 3) the in-situ heating of subsurface soil environment. We developed and tested the pilot units for these applications including efficient off-gas treatment system. The pilot remediation tests were performed using 6 kW 2.45 GHz industrial microwave generators for the treatment of materials from several contaminated sites. During the tests, we measured detailed spatial temperature and contaminants mass distribution in the tested material. The achieved results confirmed promising data from laboratory tests and the high efficiencies of different contaminants removal were achieved at mild temperatures and with low energy consumption. Moreover, we gained important empirical knowledge about these innovative remediation technologies that has allowed to determine practical limitations for further scale-up and field applications or to validate future numerical models.

Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies

Abstract Polycarbonate (PC) wastes, including optical discs (CDs) and digital optical discs (DVDs), were chemically recycled into valuable materials such as 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (BPA) and etherified derivatives of BPA using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkali metal catalyst and nanostructured titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and microstructured titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) as the solid supports in the binary green system consisting of water and 2,2′-oxydi(ethan-1-ol) (DEG) under conventional heating method, and data were compared. In this study, the effects of various parameters, such as solvent composition, concentration of NaOH, and solid support, were studied on the reaction progress. In these reactions, the importance of water as the green solvent was investigated in achieving pure BPA as the valuable material. When used with 20% aqueous DEG (pbw), a pure BPA can be obtained at 70% yield in the presence of nano-TiO2 and micro-TiO2 as the solid supports. According to the results, the use of nano-TiO2 in comparison with micro-TiO2 accelerates the chemical recycling of PC wastes. The nano-TiO2 catalyst recovery shows that the recovered solid support is applicable for four cycles. The obtained products were characterized using spectroscopic methods, namely, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.