Conventional Forms Research Articles

Design of Fast Dissolving Oral Film of Lamivudine using Ion Exchange Resins Indion 204, Tulsion 335 and Doshion P551

Ion exchange resigns are suitable for usage as flavor masking agents and sustained pharmaceutical release due to their inherent properties such as high ion exchangeability, modified administration capacity, physiochemical stability, and non-solubility in any solvent. Ion-exchange resins (IERs) are macromolecular polymers with differing cationic and anionic functional groups qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The polymer chain is fabricated in such a way that it consists of different salt-forming groups in repeating mode. In this study, we have tried to create a rapid dissolving oro-film of lamivudine using the ion exchange resins indion 204, tulsion 335, and doshion P551. FDOFs attempt to boost patient compliance by shortening the time it takes for the treatment to take effect, in addition to having a quick onset of action and higher bioavailability and also it’s a conventional dosage form. Out of three different resins, indion 204 gives a very excellent result with 1:1.5 ratio, where the maximum amount of complexation is within 4 hours of stirring. Their resinate are converted into granules and exhibit satisfactory value of angle of repose, bulk density, and flow property. Drug loading with indion 204 resin showed above 94%.”

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of sustained-release buprenorphine using in-situ forming lipid-liquid crystal gels

AimsSustained-release systems reduce the incidence of drug side effects and the need for frequent drug consumption, thus increasing patient compliance with treatment. In this study, we aimed to produce sustained-release buprenorphine (BP) using lipid-liquid crystal gels. Main methodsThe three experimental groups in this study included: group I: lipid-liquid crystal formulation 5 (F5) containing BP, group II: BP-free F5, group III: BP solution in NMP, and group IV: control (no treatment). The formulations were injected subcutaneously into the rabbits' back neck. Key findingsThe results showed that the time required to reach the drug's maximum concentration (Tmax) was longer in group I than in group III. The maximum BP concentration (Cmax) and the constants of the drug removal rate and drug absorption rate (Ka) were significantly higher in group III compared to group I. The half-life (t1/2) of the drug in blood circulation was significantly longer in group I than in group III. Histopathological analysis revealed no histological abnormalities in the skin and heart in group I (BP-containing F5); however, mild hyperemia was observed in interstitial vessels in group III (BP-containing NMP). The kidney and liver tissues showed normal structure in the control group, as well as groups I and II. However, in the group receiving BP-containing NMP, significant congestion, tissue damage, necrosis, and fibrosis were observed in the kidney and liver. SignificanceThe results showed that the lipid-liquid crystal system can be used to design slow-release platforms for BP, minimizing the side effects associated with the use of its conventional forms.

Formulation and Characterization of Buccal Patches of Oxaceprol

Background: Oxaceprol is an anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agent. Buccal route has advantage over conventional mode of drug administration. It avoids hepatic first pass metabolism and improve patient compliance. The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluation of buccal patches of Oxaceprol to overcome drawbacks of conventional dosage forms. Buccal patches were prepared by solvent-casting method using HPMC K-15 and PEG as plasticizer. Oxaceprol was initially characterized for its preliminary studies such as organoleptic properties, melting point, solubility, UV Spectroscopy, and FTIR studies. Drug-excipients compatibility was confirmed by FTIR, DSC and assay of drug content. The formulations were prepared and evaluated for parameters like physical appearance, thickness, weight uniformity, % moisture loss, folding endurance, drug content uniformity. All prepared patches of drug were smooth and elegant in appearance. No visible cracks were observed. All formulations were uniform in weight, thickness, and drug content. The folding endurance was increased with an increased in polymer concentration. In vitro drug release of F6 batch was 93.78% at the end 8 hr. Oxaceprol buccal patches showed enhanced the bioavailability. Release exponent n value obtained from Kors Meyer- Peppa’s equation was within 0.5 -1.0 which indicates anomalous release.

Influence of the Solvent on the Extraction of Phenolic Com-pounds from the Coffee Grounds by Soxhlet Leaching

In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted from the essential oil of coffee grounds originated in the coffee industry in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The selected method was Soxhlet leaching, with three types of solvents (methanol, ethanol, and hexane), in its conventional form (solid-liquid), with two polar solvents and one nonpolar solvent, and in four extraction periods (30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes). The highest phenolic concentration and the best associative capacity were obtained with ethanol as the solvent for extraction, while the use of methanol yielded the second-best results. The extraction performance regarding the coffee grounds oil obtained higher results when using methanol, but close values were obtained with ethanol. Methanolic extracts obtained from coffee grounds can cause the formation of undesirable substances and be responsible for the methanolysis of gallic depsides. Therefore, the solvent-assisted technique depends on the selectivity and affinity of the compounds, according to their polar covalent character, the molecular geometry of the solvent, its relationship with its dielectric constant, and the null generation of unwanted reactions during extraction.

ПОНЯТТЯ СТІЙКОСТІ ТА ВІДТВОРЮВАНОСТІ НІМЕЦЬКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗОВАНИХ РЕЧЕНЬ

The article highlights the issue of stability and functioning in online texts of a part of German idiomatic sentences – communicative and expressive set phrases such as Da staunt der Laie, und der Fachmann wundert sich! Ach du grüne Neune! Da hört (sich) doch alles auf! Bangemachen (Bange machen) gilt nicht! Ab nach Kassel! Nicht schlecht, Herr Specht! It’s well-known that scientists face certain difficulties when trying to classify these linguistic units – the boundaries between individual categories are defined rather indistinct, there are numerous smooth transitions between groups of set phrases and a difference in terminology. The novelty of the study is their depiction as a functional-semantic field of expressive and communicative formulas. Expressive and communicative formulas are defined as pre-formed (elliptical) sentence-value word combinations, usually fixed in the language community to express the intentions, evaluations and emotions of the speaker, which are characterized by usability, reproducibility, relative stability, complex meaning and perform a communicative and often expressive functions. The conducted analysis of their structural and syntactic variability proved that these units have only relative stability, in connection with which the criterion of functional-pragmatic fixation and usability as well belonging in a conventional form to the mental lexicon of the majority of speakers come to the fore. Lexicographic analysis is complemented by a corpus approach. The potential of corpus linguistics as an empirical method of modern linguistic research is considered, its advantages for phraseology research are highlighted, and the possibilities of using the Internet as a linguistic corpus, in particular, for the verification of lexicographic information are determined.

The Impact of the Singapore Mediation Convention and its Adaptation Study in Our Country

The United Nations Convention on International Commercial Conciliation and Reconciliation Agreements (hereinafter referred to as the Singapore Conciliation Convention), for the first time in the form of an international convention, gives legal enforceability to the international commercial reconciliation agreements reached after the investigation, so as to break the dilemma of difficult implementation of the settlement agreements in the international arena. However, this is extremely inconsistent with China's legal provisions and long-standing legal concepts. According to Chinese law, the settlement agreement does not have the enforcement force of legal effect, and it can be enforced only after being reviewed by the court or other institutions. This is where the contradiction between the Singapore Mediation Convention and China arises. The promulgation of the Singapore Mediation Convention has brought impact and opportunities to China's commercial mediation agreements. We must improve China's commercial mediation system so as to link up with the Convention. This paper uses the methods of literature analysis, value analysis and historical analysis to analyze the major difficulties of China's accession to the Singapore Mediation Convention, and to improve the review and implementation procedures to overcome the possibility of seeking the application of the Singapore Mediation Convention in China.

Lithium-Promoted Formation of M-2AZTO-Li (M = N2H5+ or NH3OH+ and AZTO = Anion of 1-Hydroxytetrazole-5-hydrazide)-Type “Quaternary” Complexes with Nitrogen-Rich Characteristics: Construction of Novel Insensitive Energetic Materials

Lithium-based nitrogen-rich complexes are important research objects in the field of high-energy materials. However, the weak coordination abilities of lithium ions relative to those of other metal ions with greater atomic numbers have hindered their applications in the field of nitrogen-rich complexes. Herein, we successfully prepared novel lithium-based nitrogen-rich complexes (N2H5-2AZTO-Li and NH3OH-2AZTO-Li) by exploiting the structural properties of 1-hydroxytetrazolium-5-hydrazine (HAZTO). Both N2H5-2AZTO-Li and NH3OH-2AZTO-Li were found to exhibit physicochemical parameters (including the density, stability, and energetic properties) that were intermediate between those of the simple ionic compounds (3 and 4) and the complexes (5) that formed them, enabling a favorable balance between high energy, high stability, and environmental friendliness (for N2H5-2AZTO-Li: detonation velocity (D) = 9005 m s-1, detonation pressure (P) = 35.5 GPa, decomposition temperature (Tdec) = 238.1 °C, impact sensitivity (IS) = 24 J, friction sensitivity (FS) = 210 N, and detonation product (DP) (CO) < 2%; for NH3OH-2AZTO-Li: D = 9028 m s-1, P = 35.7 GPa, Tdec = 211.2 °C, IS = 20 J, FS = 180 N, and DP (CO) < 2%). This study transcends the conventional structural forms of nitrogen-rich complexes, opening new horizons for the design of novel insensitive energetic materials.

Novel vancomycin free base – Sterosomes for combating diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (S. Aureus and MRSA)

A clarion call to save antimicrobials is the need for the evolution of novel delivery systems to combat resistance posed by Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus and MRSA) to conventional forms. Herein, we present a novel vancomycin free base – sterosomes (VCM-FB – Sterosomes) for vancomycin free base (VCM-FB) delivery against S. aureus and MRSA. VCM-FB – Sterosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and were characterised physiochemically, in silico, in vitro and in vivo. In vitro cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and HEK-293 cell lines were evaluated, with results revealing cell viability above 70% after exposure to VCM-FB – Sterosomes, indicating biosafety. VCM-FB – Sterosomes had a hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index and surface-charge of 114.14 ± 0.59 nm, 0.210 ± 0.02 and +36.3 ± 5.42 mV, respectively, with entrapment efficiency, drug loading and VCM-FB release after 48 h of 79.61 ± 0.59%, 90.91% w/w and 54.95 ± 9.75% respectively. In silico studies showed a self-assembly in five nano seconds, which was stable thereafter. VCM-FB – Sterosomes were seen to be stable over 90 days and were also non-hemolytic. VCM-FB – Sterosomes showed a 2-fold superior minimum inhibition efficiency (MIC) against S. aureus and MRSA, relative to bare VCM-FB, with MICs of 1.95 μg/mL and 0.98 μg/mL for VCM-FB and VCM-FB – Sterosomes (S. aureus), and 7.81 μg/mL and 3.91 μg/mL for VCM-FB and VCM-FB – Sterosomes (MRSA), respectively. A faster bacterial killing time was also recorded for VCM-FB – Sterosomes compared to bare VCM-FB. Greater MRSA membrane damage was indicated by an increase and decrease in electrical conductivity, and protein/DNA concentration, respectively. VCM-FB – Sterosomes showed superior MRSA biofilm reduction (27.22%) compared to VCM-FB (2.53%). In vivo BALB/c mice-infected skin model showed that VCM-FB – Sterosomes had significant MRSA eradication (27-fold) compared to bare VCM-FB (4-fold). These results amplify the superiority of VCM-FB – Sterosomes for S. aureus and MRSA infection treatment compared to conventional forms.

Antecedents and Consequences of Banking Customers' Behavior towards Social Media: Evidence from an Emerging Economy.

Due to the aggressive competitive climate in practically every sector, modern firms in the digital age confront a variety of hurdles for survival and growth. Technology, mainly digital technology, has altered global business practices. To stay ahead of their competitors, marketers need to develop new strategies that make use of digital technology. Using more conventional forms of competition will not result in spectacular outcomes. In this respect, the rise of social media is a game-changer in marketing since it provides marketers with a strategic touchpoint to engage customers with a brand. Still, it is also important to note the customer's attitude towards social media. Previous studies have, for the most part, ignored the connection between programs involving corporate social responsibility (CSR) and positive experiences for customers. As a result, the current study intends to evaluate the relationship between customer-related CSR activities on social media, customer attitude towards social media, and consumer behavioral outcomes, such as purchase intentions (PI) and electronic word of mouth (E-WOM). Information was collected from banking customers in a developing economy and evaluated with Smart PLS 4.0. According to the findings, customer-related corporate social responsibility activities carried out on social media have an effect on attitudes toward social media, customer behavioral outcomes, such as electronic word of mouth (E-WOM), and buying intentions. The findings also show that a consumer's feelings toward a brand can bridge the gap between customer-related CSR, E-WOM, and purchase intentions. The current study's outcomes can help policymakers comprehend the value of CSR practices from the standpoint of marketing, which is something that most CSR researchers overlook.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets Based On Solid Dispersion of Cimetidine

The most common problem about conventional dosage form is dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). So, we design a new approach in a conventional dosage form which is oral dispersible tablet. Oral dispersible tablet is also called as mouth dissolving tablet, fast dissolving tablet, or oral disintegrating tablet. Oral dispersible tablet has advantage as it quickly disintegrates into saliva when it is put on the tongue. The faster the drug disintegrates or is dissolved, the faster the absorption and the quicker the therapeutic effect of drug will be attained. The objective of present study was to formulate directly compressible orodispersible tablets of cimetidine with improved solubility and bioavailability by using solid dispersion technique. Cimetidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. It is widely prescribed in active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis. Solid dispersion of cimetidine was prepared by anti-solvent addition method and physical mixture using novel polymer eudragit E 100. Saturation solubility of drug was determined in physical mixture and solid dispersion formulation. The prepared solid dispersion formulations were further characterized by drug contents, HPLC, and encapsulation efficiency. Orodispersible tablets of cimetidine were prepared by direct compression method and blend was evaluated for the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc. The tablets were prepared by using selected solid dispersion formulation and excipients with sodium starch glycolate as a superdisintegrant and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, content uniformity, wetting time, dispersion time and in-vitro drug release. Orodispersible tablet shows wetting time 27±1 seconds and in-vitro drug release 93.20±3.181%, which is better as compare to tablet containing pure drug (82.36±1.986) within 20min. Thus formulation of orodispersible tablet of cimetidine solid dispersion showed increased solubility and bioavailability with patient complies and convenience.&#x0D; Keywords: Cimetidine, Orodispersible tablets, Solid dispersion, Anti solvent addition method, Superdisintegrant

Design, Development and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Antacids

Magaldrate is an antacid have been widely used in the treatment of various gastric and duodenal disorders such as heartburn, reflux esophagitis, acid indigestion, gastritis, sour stomach, upset stomach, irritable stomach, gastric and duodenal ulcers. The conventional antacids dosage forms have a short duration of action which is about 2-3 hours due to gastric emptying process. A gastroretentive dosage form of antacid is needed since the healing of gastric ulcers occurs when gastric pH is kept above 3-4 during 24 hours. The present study was aimed at developing Gastro retentive bilayer drug delivery systems containing Magaldrate to minimize the side effect, improve the prolongation of action, to reduce the frequency of drug administration. A wet granulation technique was used to formulate 9 batches. Superdisintegrants like Polyplasdone XL-10, Ac-Di-Sol, and sodium starch glycolate was used for immediate release layer and HPMC K4 M, Ac-Di-Sol and lactose like polymers were used in floating layer. Preformulation studies were carried out to optimize the ratios required for various grades of polymers. The prepared floating tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, thickness, friability, drug content uniformity, buoyancy lag time, total floating time, water uptake (swelling index), and in vitro dissolution studies. Successful formulation was developed having floating lag time as low as 30 sec and drug release was sustained up to 12 hrs. A biphasic drug release can be obtained by using bilayer tableting technology which involved compression of immediate and sustained release layer together. Bilayered floating tablets with release characteristics offer critical advantages such as, site specificity with improved absorption and efficacy. This technology can be inculcated to various medicaments which have stomach as the major site of absorption.&#x0D; Keywords: Magaldrate, Antacid, Gastroretentive dosage form, Bilayer floating tab, Superdisintegrant

A Review on Bigel- A Newer Base for Topical Drug Delivery System

Bigel are two-phase semisolid formulations that contain oleogel and hydrogel that can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The formulation has a number of advantages over conventional semisolid dosage forms, including good spread ability, water washability, better permeability, improved stratum corneum hydration, dose adjustment, patient compliance, and controlled drug delivery. Because both phases are combined, these systems can overcome the drawbacks of both types of gels and have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. The main objective of this review article is to provide information on bigels, including types, methods of preparation, and characterizations. A special emphasis is focused on the use of bigels as a drug delivery vehicle for topical administration.

Dynamic daylight performance oriented design optimizations for contemporary reading room represented deep open-plan spaces

Appropriate daylight environments are essential for library reading spaces that commonly meet long-term reading and writing. While conventional window form, position, and orientation designs felt increasingly difficult to comply the transformation towards deep, multi-functional open-plan modes of contemporary reading spaces. Insights of key design variable optimizations that can effectively enhance the dynamical daylight performance of open reading room represented deep open plans, therefore, become urgently needed. Employing dynamic daylight simulations validated by scaled-model measurements, this study firstly screened out the key design variables affecting both perimeter and deep areas through coupled orthogonal test-based sensitivity analyses. Afterwards, through daylight simulations considering differentiated illumination thresholds of both areas, single-factor analyses evaluating impacts of key design variables (window height and width coefficients, room heights, transmittances, and orientations) over both daylight intensities and glare probabilities have been thoroughly carried out. Qualified depths of both lighting threshold had been examined. The window width coefficient and transmittance were validated as critical design variables for perimeter area glare control. Window height and width coefficients, as well as room height were confirmed as main impacting factors to ensure mid-deep and deep zone illuminations, respectively. Moderately large window height (0.7∼0.8) and width (around 0.7) coefficients, glass transmittance (around 0.7) while moderately small room height (3.3∼3.6 m) are recommended. The research outcomes can assist in more effective decision-makings of early design phase daylight optimizations for common deep open-plan spaces. • Dynamical daylight simulations for varied depths among deep open-plans performed. • Orthogonal test based sensitivity analyses and single-factor analyses conducted. • Key variables for perimeter area glares and deep zone illumination levels validated. • Suitable design strategies of key variables for balanced daylight quality proposed.

Oleic acid-based vesicular nanocarriers for topical delivery of the natural drug thymoquinone: Improvement of anti-inflammatory activity.

The topical administration of a drug compound remains the first choice for the treatment of many local skin ailments. Many skin diseases can be treated by applying the active formulation directly to the skin, but unfortunately some drugs are unable to overcome the stratum corneum and exert their pharmacological action. An example is thymoquinone, a naturally derived drug obtained from Nigella sativa L. and potentially effective in the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative skin conditions. Since its physico-chemical properties are not suitable for overcoming the stratum corneum, we wanted to circumvent the problem by proposing new lipid-based nanovesicles called "oleoethosomes", made up of naturally derived ingredients, for its delivery. Among several formulations of oleoethosomes, the sample made up of 2% (w/w) oleic acid:PL90G 1:1 (molar ratio), and ethanol 15% showed the best physico-chemical characteristics and above all it showed the capacity to contain a suitable amount of thymoquinone (2mg/ml). The formulation was tested in vitro on stratum corneum and viable epidermis membranes confirming its ability to induce the passage of thymoquinone through the human stratum corneum and to act as a permeation enhancer. In fact, it showed thymoquinone permeation values of 22.63±1.49% regarding the applied drug amount. Oleoethosomes were compared with oleosomes, another kind of naturally derived nanosystems but free of ethanol. The experimental data confirmed that ethanol was an important component that enhanced the activity of the oleoethosomes when tested on the skin of healthy volunteers. The thymoquinone-loaded oleoethosome treatment demonstrated a significantly greater extent of anti-inflammatory activity than the treatment with thymoquinone-loaded oleosomes or the conventional dosage form of the drug. These in vivo results confirmed the synergic effect between oleic acid and ethanol on the lipid and protein compartments of the outermost skin layer, thus promoting a greater penetration capacity.

Bureaucracy under pressure: New(s) management practices in central government agencies

How various central government agencies (CGAs) in Sweden respond to the contemporary and highly digitalized media landscape and explore intricate patterns of the ambiguity in organizational and media relations are discussed in this study. Organizational responses caused by the perceptions of the media landscape on governmental agencies are analyzed as a process of bureaucratization. This study suggests that the agencies do not attempt to defend themselves; their efforts are directed toward maintaining internal trust and trust of the public. The studied responses turned out to result in decision-making aspects as preemptive measures, casting light on the significances of the ideal hierarchical authority. Furthermore, the extent of openness in relation to the communication showed rule-based actions. Additionally, the consequences of the media pressure for the more general codes of conduct among the bureaucrats led to the ideal of professional staffing. Our contribution is twofold. First, we argue that the contemporary media landscape – including all institutionalized (i.e., both digital and conventional) forms, structures, platforms, and interfaces – has led to an increased self-control in CGAs; and secondly, that the bureaucratization turns professional employees into “passionate bureaucrats.”

A Tale of Two Bureaucracies

Daniel Jenkin-Smith, “A Tale of Two Bureaucracies: The Formal Development of Mid-Nineteenth-Century French and British Office Novels” (pp. 93–123) The history of British and French society over the long nineteenth century can be framed as two contrasting histories of bureaucratization. In France, a “rational” body of organizational rules and procedures coalesced quickly around the state, taking their paradigmatic form during the First Republic and Empire (1792–1814) but stagnating thereafter. In Britain, these structures developed piecemeal, and over a longer time, gaining relative coherence by the midcentury. In both cases, however, office work became a major social, ideological, and cultural phenomenon, one that warranted literary portrayal despite its apparent unconduciveness to conventional narrative forms. In this article I illustrate the shifting character of “office novels” within these contexts, and I accordingly operate from both a comparative and a longitudinal perspective: comparing novels from France and Britain produced during the midcentury period (pivotal in the history of bureaucracy and of the novel) that focus on office life. I argue that the changing role of the office career between William Makepeace Thackeray’s abortive office Bildungsroman The History of Samuel Titmarsh (1841) and Anthony Trollope’s The Three Clerks (1858) reflects the reform, saturation, and ideological legitimation of bureaucratic forms in Britain over this period. Meanwhile, the transition from Honoré de Balzac’s highly reflexive satirical novel Les Employés (1844) to Émile Gaboriau’s office-hopping Picaresque Les Gens de Bureau (1862) reflects an increasing jadedness in France about the ability of these structures to change.

PARTISIPASI POLITIK MAHASISWA

This Article aims to describe the mode of student political participation through conventional and unconventional forms of participation and what encourages students to participate. To achieve this goal, researchers use a descriptive quantifiable method with students of Palangka Raya University as a sample. Questionnaires are an instrument in data collection deployed using the Google Form. The result of the research on the mode of student political participation is the spectators. The trend that develops through the form of participation is passive supportive because students are more likely to participate regularly in elections. On the other hand, it is known that personal goals and self-awareness of civic duty are the main factors of students' interest in politics

Advanced Solid Formulations For Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic and endogenous infection caused by a fungus of the Candida genus, which can cause pruritus, dysuria, vulvar edema, fissures and maceration of the vulva. The treatment of vaginal candidiasis is carried out mainly by antifungal agents of azole and polyene classes; however, fungal resistance cases have been often observed. For this reason, new therapeutic agents such as essential oils, probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are being investigated, which can be combined with conventional drugs. Local administration of antimicrobials has also been considered to allow greater control of drug delivery and reduce or avoid undesirable systemic adverse effects. Conventional dosage forms such as creams and ointments result in reduced residence time in the mucosa and non-sustained and variable drug delivery. Therefore, advanced solid formulations such as intravaginal rings, vaginal films, sponges and nanofibers have been purposed. In these systems, polymers in different ratios are combined aiming to achieve a specific drug release profile and high mucoadhesion. Overall, a more porous matrix structure leads to a higher rate of drug release and mucoadhesion. The advantages, limitations and technological aspects of each dosage form are discussed in detail in this review.

PH Responsive Hydrogels for the Delivery of Capecitabine: Development, Optimization and Pharmacokinetic Studies.

The objective of the current study was to achieve a sustained release profile of capecitabine (CAP), an anticancer agent frequently administered in conventional dosage form due to its short plasma half-life. A drug-loaded smart pH responsive chitosan/fenugreek-g-poly (MAA) hydrogel was synthesized by an aqueous free radical polymerization technique. The developed network was evaluated for capecitabine loading %, swelling response, morphology, structural and compositional characteristics, and drug release behavior. Significantly higher swelling and in vitro drug release rate were exhibited by formulations at pH 7.4 than at pH 1.2, demonstrating the pH responsive character of hydrogels. Swelling percentage and CAP loading ranged within 74.45-83.54% and 50.13-72.43%, respectively. Maximum release, up to 93%, was demonstrated over 30 h, evidencing the controlled release pattern of CAP from hydrogels. The optimized formulation was further screened for acute oral toxicity studies. No signs of oral, dermal, or ocular toxicities were noticed, confirming safety evidence of the network. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated the sustained release response of CAP from hydrogels as confirmed by a significant increase in plasma half-life (t1/2) (13 h) and AUC (42.88 µg h/mL) of CAP. Based on these findings, fabricated hydrogels are strongly recommended as a biocompatible carrier for colorectal delivery of active agents.

Jaringan Kerja Sama Perpustakaan Dalam Negeri

&#x0D; Domestic library cooperation network is intended as a type of network that occurs in libraries so that cooperative relationships between other libraries are established in an effort to fulfill what is needed by users so that they can satisfy users and the purpose of library services can be achieved. The method used to carry out this research is to conduct a literature study which is further developed in a qualitative descriptive form so that the contents of the journal will provide a more in-depth explanation. The results of the study explain that it is necessary to implement a collaboration network between libraries in either conventional or digital form.&#x0D; Keywords: network, cooperation, library