Conventional Extraction Process Research Articles

Data-driven surrogate optimized and intensified extractive distillation process for clean separation of isopropanol from water: A sustainable alternative

Isopropanol (IPA) is an important chemical because of its wide use in chemical and related process industries. In the production of IPA, an important processing step is its recovery and purification. The objective of this paper is to analyze different processes to find an energy efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for clean separation of isopropanol from water. A six-step design methodology is employed, which starts with the conventional extractive distillation process (EDP). Design parameters of EDP are first optimized by using a proposed artificial neural network (ANN) based data-driven surrogate (ANNDS). Using the optimal EDP as a reference design, improvements (intensification and/or integration) are considered through the so-called distillation-membrane hybrid process (DMHP), by heat pump vapor recompression (HP-EDP-I and HP-EDP-II), and dividing wall column without (E-DWC) and with (HP-E-DWC) heat pump, respectively. The results show that DMHP can be considered as a retrofit option with an energy reduction of 2.45% for the whole EDP. As compared to EDP, energy consumed in HP-EDP-I, HP-EDP-II, E-DWC, and HP-E-DWC can be reduced by 37.7%, 44.1%, 40.0%, and 56.4%, respectively. Moreover, CO2 emission is reduced by 42.6%, 50.4%, 40.0%, and 59.0%, respectively. Therefore, HP-E-DWC process is found to be the most sustainable alternative for the clean separation of isopropanol from water among the proposed processes. With further consideration of economic performance, HP-E-DWC is found to have the best performance with high separation capacity (>37500 kg/h), while E-DWC is found to be a favorable choice for a small plant with low capital cost and intermediate environmental impacts.

Extracción convencional y no convencional de compuestos funcionales de frutos de jiotilla (Escontria chiotilla) y evaluación de su actividad antioxidante

There is a growing interest in obtaining bioactive compounds from underexplored plant organisms such as jiotilla (Escontria chiotilla), a species of the Cactaceae family whose fruit is a source of betalains and phenolic compounds. Therefore, it is relevant to establish an extraction methodology that allows a higher yield of bioactive compounds and greater functional activity to be obtained. In this study, the conventional extraction process was optimized to obtain betalains, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity from jiotilla extracts and results were compared with those obtained by ultrasound-assisted and ultrasound-microwave extraction. Optimum conditions for conventional extraction of betalains (90.56 ± 0.88 mg/100 g fresh weight (gfw)) and phenolic compounds (129.12 ± 14.21 mg/100 gfw) were 37.5% v/v ethanol, an m : v ratio of 1 : 20, and 40 min maceration with shaking. Ultrasound-assisted extraction increased the phenolic compound content of the extract by 34.01% and its antioxidant activity by 25.68%, a positive correlation being found between these parameters. Ultrasound-microwave extraction did not improve extraction yields compared to the other two technologies. These results show that the extraction method affects the content of functional compounds and antioxidant activity and pinpoint that jiotilla fruits can be a viable alternative for extraction of betalains and phenolic compounds.

A Process for removing toxic heavy metals to produce the high purity NH4H2PO4 and KH2PO4 from a crude phosphoric acid

The use of chemical fertiliser, in particular a phosphate, in the agricultural sector is an essential in a modern production of crops. However, low grade fertilisers containing toxic heavy metals could be accumulated in soil and introduced into our food chain eventually. For sustainability, it is important to use the high purity fertilisers in the agricultural sector. In this context, we propose a hydrometallurgical process to remove impurities, including toxic heavy metals, to produce the high purity monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and monopotassium phosphate (MKP) from a crude phosphoric acid (approx. 50% P2O2). The proposed process is incorporated with a series of precipitations, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption, and evaporating to crystallise the final product. All impurities in final products were removed by over 90% and controlled under marketable specifications. As and Cr were removed further below to less than 1 mg/L in the final solution for adjusting the capacity of carbon was identified. Optimised conditions identified were then utilised in 40 L size pilot-scale reactors and produced the high purity MAP and MKP, respectively. The proposed process is expected to contribute for producing the high purity MAP and MKP by relatively simple technique and cost-effective than a conventional solvent extraction process from the crude phosphoric acid. The use of high purity phosphate fertilisers can aid sustainability for the agricultural industry by reducing accumulating the toxic heavy metals in soil in a wide sense.

Testing of a new high voltage electrical discharge generator prototype at high frequencies to assist anthocyanin extraction from blueberries

Traditional extraction methods are based on high-temperature maceration with organic solvents, which are dangerous for human health. A viable alternative to overcome the issues associated with conventional extraction is to increase cell tissue permeability by applying high voltage electrical discharge (HVED) treatments. The objective of this work was to validate the electroporation of blueberry plant cells using a new HVED generator prototype at a high frequency, investigate the effect, intensity, and duration of the applied voltage, and recover anthocyanins from its electroporated cells. The electroporation level of the HVED-treated blueberries was measured qualitatively by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Meanwhile, it was quantitatively measured by the cell permeabilization index (Zp) and anthocyanin extraction level. Results of the micrographs (TEM) showed electroporation in all treatments in which Zp was 0.24 when applying a 2 kV treatment for 2 s, whereas a 3-fold increase in tissue damage was revealed with the most powerful treatment (10 kV voltage, 30 s). In addition, anthocyanin values ranged from 83.09 ± 1.20 (control) to 136.82 ± 0.84 (HVED), which was 64.66% higher. The HVED treatment can increase mass transfer rates during conventional extraction processes. It should be noted that the validated prototype required a low specific energy requirement (31–204 kJ/kg) for proper tissue electropermeabilization. In conclusion, we demonstrated the capability of the developed HVED prototype to boost mass transfer phenomena and thus potentially increase its adaptability to assist dissimilar industrial processes or waste (e.g., peels and seeds) such as freeze-drying operations.

Thermal and nonthermal pretreatment methods for the extraction of anthocyanins: A review

Functional plant bioactive such as polyphenols have drawn greater interest for researchers, food industries and consumers. Anthocyanins are popular due to its high antioxidant activity and nutra-pharmaceutical potential. As the demand for anthocyanins grows, exploring and acknowledging applications of various conventional and non-conventional means of anthocyanins extraction is important. Conventional extraction methods have some limitations in the context that these are most time-consuming, tedious and less cost-effective as well as offer lower extraction yield and selectivity. Therefore, to encounter the limitations mentioned, pre-treatments including thermal and non-thermal are applied to plant materials prior to the conventional bioactive extraction process. Thermal pre-treatments include blanching, ultrasonication, microwave and ohmic heating (OH); meanwhile, examples of non-thermal pre-treatment are enzymatic, high-pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric field (PEF). This review is an attempt to critically summarize the applications of various pre-treatment methods for improving the extraction rates and yields of anthocyanins from plant materials.

Optimization of Extraction of Natural Antimicrobial Pigments Using Supercritical Fluids: A Review

It has become increasingly popular to replace chemically synthesized compounds with natural counterparts mostly found in natural sources, such as natural pigments. The conventional extraction processes for these compounds are limited by the toxicity and flammability of the solvents. To obtain pure extracts, it is always a longer process that requires several steps. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a cutting-edge green technology that is continuously increasing and expanding its fields of application, with benefits such as no waste produced, shorter extraction time, automation, and lower solvent consumption. The SFE of natural pigments has high potential in food, textiles, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals; there are a number of other applications that can benefit from the SFE technique of natural pigments. The pigments that are extracted via SFE have a high potential for application and sustainability because of their biological and antimicrobial properties as well as low environmental risk. This review provides an update on the SFE technique, specifically as it pertains to the optimization of health-promoting pigments. This review focuses on antimicrobial pigments and the high efficiency of SFE in extracting pure antimicrobial pigments. In addition, the optimal conditions, biological activities, and possible applications of each category are explained.

Evaluation on the separation effect and extractant recovery efficiency of extractive distillation for separating ethyl acetate/methanol with ionic liquids as extractants

For the purpose of recycling resource and cleaner production, the extractive distillation schemes with different ionic liquids as extractants are proposed to separate ethyl acetate and methanol. In fact, the evaluation of extractants should not just focus on the separation effect, the effectiveness for the recovery of extractants which has a great influence on the overall benefits of extractive distillation process also need to be paid more attention, especially for the ionic liquids (ILs). On the basis of the VLE diagram, σ-Profiles, and interaction energy based on molecular dynamics, the separation effects of the selected extractant are following the order of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) > 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate ([EMIM][DEP]) > dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, the decomposition temperature of [EMIM][DEP] is much higher than that of [EMIM][OAc], which leads to the better effectiveness for extractant recovery. Then, several recovery configurations are explored owing to different decomposition temperature of selected ILs. The result shows that the heat integration assisted the process with [EMIM][DEP] as extractant which utilizes two-stage evaporators extractant recovery configuration has a better performance than other processes and can reduce 35.07% of TAC, 37.59% of energy consumption and 37.36% of gas emission compared with conventional extractive distillation process with DMSO as extractant

Economic, environmental, and exergy analysis of an efficient separation process for recovering low-carbon alcohol from wastewater

Extractive distillation separation is a continuous and effective process for the separation of industrial wastewater components. In this study, a method to recover high-purity ethanol and isopropanol from industrial wastewater via extractive distillation has been proposed. Three enhanced energy-saving processes were developed to reduce the economic costs and environmental impact of distillation processes. The process operation parameters with the best economic performance were obtained based on a sequential iterative optimization method with the total annual cost as the objective function. Results show that, thermally coupled technology can effectively reduce the economic cost. Compared with the conventional extractive distillation process, the total annual cost of the thermally coupled extractive distillation process was the lowest, accounting to a reduction of 33.14%. The heat recovery rate of the heat pump-assisted thermally coupled extractive distillation process was the highest (1979 kW), and the total energy consumption was the lowest (5762.4 kW). The gas emission (2432.72 kg/Y), GWP (1246.42 kg CO2-Eq), AP (2.23 kg SO2-Eq), HTP inf (38.66 kg DCB-Eq), Eco tox (20.04 CTUe), and exergy loss (20.73%) of the heat pump-assisted thermally coupled extractive distillation process were the lowest. This work has important guiding significance for the efficient recovery of low-carbon alcohols from industrial wastewater and promoting cleaner production in the chemical industry.

Comparative optimal design and effective control of different pressure extractive distillation for separating acetone - Methanol

Acetone and methanol are critical industrial feedstocks as well as organic solvents. Previous studies on the separation of the minimum-boiling azeotrope acetone-methanol by pressure-swing extractive distillation have shown superiority in terms of energy and cost savings. However, the pressure-varying configuration inevitably requires high-grade heat steam. To surpass the limitation, a novel different pressure extractive distillation strategy is proposed in this paper. The conceptual design of the different pressure extractive distillation configuration is carried out from thermodynamic insights, and the feasible ranges of entrainer/feed flow rate ratio and reflux ratio are determined. The design parameters are optimized by an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. Compared with the conventional extractive distillation process, the total annual cost (TAC) and CO2 emissions of the proposed process are reduced by 22.17% and 48.14%, respectively. An alternative different pressure extractive distillation process with feed preheating is then obtained by changing feed thermal condition, which has a 24.08% reduction in TAC and a 48.33% reduction in CO2 emissions in comparison with the conventional extractive distillation process. Compared with the existing heat-integrated pressure-swing extractive distillation process, the new process has a 2.90% and 22.36% reduction in TAC and CO2 emissions, respectively. Subsequently, two control schemes are presented by calculating controllability indicators in the steady-state design stage. The results illustrate that the improved control scheme with multiple feedforward control loops performs the best robustness.

Simulation and Optimization of the Separation of Methanol-Dimethyl Carbonate Azeotrope by Extractive Dividing Wall Column

The extractive distillation of a methanol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) azeotrope system was taken as an example, and the simulation and optimization of the conventional extractive process (CEP) and extractive dividing wall column (EDWC) were carried out by Aspen Plus software. In order to meet the requirements of separation, lower energy consumption and investment cost were obtained by using a univariate analysis of the optimal operating parameters of the EDWC. The coupling mechanism of the EDWC was described. The results showed that the number of theoretical plates of EDWC was 36, which was lower than the sum of theoretical plates in the two columns of CEP. At the same time, compared with the CEP, the energy consumption of the EDWC could save up to 16.09% and 11.85%, respectively.

Nanohydrometallurgical extraction of gold based on ranelate induced nanoparticles formation

Most known for its medicinal anti-osporotic properties, the ranelate ion exhibits an exceptional performance in reacting with gold(III) ions, generating stable gold nanoparticles (AuNP@Ran). The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature, under green, mild conditions. The AuNP@Ran nanoparticles are relatively inert in aqueous solution, and exhibit zeta potentials of about −50 mV at pH 6. This fact has been explored in this work for interacting with positively charged magnetite nanoparticles, leading to a novel magnetic nanohydrometallurgy method for the extraction of gold. The process has been investigated in detail, by monitoring the extraction and constructing the adsorption isotherms, using electronic and Raman spectroscopy. The nature of the nanoparticles association has been elucidated by exploring the SERS effect. The proposed method is able to extract even trace amounts of gold from aqueous solution. For its simplicity and safety, it can be a green alternative to most conventional gold extraction processes, without using harmful and toxic reagents, such as mercury and cyanide ions.

Process evaluation for the separation of acetonitrile-water using extractive distillation with deep eutectic solvents as entrainers

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) show properties that make them effective as environmental-friendly entrainers for extractive distillation. However, the technical and economic evaluation via process simulation and the method of screening a suitable DES for a given azeotropic system are less studied. In this work, the extractive distillation process for acetonitrile dehydration with glycolic acid/choline chloride 3:1 (GC3:1) as entrainer is studied. Firstly, the σ-profiles based on the COSMO-SAC model are employed to select an appropriate DES entrainer. Then, the feasibilities of GC3:1 and ethylene glycol (EG) as entrainer are further studied by the analysis of residue curve maps. Finally, the design and optimization of the extractive distillation process for acetonitrile dehydration with GC3:1 and EG are conducted. The results demonstrate that the conventional extractive distillation process with GC3:1 entrainer gives 13.40% and 9.64% reduction in TAC over the conventional and heat-integrated extractive distillation processes with EG as entrainer, respectively. The TAC of the GC3:1 process is further reduced by 3.14% after heat integration. In addition, the control scheme of the extractive distillation process with GC3:1 entrainer is studied by Aspen Dynamics, and the proposed control structure is effective in managing operational stability.

Energy‐Saving Separation of the Ethanol‐tert‐Butanol‐Water Azeotrope System Based on an Ionic Liquid

AbstractThe separation requirements of the ethanol‐tert‐butanol‐water system are difficult to meet due to the formation of azeotropes under normal pressure. After screening the four most important ionic liquids, i.e., [BMIM][BF4], [EMIM][Cl], [HMIM][Cl], and [EMIM][AC], ionic liquid [EMIM][AC] was selected as extractant, and quantum chemical calculations based on COSMO‐SAC theory were carried out to analyze the mechanism of the separation process. An ethanol‐tert‐butanol‐water extractive distillation process was designed, optimized with the goal of the lowest total annual economic cost, and the cost of carbon dioxide emissions was calculated. To further save energy, a heat pump distillation process was designed and compared with the conventional ionic liquid process. The annual total cost of the heat pump distillation process is reduced by 10.11 %, and carbon dioxide emission costs are reduced by 61.9 %. Comparison with the conventional extractive distillation process and its modified process revealed economic advantages for the ionic liquid extractive distillation process and its heat pump version.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw) fruits using response surface methodology

The extraction of phenolic antioxidants from turkey berry fruits (TBF) was evaluated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction variables (ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, time, and solvent-solid ratio), to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities of the extracts. The model significantly explained the responses and the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were significantly influenced by ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and solvent-solid ratio. The optimum UAE conditions for achieving maximum TPC (192.3 mg GAE/g), DPPH (47.4 μg AA/g) and ABTS (116.2 μmol TE/g) scavenging activity were 56.7% ethanol concentration, 80 °C, extraction temperature, 17.3 min extraction time, and 49.7 mL/g solvent-solid ratio. The experimental values of TPC and radical scavenging activity obtained were in agreement with the predicted values. Also, the results confirmed that UAE can recover higher phenolic antioxidants from TBF in shorter time than the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) process. Furthermore, the main phenolic compounds found in the TBF extract were catechin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin and syringic acid. Consequently, this study revealed the aptness of UAE and RSM in improving the extraction conditions of phenolic antioxidants from TBF.

Sustainable wastewater treatment via extractive distillation process with ionic liquid as entrainer for the separation of ethyl acetate/isopropanol/water

To recycle isopropanol and ethyl acetate from wastewater by extractive distillation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM][OAc]) is considered to be an appropriate entrainer by comparing with ethylene glycol on VLE diagram and σ-Profiles, respectively. Then, the extractive distillation processes with [BMIM][OAc] as entrainer are proposed. Since the degradation temperature of [BMIM][OAc] requires the entrainer recovery section of processes to operate under high vacuum, one-stage evaporator and one stripping column configuration is determined to recycle entrainer [BMIM][OAc]. After optimizing the IL processes, the heat integration technology is applied to the optimized processes. Compared conventional extractive distillation process with EG as entrainer, the heat integration assisted IL process with appropriate entrainer recovery configuration which uses IPA as stripping agent can reduce 24.76% of TAC, 45.64% of energy consumption and 45.52% of gas emission.

Terephthalaldehyde-Phenolic Resins as a Solid-Phase Extraction System for the Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements.

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are involved in most high technology devices and have become critical for many countries. The progress of processes for the extraction and recovery of REEs is therefore essential. Liquid–solid extraction methods are an attractive alternative to the conventional solvent extraction process used for the separation and/or purification of REEs. For this purpose, a solid-phase extraction system was investigated for the extraction and valorization of REEs. Ion-exchange resins were synthesized involving the condensation of terephthalaldehyde with resorcinol under alkaline conditions. The terephthalaldehyde, which is a non-hazardous aromatic dialdehyde, was used as an alternative to formaldehyde that is toxic and traditionally involved to prepare phenolic ion-exchange resins. The resulting formaldehyde-free resole-type phenolic resins were characterized and their ion-exchange capacity was investigated in regard to the extraction of rare-earth elements. We herein present a promising formaldehyde and phenol-free as a potential candidate for solid–liquid extraction REE with a capacity higher than 50 mg/g and the possibility to back-extract the REEs by a striping step using a 2 M HNO3 solution.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of anthocyanin from black rice bran using natural deep eutectic solvents: Optimization, diffusivity, and stability

The present study was aimed to establish a green extraction method for anthocyanins from black rice bran using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Initially, five NADES were used and lactic acid: fructose was screened as an efficient extractant for anthocyanin from black rice bran. The extraction condition was optimized using an artificial neural network-genetic algorithm and the best condition was found to be time 11.25 min, water 12.63%, solvent-to-solid ratio 18.75 ml/g, amplitude 21.31%. The UAE-NADES extraction kinetics of anthocyanin was suitable for the pseudo second order model (0.94 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.99). The UAE-NADES showed higher effective diffusivity (1.14 × 10–12 m/s2) of anthocyanin than the conventional extraction process. The enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were negative irrespective of temperature. The stability of anthocyanin in NADES was higher than aqueous medium. This result indicates that the proposed method is an excellent alternative for the extraction and stabilization of anthocyanin. Practical applications Anthocyanin pigments are used as food colorants, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. However, anthocyanin is sensitive to processing factors, and the majority of regularly used extractant solvents are hazardous to the environment and reduce anthocyanin stability. The present study demonstrated that using a natural deep eutectic solvent to extract anthocyanin minimizes pollutants, lowers expenses, and improves extraction efficiency. Moreover, the study also demonstrated the non-thermal extraction as well as valorization of black rice bran.

Eco-efficient heat-integrated extractive distillation process using ionic liquid as entrainer for ethyl acetate-isopropyl alcohol-water mixture

Ethyl acetate-isopropyl alcohol-water is a common ternary mixture in pharmaceutical and chemical industries, containing multiple binary minimum azeotropes. Highly efficient separation for this mixture is of great significance to reduce environmental risk, recover valuable resource and maintain eco-sustainability. In this work, various enhanced extractive distillation processes using ionic liquid (IL) as entrainer are compared with conventional extractive distillation process (CED) in terms of the reductions of cost, energy and carbon emissions. First of all, ethylene glycol (EG) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM][OAC]) as the most promising conventional and IL entrainers are screening out through quantum chemistry calculation based on COSMO-SAC model. Secondly, two methods of improving energy efficiency such as differential pressure heat integration and divided-wall column are applied to the CED process. Finally, the resulting six configurations are optimized by simulated annealing algorithm, taking minimum total annual cost (TAC) as goal, and subsequently evaluated from four aspects of TAC, annual capital cost (ACC), annual operating cost (AOC) and CO2 emission. The results show that the new heat-integrated extractive distillation configuration with [BMIM][OAC] as entrainer, known as EDHI-IL is the best solution for ecological efficiency. As compared to the CED process, TAC, ACC, AOC and CO2 emission of this process are reduced by 38.86%, 36.51%, 41.41% and 41.36%, respectively.

Applying a Deep Learning Network in Continuous Physiological Parameter Estimation Based on Photoplethysmography Sensor Signals

In this paper, we propose a continuous physiological parameter estimation model based on a deep learning network for photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor signals. Signals of 8-s duration were incorporated into the proposed model in this study for frequent estimation of the systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure of the human body; this facilitated early identification and monitoring of physiological conditions and thus reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease. The proposed model was designed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network. This model was trained and validated using the large-scale Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care database. The CNN was used to extract features from PPG signals automatically. This automatic extraction replaced the conventional manual feature extraction process. Features with time-series were then analyzed using the LSTM network to estimate physiological parameters. Subsequently, ten-fold cross-validation was conducted to reveal the mean absolute errors ± standard deviations of participants’ systolic BP, diastolic BP, HR, and mean arterial pressure to be 2.54 ± 3.88, 1.59 ± 2.45, 1.62 ± 2.55, and 1.59 ± 2.34 mmHg, respectively. These values meet the standards established by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation and the British Hypertension Society. The proposed method facilitates the accurate, continuous monitoring of the BP and HR.

Predicting Colorectal Cancer Using Residual Deep Learning with Nursing Care.

Presently, colorectal cancer is the second most dangerous cancer; around 13% of people have been affected; and it requires an effective image analysis and earlier cancer prediction (IAECP) system for reducing the mortality rate. Here, the IAECP system uses MRI radio imaging for predicting colorectal cancer. During this process, high- and low-level features are required to examine cancer in an earlier stage. Due to the limitation of the conventional feature extraction process, both features are difficult to extract from cancer suffered locations. Hence, a deep learning system (DLS) is used to examine the entire bowel MRI image to identify the cancer-affected location, feature extraction, and feature training process. Furthermore, the DLS-based IAECP system helps improve the overall colorectal cancer identification accuracy for further process. The derived bowel features are trained by applying the residual convolution network, which minimizes the error between predicted and actual values. Finally, the test query images are compared with the trained image by applying the sum, which is more absolute to the cross-correlation template feature matching (SACC) algorithm. The experimental process is performed using 100,000 histological data sets, which is considered a publicly available data set. Moreover, the introduced method does not use generic features, whereas the deep learning features help improve the overall IAECP prediction rate (99.8%) ratio as predicted at lab-scale analysis.