Conventional Formula Research Articles

Joint power and blocklength optimization for RIS‐aided multiple‐access downlink ultra‐reliable low‐latency communication

Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) has gained significant interest since it deals with short packet transmission adopted to reduce latency; however, this implies that the conventional Shannon capacity formula is not applicable, and the achievable data rate becomes a complex function of the decoding error probability and blocklength. This paper studies URLLC transmission using a time-division multiple access scheme with an arbitrary number of actuators utilising a reconfigurable intelligent surface. The authors optimisze the weighted sum rate of this system subject to reliability, total energy, and latency constraints. For the blocklength allocation in a scenario where each actuator is allocated equal power, a closed-form analytical solution is provided. Also, for the case of joint optimization of the blocklength and power of each actuator, an analytical solution is provided for the case of two actuators, while an iterative sequential quadratic programing method is adopted for the case of an arbitrary number of actuators. The proposed methodology provides a low-complexity, fast solution, which is more efficient than using exhaustive search techniques. The results show that in some cases, optimization of the blocklength provides a near-optimal solution at low complexity, while jointly optimising the blocklength and the power per actuator has an improved performance at the cost of additional complexity.

Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigation on flexural behavior of hybrid beams consisting of ultra-high performance and normal-strength concrete

In this study, the flexural behavior of hybrid beams consisting of an ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) substrate and normal-strength concrete (NSC) overlay is investigated. From the experimental perspective, five UHPC-NSC hybrid beams were loaded to failure, and their failure patterns, load–deflection curves, ductility, strain distributions, and crack evolutions were compared. The UHPC substrate was found to significantly enhance the load-carrying capacity and suppress massive cracking of the hybrid beams. Interestingly, the increasing thickness of the UHPC substrate was observed to impair the beams’ overall ductility, leading to the apparent descending post-peak branch of the load–deflection curve. In other words, the agreed ductility of UHPC at the material level did not always benefit the deformation capacity of the beams at the structural level. Furthermore, an analytical derivation is proposed to capture the load–deflection curve of the hybrid beams. Specifically, sectional analysis in OpenSees was adopted to obtain the moment–curvature relation. This numerical strategy significantly alleviates the complicated derivation of the moment–curvature relation from conventional analytical formulas, owing to the significant tensile contribution of the UHPC material. Finally, finite element (FE) modeling of the hybrid beam specimens was performed. A nonlocal phase-field approach was implemented for UHPC and NSC materials. The numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental observations in terms of stiffness, load–deflection relation, and crack evolution.

RETRACTED: Cuckoo Search Optimization based PI Controller Tuning for Hopper Tank System

The paper work focuses on soft computing and Conventional controller tuning approach to design of PI controller, for a nonlinear hopper tank liquid level control system process Industries. The automation industries provide conventional techniques where it is impossible to maintain its settling time which motivates to do the research in this field. The system processes the combination of a conical and cylindrical tank for providing Multi-region based mathematical modelling to obtain the first order with delay time (FOPDT) process transfer function model. The Ziegler Nichols, Cohen-coon, Tyreus Luben, CHR (Chien, Hrones, and Reswick), IMC (Internal Model Control), Direct Synthesis, FOPI(Fractional Order PI) Conventional tuning formulae and Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) algorithm are used to optimize the servo regulatory responses of PI controller. The integral and proportional gain of the PI controller is said to produce the fastest settling time and reduces the error using performance indices and achieves Liquid Level control in hopper tank. Comparison is made for the various conventional controller tuning methods with Cuckoo Search Optimization tuning responses and identified to CSO-PI method offers enhanced Optimized Performance of settling time which was about 105.58 s which is relatively less while comparing to Conventional PI controller tuning methods for a different region based system.

A novel myocardial T1 analysis method robust to fluctuations in longitudinal magnetization recovery due to heart rate variability in polarity-corrected inversion time preparation

Myocardial T1 mapping is useful for characterizing the myocardial tissues. Polarity-corrected inversion time preparation (PCTIP), one of the T1 mapping techniques, was expected to reduce measurement underestimation versus the MOLLI method. However, measurement accuracy is reportedly reduced, especially at high heart rates (HR), owing to the shorter time interval of inversion recovery (IR) pulses. This phantom-based experiment aimed to evaluate the dependence of T1 mapping with PCTIP on HR. Here we proposed and evaluated the effectiveness of a novel HR-independent analysis method for T1 mapping. A PCTIP scan using a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner was performed on a T1 measurement phantom. The virtual HR were set at 50, 60, 75, and 100bpm. The T1 of the phantom was estimated by a least-squares fit of the PCTIP data for each obtained inversion time and a theoretical longitudinal relaxation formula. This analysis was performed for the conventional and proposed formulas. The proposed formula was derived for adapting to the transient state of longitudinal magnetization recovery caused by the trigger interval as a recurrence formula. The estimated T1 measurements using the conventional formula varied widely with HR and the accuracy decreased, especially at a high HR. However, the proposed analysis showed good accuracy versus the conventional method independent of HR. T1 mapping using the PCTIP method combined with the novel method proposed here showed good accuracy.

7-Instant Discrete-Time Synthesis Model Solving Future Different-Level Linear Matrix System via Equivalency of Zeroing Neural Network

Differing from the common linear matrix equation, the future different-level linear matrix system is considered, which is much more interesting and challenging. Because of its complicated structure and future-computation characteristic, traditional methods for static and same-level systems may not be effective on this occasion. For solving this difficult future different-level linear matrix system, the continuous different-level linear matrix system is first considered. On the basis of the zeroing neural network (ZNN), the physical mathematical equivalency is thus proposed, which is called ZNN equivalency (ZE), and it is compared with the traditional concept of mathematical equivalence. Then, on the basis of ZE, the continuous-time synthesis (CTS) model is further developed. To satisfy the future-computation requirement of the future different-level linear matrix system, the 7-instant discrete-time synthesis (DTS) model is further attained by utilizing the high-precision 7-instant Zhang et al. discretization (ZeaD) formula. For a comparison, three different DTS models using three conventional ZeaD formulas are also presented. Meanwhile, the efficacy of the 7-instant DTS model is testified by the theoretical analyses. Finally, experimental results verify the brilliant performance of the 7-instant DTS model in solving the future different-level linear matrix system.

Biometry and Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Eyes with Prior Laser Vision Correction (LVC) - A Review.

An intraocular lens (IOL) calculation in eyes that have undergone laser vision correction (LVC) poses a significant clinical issue in regards to both patient expectation and accuracy. This review aims to describe the pitfalls of IOL power calculation after LVC and give an overview of the current methods of IOL power calculation after LVC. Problems after LVC derive from the measurement of anterior corneal radii, central corneal thickness, asphericity, and the predicted effective lens position. A central issue is that most conventional 3rd generation formulas estimate lens position amongst other parameters on keratometry, which is altered in post-LVC eyes. An IOL power calculation results in eyes with prior LVC that are notably impaired in eyes without prior surgery. Effective corneal power including anterior corneal curvature, posterior corneal curvature, CCT (central corneal thickness), and asphericity is essential. Total keratometry in combination with the Barrett True-K, EVO (emmetropia verifiying optical formula), or Haigis formula is relatively uncomplicated and seems to provide good results, as does the Barrett True-K formula with anterior K values. The ASCRS ( American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery) calculator combines results of various formulae and averages results, which allows a direct comparison between the different methods. Tomography-based raytracing and the Kane and the Castrop formulae need to be evaluated by future studies.

ULTRA-SONOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE SIZE IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY IN PRONE POSITION: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL CLINICAL STUDY

Background: ETT is important in securing paediatric airway and its right size plays crucial role in paediatric patients. The airway anatomy in paediatric patients is different from adults hence requires precise ETT size. The subglottic diameter being the narrowest portion of upper airway, determines the ETT size. USG is safe, reliable, non-invasive tool used to estimate the narrowest subglottic diameter to estimate the correct ETT size. Conventional formulae included age and height. Concerns in prone position include accidental extubation,secretions, difficult airway access, increased abdominal pressure, increased FRC. Methods: Sixty patients in the age group 1-4 years posted for PSARP under GA were included in the study. USG guided ETT size was estimated and compared with conventionally estimated size. Results:The size of ETT predicted by USG was more appropriate than that estimated by physical indices(p<0.005). ETT size estimated by age-based formula was 2nd nearest to best fit tube. 65% patients were intubated in 1st attempt while 31.6% required 2nd attempt and 3.33% needed 3 attempts to get intubated with the best fit ETT. Conclusion:USG is useful and reliable screening modality in estimating appropriate ETT size especially in paediatric patients undergoing surgery even in prone position such as PSARP.

IOL Power Calculations and Cataract Surgery in Eyes with Previous Small Incision Lenticule Extraction.

Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), with over 5 million procedures globally performed, will challenge ophthalmologists in the foreseeable future with accurate intraocular lens power calculations in an ageing population. After more than one decade since the introduction of SMILE, only one case report of cataract surgery with IOL implantation after SMILE is present in the peer-reviewed literature. Hence, the scope of the present multicenter study was to compare the IOL power calculation accuracy in post-SMILE eyes between ray tracing and a range of empirically optimized formulae available in the ASCRS post-keratorefractive surgery IOL power online calculator. In our study of 11 post-SMILE eyes undergoing cataract surgery, ray tracing showed the smallest mean absolute error (0.40 D) and yielded the largest percentage of eyes within ±0.50/±1.00 D (82/91%). The next best conventional formula was the Potvin–Hill formula with a mean absolute error of 0.66 D and an ±0.50/±1.00 D accuracy of 45 and 73%, respectively. Analyzing this first cohort of post-SMILE eyes undergoing cataract surgery and IOL implantation, ray tracing showed superior predictability in IOL power calculation over empirically optimized IOL power calculation formulae that were originally intended for use after Excimer-based keratorefractive procedures.

Prospective comparison of accuracy of intraocular lens calculation formulas in phacovitrectomy: a pilot study in a real-world clinical practice.

To compare the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations among IOL formulas after phacovitrectomy. We prospectively enrolled 206 eyes of 206 patients who underwent 25-gauge phacovitrectomy, without gas tamponade, for macular pathology. Pre-operative optical biometry used the IOLMaster 700 to calculate the IOL power with the new formulas, i.e. the Barrett Universal II (BU II), Emmetropia Verifying Optical version 2.0, Hill-Radial Basis Function (RBF) version 3.0, Kane, and Ladas Super Formula, and conventional formulas, i.e. Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Holladay 2, and Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff/T (SRK/T). A single-piece foldable IOL was implanted in all cases. Manifest refractions were measured before and 3months after surgery. The BU II formula showed the lowest standard deviation and mean and median absolute errors and had the highest percentage of eyes with a refractive prediction error within ± 0.25 D. The absolute error was significantly lower with the four new formulas, except the Hill-RBF, than with the Hoffer Q (all p = ≤ 0.010) and Holladay 1 formulas (all p = < 0.010). The absolute error with the BU II formula was also lower than that with the Holladay 2 (p = 0.012) and SRK/T (p = 0.024) formulas. Overall, the new IOL formulas, except the Hill-RBF, were superior to some of the conventional formulas for calculating IOL power in phacovitrectomy.

Assessment of a computed tomography-based radiomics approach for assessing lung function in lung cancer patients

PurposeWe aimed to assess radiomics approaches for estimating three pulmonary function test (PFT) results (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC [FEV1/FVC]) using data extracted from chest computed tomography (CT) images. MethodsThis retrospective study included 85 lung cancer patients (mean age, 75 years ±8; 69 men) who underwent stereotactic body radiotherapy between 2012 and 2020. Their pretreatment chest breath-hold CT and PFT data before radiotherapy were obtained. A total of 107 radiomics features (Shape: 14, Intensity: 18, Texture: 75) were extracted using two methods: extraction of the lung tissue (<-250 HU) (APPROACH 1), and extraction of small blood vessels and lung tissue (APPROACH 2). The PFT results were estimated using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were determined for all PFT results, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for FEV1/FVC (<70 %). Finally, we compared our approaches with the conventional formula (Conventional). ResultsFor the estimated FEV1/FVC, the Pearson’s r were 0.21 (P =.06), 0.69 (P <.01), and 0.73 (P <.01) for Conventional, APPROACH 1, and APPROACH 2, respectively; the AUCs for FEV1/FVC (<70 %) were 0.67 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.55, 0.79), 0.82 (CI: 0.72, 0.91; P =.047) and 0.86 (CI: 0.78, 0.94; P =.01), respectively. ConclusionsThe radiomics approach performed better than the conventional equation and may be useful for assessing lung function based on CT images.

Formulation of substrates with agricultural and forestry wastes for Camellia oleifera Abel seedling cultivation.

Five Camellia oleifera Abel seedling substrates were prepared using the conventional formula, but with the peat substituted by the composts of Camellia oleifera shell, pine chips, palm fiber residues, chicken manure, and sheep manure. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared substrates before and after seedling cultivation were determined and their effects on the growth of Camellia oleifera seedling were analyzed. It was found that the survival rates of the one-year-old seedlings produced from stem cuttings on all substrates at 6 months were greater than 97.5%. As compared with the conventional substrate, the substrates formulated with the composts were able to promote the seedling growth based upon height, ground diameter, root length and root volume measurement. The substrate prepared with the compost of Camellia oleifera shell+ palm fiber residue+ chicken manure (A3), vermiculite and perlite (6:3:1) was the most optimal, which gave 100% seedling survival rate, the greatest seedling height, and the largest ground diameter. In particular, the ground diameters and 26.67% of the seedling heights reached the grade 1 standard for two-year-old seedlings.

Anesthesia induction regimens may affect QT interval in cardiac surgery patients: A randomized-controlled trial.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on QT interval of the propofol-ketamine combination and the midazolam-fentanyl combination in anesthesia induction for cardiac surgery. Methods Between September 2020 and June 2021, a total of 9 5 c ardiac s urgery p atients ( 80 m ales, 1 5 f emales; mean age: 57±9.1 years; range, 26 to 76 years) were included. The patients were divided into two groups as Group PK (propofol-ketamine, n=50) and Group MF (midazolam-fentanyl, n=45). The 12-lead electrocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements were performed at three time points: before anesthesia induction, after anesthesia induction, and after endotracheal intubation. The measurements were evaluated with conventional Bazett's formula and a new model called index of cardio-electrophysiological balance. Results The evaluated QTc values of 95 patients after anesthesia induction were significantly prolonged with the Bazett's formula and the index of cardio-electrophysiological balance in Group PK (p=0.034 and p=0.003, respectively). A statistically significant QTc prolongation was observed with the index of cardio-electrophysiological balance after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in Group PK (p=0.042). Hemodynamic parameters were also higher in Group PK. Conclusion Our study shows that the propofol-ketamine combination prolongs the QTc value determined by the Bazett's formula and the index of cardio-electrophysiological balance model. Using both QTc measurement models, the midazolam-fentanyl combination has no prolongation effect on QTc interval in coronary surgery patients.

Mathematical Modelling and Simulation Analysis of an Aircraft Wing Using SimMechanics

Flexible structures outperform rigid ones thanks to their lightweight, dexterous maneuverability as well as their suitability towards high vibration. To this end, a rectangular-shaped wing is modeled as a flexible cantilever beam under two loading conditions, namely the former is a uniformly distributed force which is triggered by gravity while the latter is a tip load. In the same context, this paper addresses the lumped parameter method (LPM) for modeling a flexible wing using SimMechanics (also called Simscape Multibody) and Simulink environment by considering the wing as a concatenation of small elements connected together through springs and dampers. To verify the proposed model, simulation examples are carried, from which it is found that the simulation results approximately match the analytical findings. To emphasis, comparatively speaking, the obtained results from SimMechanics model provides with the same results as in modal analysis which is performed through Ansys workbench, namely the achieved deflection as well as modes shape from the conventional formulas fit in with the deflection obtained from the developed model in SimMechanics.

A Numerical Modelling Approach to Find the Stability of RIB and Snook in Mechanised Depillaring Panel — A Case Study of Kurja Mine

Depillaring by conventional techniques created many irregular shaped pillars, mainly located at shallow depths in different coalfields of India. Continuous Miner Technology (CMT) has been introduced to extract these coal pillars scientifically with safety and productivity with greater depth. Leaving a proper sized rib or snook is a legal requirement as it decides the efficiency and safety of the pillar. However, CMT of square/rectangular shaped pillars created irregular shaped rib and snook. With the conventional empirical formula it is difficult to estimate the strength of such ribs or snooks. These ribs or snooks should be of sufficient size to protect the adjacent slicing operation and junction as well as they should fail in a controlled manner when machines shift inside the extraction. Field studies of different mines found several factors affecting the design of rib or snook. They are various types of induced stress, geological disturbances, manner of extraction etc. Proper assessment of the performance of different sizes and shapes of ribs and snooks in the field is complex due to the problematic underground mining environment for depillaring. For successful operation of the CMT required to study every depending parameter scientifically. Therefore, a numerical model is conducted to estimate the factor of safety of rib and snook to calculate the rib and snook stability. Results of field and simulation studies are presented and discussed in this paper to determine the rib’s stability in the continuous miner panel to create a safe environment for the men and machines.

Expansion of Blast Vibration Attenuation Equations for Deeply Buried Small Clearance Tunnels Based on Dimensional Analysis

The conventional empirical Sadowski formula has low prediction accuracy for the vibration velocity of the mass point in the near zone of the blast source, which makes it challenging to evaluate the damage of the building structures accurately. Considering the main influencing factors of blast vibration, the blast vibration attenuation law of deeply buried small clearance tunnels is investigated using dimensional analysis, and the Sadowski expansion formula is established considering the resistance line and free face. The regression analysis and fitting results were evaluated by combining the actual blast vibration data measured at the excavation site of the three separated tunnels at Badaling Great Wall Station with the post-expansion formula and the Sadowski formula, respectively. The results show that the correlation coefficients of the blast vibration expansion formulae based on the gauge theory for the fitted predictions of blast vibration isotropic velocities in a practical engineering context (0.92, 0.81, and 0.88, respectively) are higher than those of the conventional attenuation formulae, by 12, 10.5, and 6.3%, respectively, indicating that the expanded Sadowski formulae can better predict the blast vibration attenuation generated by the described deeply buried small clearance tunneling project.

Numerical parametric study on the uniaxial and biaxial compressive behavior of H-shaped steel reinforced concrete composite beam-columns

As a follow-up work of previous experimental efforts, this paper aims to further explore the compressive behavior of Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) composite beam-columns with assistance of nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. The FE model was developed in ABAQUS software and it delivered desirable accuracy after calibrating against the dataset collected from published literatures. The validated FE model was then employed to evaluate the fundamental performance of SRC beam-columns under uniaxial eccentric compression and biaxial eccentric compression. On top of that, the fiber section analysis was adopted to build the three-dimensional axial force-bending moment (N-M) interaction diagrams, followed by a parametric study to investigate the effect of material grade, steel ratio, cross-section geometry, load eccentricity and load inclination on the load-carrying capacity of SRC beam-columns, and disclose the complex biaxial interaction mechanism that is not well-considered in current design codes. Based on the numerical data generated from parametric study, the Support Vector Machine method is utilized to intelligently estimate the biaxial moment contours under varying load levels, which exhibits improved accuracy and consistency than the code-specified method and conventional empirical formulae.

Estimation of local scour depth around twin piers using gene expression programming (local scour around twin piers)

Abstract The scour around the bridge piers has been estimated using conventional empirical formulae; however, these formulae are unable to predict the scour depth precisely. The present study is conducted in two parts (a) experimental investigation for evaluating the behaviour of local scour around twin piers positioned in the transverse direction of flow and (b) an empirical equation to estimating scour depth is proposed utilising new evolutionary artificial intelligence technique gene expression programming (GEP). Experimental results for the present study demonstrate the influence of the rate of flow and clear spacing between the piers on the scour depth. Additionally the results of the soft computing technique GEP during testing and training of proposed modelling, fitness function root mean square error is observed as 0.00133 and 0.00113, with the coefficient of determination as 0.950 and 0.955, respectively. Furthermore, in order to find out the role of each variable for scour depth sensitivity, analysis has been conducted. The findings of the sensitivity analysis show that the pier spacing and rate of flow play the most significant role in scour depth estimation. Results of this study demonstrate a good agreement with the proposed GEP model and conclude that it is a better approach for forecasting scour depth.

Machine Learning for Vestibular Schwannoma Diagnosis Using Audiometrie Data Alone.

The aim of this study is to compare machine learning algorithms and established rule-based evaluations in screening audiograms for the purpose of diagnosing vestibular schwannomas. A secondary aim is to assess the performance of rule-based evaluations for predicting vestibular schwannomas using the largest dataset in the literature. Retrospective case-control study. Tertiary referral center. Seven hundred sixty seven adult patients with confirmed vestibular schwannoma and a pretreatment audiogram on file and 2000 randomly selected adult controls with audiograms. Audiometric data were analyzed using machine learning algorithms and standard rule-based criteria for defining asymmetric hearing loss. The primary outcome is the ability to identify patients with vestibular schwannomas based on audiometric data alone, using machine learning algorithms and rule-based formulas. The secondary outcome is the application of conventional rule-based formulas to a larger dataset using advanced computational techniques. The machine learning algorithms had mildly improved specificity in some fields compared with rule-based evaluations and had similar sensitivity to previous rule-based evaluations in diagnosis of vestibular schwannomas. Machine learning algorithms perform similarly to rule-based evaluations in identifying patients with vestibular schwannomas based on audiometric data alone. Performance of established rule-based formulas was consistent with earlier performance metrics, when analyzed using a large dataset.

Stir, Shake or Blend: A Comparison of Methods Used to Reduce Viscosity of Blenderized Tube Feedings.

Blenderized tube feeding (BTF) refers to formula composed of whole foods and purees, blended to a consistency that can be administered through an enteral feeding device. BTFs have a higher viscosity than conventional enteral formulas and may be mixed with extra liquid to aid in administration via an enteral feeding device. This study compared changes in viscosity of commercially available BTF s when stirred, shaken, or blenderized. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative flow test was used to provide an objective level of viscosity. Our results indicate that the method chosen to thin BTFs results in significant differences in viscosity and varies depending on the percent of water by volume added to the formula as well as the presence of additional non-food ingredients such as synthetic supplements. We conclude that the method used to thin BTFs should be taken into account when a consistent viscosity level is desired.

Impact of Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula on Circulating Lipids During Early Life.

BackgroundCurrent evidence suggests that the composition of infant formula (IF) affects the gut microbiome, intestinal function, and immune responses during infancy. However, the impact of IF on circulating lipid profiles in infants is still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate how extensively hydrolyzed IF impacts serum lipidome compared to conventional formula and (2) to associate changes in circulatory lipids with gastrointestinal biomarkers including intestinal permeability.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind controlled nutritional intervention study (n = 73), we applied mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to analyze serum lipids in infants who were fed extensively hydrolyzed formula (HF) or conventional, regular formula (RF). Serum samples were collected at 3, 9, and 12 months of age. Child’s growth (weight and length) and intestinal functional markers, including lactulose mannitol (LM) ratio, fecal calprotectin, and fecal beta-defensin, were also measured at given time points. At 3 months of age, stool samples were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics.ResultsConcentrations of sphingomyelins were higher in the HF group as compared to the RF group. Triacylglycerols (TGs) containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acyl chains were found in higher levels in the HF group at 3 months, but downregulated at 9 and 12 months of age. LM ratio was lower in the HF group at 9 months of age. In the RF group, the LM ratio was positively associated with ether-linked lipids. Such an association was, however, not observed in the HF group.ConclusionOur study suggests that HF intervention changes the circulating lipidome, including those lipids previously found to be associated with progression to islet autoimmunity or overt T1D.Clinical Trial Registration[Clinicaltrials.gov], identifier [NCT01735123].