Conventional Exercise Research Articles

Cerebral Benefits Induced by Electrical Muscle Stimulation: Evidence from a Human and Rat Study.

Physical exercise (EX) is well established for its positive impact on brain health. However, conventional EX may not be feasible for certain individuals. In this regard, this study explores electromyostimulation (EMS) as a potential alternative for enhancing cognitive function. Conducted on both human participants and rats, the study involved two sessions of EMS applied to the quadriceps with a duration of 30 min at one-week intervals. The human subjects experienced assessments of cognition and mood, while the rats underwent histological and biochemical analyses on the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and quadriceps. Our findings indicated that EMS enhanced executive functions and reduced anxiety in humans. In parallel, our results from the animal studies revealed an elevation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), specifically in the hippocampus. Intriguingly, this increase was not associated with heightened neuronal activity or cerebral hemodynamics; instead, our data point towards a humoral interaction from muscle to brain. While no evidence of increased muscle and circulating BDNF or FNDC5/irisin pathways could be found, our data highlight lactate as a bridging signaling molecule of the muscle-brain crosstalk following EMS. In conclusion, our results suggest that EMS could be an effective alternative to conventional EX for enhancing both brain health and cognitive function.

Impact of physical exercise (strength and stretching) on repairing craniovertebral and reducing neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The craniovertebral (CV) junction is crucial for head support, mobility, and protecting the upper spinal cord and vital nerve structures. Disorders in this area can cause severe symptoms such as neck pain, restricted movement, and neurological issues such as headaches and balance problems. Exercise and physical activity improves muscle strength, flexibility, joint stability, reducing pain, and enhancing joint function, while specifically for the CV junction, exercise can relieve muscle tension, boost blood flow, and improve posture, although the specific impact on CV junction health remains underexplored. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases MEDLINE, Cochrane, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect, alongside manual searches through reference lists. The review focuses on exercise and CV junction issues and includes randomized controlled trials, cohort or case-control studies, and systematic reviews. Primary outcomes include pain levels, joint mobility, function, and quality of life. Results yield four meta-analyses with corrective exercise and conventional exercise in improving forward head posture risk difference 0.00 (-0.09, 0.09) 95% confidence interval (CI), between cervical and thoracic exercises odds ratio 1.04 (0.59, 1.84) 95% CI. Comparing exercise treatment and physiotherapy showed risk difference 0.11 (-0.10, 0.32) 95% CI and the comparative analysis between training and no treatment showed risk difference 0.09 (-0.01, 0.20) 95% CI. Exercise-based rehabilitation programs tailored to patients with CV junction problems offer robust evidence, benefiting clinical management, and prevention efforts.

Effects of a Conventional Treatment Plus Scapular Exercises Program in Patients With Chronic Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Pre-Post Single-Group Study.

Weakness of the shoulder girdle muscles has been reported in patients with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term effects of a conventional treatment plus scapular exercises program in patients with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy. A single-group prestudy and poststudy were conducted. The primary outcome was the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation questionnaire score. Secondary outcomes were grip strength; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score; Visual Analogue Scale score at rest and at grip, and presence of scapular dyskinesis. A total of 65 patients (72.3% females), with a mean age of 41.8years, were analyzed. At the end of 6weeks, the results showed clinically and statistically significant differences (P < .05). At 1-year follow-up, the differences were: Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation -31 points (P < .001); grip strength +33.6% (P < .001); Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand -34.2 points (P < .001); Visual Analogue Scale at rest -2.5cm (P < .001); and Visual Analogue Scale at grip -2.3cm (P < .001). At the end of 6weeks and at 1-year follow-up, conventional treatment plus scapular exercises program showed statistically and clinically significant differences in all functional outcomes assessed in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy.

20 years of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in COPD.

Although a lung disease, COPD is also associated with extrapulmonary manifestations including, among others, limb muscle dysfunction. Limb muscle dysfunction is a key systemic consequence of COPD that impacts patients' physical activity, exercise tolerance, quality of life and survival. Deconditioning is the main mechanism underlying the development of limb muscle dysfunction in COPD, which can be partially improved with exercise. However, some patients may not be able to tolerate exercise because of incapacitating breathlessness or unwillingness to undertake whole-body exercise. Alternative training modalities that do not give rise to dyspnoea, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), are urged. Over the past 20 years, NMES in COPD has presented conflicting conclusions in meta-analysis. In this review, we try to understand the reason for this result by analysing possible biases and factors that brought conflicting conclusions. We discuss the population (the intervention group, but also the control group), the outcome measures, the frequency of stimulation, the rehabilitation protocol (i.e. NMES alone versus standard care/rehabilitation or NMES plus conventional exercise training versus conventional exercise training alone or NMES versus sham treatment) and the trial design. The main reason for this discrepancy is the lack of dedicated guidelines for NMES. Further research is urged to determine the optimal parameters for an NMES programme. Despite this, NMES appears to be an effective means of enhancing quadriceps strength and exercise capacity in COPD with the potential to break the vicious circle induced by the disease and COPD patients' lifestyle.

Efficacy of Low Impact Aerobic Training Versus Upper Limb Strengthening Exercise in Fatigue Level among Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: A disorder characterized by airway obstruction and breathing difficulty is known as chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Fatigue is one of the typical signs and symptoms of COPD. Fatigue is the termused to describe a persistent feeling of exhaustion, and it can have a significant negative influence on person’scapacity to carry out everyday tasks.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how low impact aerobic training and upper limb strengtheningexercise is effective in dyspnea and fatigue level among individuals with COPD.Materials and Methods: The 106 subjects were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from HepzibaChest Clinic and Spirometry centre, Nagercoil. The pre and post-test values were measured using the BORG scaleand Fatigue Severity Scale. The subjects were allocated into two groups. Low impact Aerobic training group:(n=53)received aerobic training with conventional exercise and Upper limb strengthening group:(n=53) received upperlimb strengthening exercise with conventional exercise. The study was done for four weeks. The entire procedurewas performed from October 2022 to july 2023Results: When comparing the low impact Aerobic training group with upper limb strengthening group, the lowimpact Aerobic training group indicates significant (p&lt;0.0001) effect in lowering the fatigue level as assessed byBorg scale and Fatigue Severity Scale.Conclusion: The study concluded that Low impact Aerobic training had a significant effect compared to upperlimb strengthening exercise on Dyspnea and Fatigue Severity Scale among individuals with COPD.

Comparison of Aerobic Strengthening Exercise Vs Conventional Exercise in Reducing Pain and Improving Balance in Osteoarthritis Knee Subject

Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic knee disease that is caused due to wear and tear injury or inflammationin the joint causing pain and limiting ROM. The condition leads to joint stiffness which causes joint weakness andloss of stability and balance. The purpose of this study is to determine whether ASE or CE is effective in reducingpain and improving balance in an OA knee subject.Purpose: To find out the effect of aerobic strengthening exercise and conventional exercise in reducing pain andimproving balance in osteoarthritis knee.Materials and Methods: 198 individuals aged from 55 to 70 of both genders suffering from pain and reducedbalance in OA knee participated in the study taken from Dynamics physiotherapy and rehabilitation centre. Theindividuals were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received ASE; Group B received CE for 4 weeks.The functional state of the subjects was evaluated pre and post using the NPRS and TUG test. The entire processwas conducted from November 2022 to March 2023.Results: Aerobic strengthening exercise was found to be effective compared to conventional exercise in improvingbalance and reducing pain in OA knee subjects.Conclusion: Group A had better balance and seemed to have reduced pain in OA knee during ADL compared toGroup B. It is concluded that ASE provides balance and reduces pain and is seen as an effective treatment in OAknee.

Effect of Partial Blood Flow Restriction Training in Improving Physical Functioning among Middle-Aged Subjects with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study

Background: Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training combines low-intensity exercise with blood flow occlusion toproduce outcomes comparable to those of high-intensity training. BFR is as effective as high-intensity protocolsknown to enhance knee extensor muscle strength in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the aimof this study is to find out the effect of Partial Blood Flow Restriction Training on pain and physical functioningamong knee OA subjects.Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of Partial Blood Flow Restriction Training in Improving Physical FunctioningAmong Middle-Aged Subjects with Knee Osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods: This is the pilot study where twenty subjects with knee OA were divided randomly intotwo equal groups. Group “A” received BFR training combined with conventional exercise two times/week andGroup “B” received conventional exercise two times/week. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Western Ontarioand McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) were used to evaluate subjects at two intervals (Pre-Testand Post-Test).Results: The difference between the Group A and Groups B was statistically significant (p&lt;=0.001). Henceconventional exercise combined with blood flow restriction training shows significant improvement thanconventional exercise among OA knee subjects.Conclusion: This pilot study concluded that the conventional exercise combined with blood flow restrictiontraining was effective in subjects with OA knee.

Effect of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Swallowing in Subjects with Post Stroke Dysphagia

Background: The study was developed to find the effect of auricular transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation ondifficulty in swallowing in post stroke dysphagia.Purpose: The purpose of this research is to extensively investigate and analyse how VNS impacts swallowing inpeople with post-stroke dysphagia.Materials and Methods: A total, 30 individuals have been selected mainly according to the criteria of both theinclusion and exclusion, from the above-mentioned study setting. The study was explained to subjects and writtenconsent was collected from all subjects prior to the initiation of procedure. The subjects included the study wasrandomly allocated into 2 groups The participants in group A will receive Transcutaneous auricular vagal nervestimulation, which is given for 20 min with the frequency of about 25 Hz, amplitude: 1 mA, pulse width: 360μs using clip electrode being placed in Cymba Concha, along with the conventional exercises and Group B willreceive Neuromuscular electrical stimulation will be given as Interrupted direct current at 30 Hz for 100ms, andthe intensity was increased until perceptible visible contraction.Results: Auricular transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation showed a significant effect in improving swallowingfunctions at 4 weeks, with a p value which is &lt; 0.001.Conclusion: This study showed that the transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation showed a positive effectin improving swallowing functions in patients with dysphagia.

Efficacy of Cervical Spinal Stabilization Exercise on Reducing Pain for People with Cervical Spondylosis

Background: The synovial joint capsule, subchondral bone, and joint cartilage are all impacted by the gradualdegenerative condition known as OA. This research work is designed to check the efficacy of modified progressiveresistance training for OA knee patients.Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of cervical stabilization exercises and conventional physiotherapy exercisein reducing pain for patients with cervical spondylosis.Materials and Methods: The study took place in Eyan Physiotherapy Centre, Sriperumbudur, A total no of 40subjects were recruited for this study through the purposeful sampling method. All subjects were recruited basedon the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The recruited subjects were assigned to two groups (Group A: 20 Subjects)underwent Cervical Stabilization Exercise and (Group B: 20 Subjects) underwent Conventional Exercise. Allindividuals are assessed for pain using Algometer as a pre-test prior to the intervention and again after 6 weeks ofintervention. The entire study process was performed from November 2022 to April 2023.Results: This study states that cervical stabilization exercises are found to be more significant and more effectivein reducing pain compared to conventional therapy. The comparison of post mean value of Algometer of both thegroups. Group-A(Cervical Stabilization Exercise) was 4.30 and Group B(Conventional Exercise) was 3.65 whichshows gradual increase with p value &lt;0.0001 statistically significant.Conclusion: This study recommended that clinicians consider incorporating cervical stabilization exercises intothe treatment plan for individuals with cervical spondylosis. The evidence supporting the efficacy of cervicalstabilization exercise in reducing pain in individuals with cervical spondylosis.

Effects of Gluteal Muscle Focused Exercise Regimen on Functional Movement and Posture in Children with Down Syndrome: Pilot Study

Background: This article emphasizes the importance of the gluteal muscles in children with Down syndrome,revealing their impact on posture and functional movement.Purpose: The motive of this study was to assess the remedial effects of the gluteal muscle exercise regimen ascompared to the conventional protocol for Down syndrome and develop the most efficient treatment protocol forchildren with down syndrome.Materials and Methods: Twelve children with Down syndrome received 8 weeks of continuous therapy, dividedinto conventional and Gluteal muscle exercise regimen groups using randomization. Pre and post-treatmentlevels of functional movement and posture were recorded and analyzed using GMFM and Posture Screen MobilePosture Assessment.Results: The Glutes group showed higher mean GMFM scores and better improvement in posture in 67% of the 6comparisons, while the remaining subjects didn’t show any notable difference.Conclusion: The gluteal muscle exercise regimen group demonstrated more remarkable improvement than theconventional exercise group in both functional movement and posture in children with downs syndrome in a 8week protocol.

Effectiveness of Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Versus Conventional Therapy in Adults with Plantar Fasciitis

Background: Plantar Fasciitis is a degenerative condition of the heel. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulationand conventional therapy was used as intervention treatment for heel pain.Purpose: The Purpose of this was to compare the efficacy of Pens and Conventional therapy in management ofplantar fasciitis.Materials and Methods: The experimental and control groups included 30 young males and females who wererandomly assigned to each group. The experimental group patients underwent Pens and conventional groupunderwent ultrasound treatment, plantar stretch, and exercise. Before and after four -week sessions of therapyeach participant was asked to score their morning pace using a numerical rating scale and functional foot indexas outcome measures.Result: The experimental group showed a substantial difference compared to the conventional group (p &lt;0.0001),indicating a statistically significant outcome. When comparing both groups there was a statistically significantdifference after intervention.Conclusion: Patients treated for heel pain reacted well to the conventional strategy used in this study, but Pensfollowed by active stretching dramatically reduced pain severity and improved the quality of foot function.

Effectiveness of Multidirectional Stepping Training on Balance among Geriatric Population

Background: In order to perform an activity that requires an upright posture, balance is a complex process that involves receiving and integrating the sensory inputs as well as planning and carrying out movements. Falls are frequent among elderly people. An example of home based aerobic activity is multidirectional stepping training.Purpose: To find out the effectiveness of multidirectional stepping training on balance among geriatric population.Materials and Methods: From November 2022 to April 2023, 200 participants were recruited from the Sai Chai Physio Centre, with only 82 participants selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.The subjects were separated into two groups: Group A (n=41) and Group B (n=41).Group A received multidirectional stepping training, whereas Group B received conventional exercise.Both the interventions were given for four weeks, three times a week for 40 minutes.Results: The findings indicated that both the groups showed statistically significant improvement after the interventions in scores of fall efficacy scale and Balance outcome measure for elderly rehabilitation(p&lt;0.005). Multidirectional stepping training showed statistically significant improvement in both the measures.Conclusion: When compared to conventional exercise, multidirectional stepping training is more effective at improving balance.

Effectiveness of Balance Training on Quality of Life among Osteoarthritis Knee

Background of the Study: Osteoarthritis of knee is defined as a degenerative disorder of muscular and skeletalregion that causes pain, stiffness and increasing loss of function cause decreased Balance and Quality of Life (QoL).Studies has also found that an increased chances of fall risk in patients with OA knee. Balance training impacts theimprovement of functional ability and the quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis knee.Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate how well balance training affected the quality of life inOA knees.Methods: 30 participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who matched certain inclusion requirements participatedin the study. These subjects were randomly selected from two groups: Group A and B. Group A participated inconventional exercises, while Group B received a combination of conventional exercises and balance training. Toassess the impact of the interventions, the Time Up and Go (TUG) test was used to gauge balance, and the subjects’Quality of Life (QoL) was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC). These measurements were taken before and after the eight-week intervention period. During thestudy, each treatment regimen was administered three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The purpose of thisresearch was likely to evaluate the effects of conventional exercises and balance training on balance and quality oflife in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.Result: At the completion of the intervention session, subjects who had Balance training had statistically betterimprovement of Balance and Quality of Life (QoL) , group B, WOMAC (mean=61.13, SD= 1.59) and p value=0.0001)&amp; TUG (mean=15.20, SD=2.41 and p value=0.0001).Conclusion: The study concluded that the combination of conventional exercise with Balance training showsbetter outcomes in improving quality of life among patients with knee OA.

The Effects of Mulligan Technique and Ultrasound on Pain and Functional Ability in Shoulder Impingement Condition at EMC Sentul Hospital

Shoulder impingement is a painful shoulder condition caused by injuries to the structures in the subacromial space. The research aims to analyze the effects of the Mulligan Technique and Ultrasound on pain and functional ability in shoulder impingement conditions at EMC Sentul Hospital. The research method used is a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test control groups. Thirty participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group receiving the Mulligan Technique and Ultrasound (15 participants) and a control group receiving TENS and conventional exercise therapy (15 participants). Each participant underwent six sessions per week, twice a week. Before and after the treatment, each participant's pain level was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and functional ability was assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The analysis of the data showed that both treatments in the two groups reduced pain and improved functional ability in shoulder impingement conditions. However, there was a significant difference in the group receiving the Mulligan Technique and Ultrasound, with an average pain reduction from 6.6 NRS to 1.3 NRS and an increase in functional ability from 62.6% to 11.85%. The group receiving TENS and conventional exercise therapy showed an average pain reduction from 3.6 NRS to 6.13 NRS and an increase in functional ability from 61.3% to 40.2%. In conclusion, the study suggests that the application of the Mulligan Technique and Ultrasound is more effective in reducing pain and improving functional abil-ity compared to TENS and conventional exercise therapy in shoulder impingement conditions.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and meditation in the treatment of persistent low back pain: Interventional Study

Objective: To compare the effect of both CBT and Meditation in chronic lower back pain patients.&#x0D; Method: Participants fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria and who are between the age group of 35-50 years with CLBP were included. Numerical pain rating scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) was used for the participant selection. The participants were further divided into three groups and 4-week intervention of conventional physiotherapeutic exercise, meditation and CBT, was given to the participants. Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire were used as outcome measures.&#x0D; Results: 40 chronic back pain patients were enrolled and randomized. All enrolled participants completed baseline tests, providing cross-sectional data for this study. Simple randomization allocated 14 patients to the control group and 13 patients each to Experimental Group 1 and Experimental Group 2. Significant within-group improvements occurred on the Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores between baseline and final visits for all groups. However, the experimental groups showed significantly greater decreases in pain intensity versus controls, evidenced by reduced mean Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores at follow-up. One-way ANOVA and Welch tests revealed significantly reduced Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores after treatment across groups. Both tests yielded statistically significant p-values &lt;0.01.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings show that meditation and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are beneficial in reducing pain. As a result, for patients with persistent low back pain, taking into consideration these two treatment techniques is critical.&#x0D; Keywords: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Chronic Pain, Oswestry Questionnaire

Evaluating machine learning-enabled and multimodal data-driven exercise prescriptions for mental health: a randomized controlled trial protocol.

Mental illnesses represent a significant global health challenge, affecting millions with far-reaching social and economic impacts. Traditional exercise prescriptions for mental health often adopt a one-size-fits-all approach, which overlooks individual variations in mental and physical health. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer an opportunity to tailor these interventions more effectively. This study aims to develop and evaluate a multimodal data-driven AI system for personalized exercise prescriptions, targeting individuals with mental illnesses. By leveraging AI, the study seeks to overcome the limitations of conventional exercise regimens and improve adherence and mental health outcomes. The study is conducted in two phases. Initially, 1,000 participants will be recruited for AI model training and testing, with 800 forming the training set, augmented by 9,200 simulated samples generated by ChatGPT, and 200 as the testing set. Data annotation will be performed by experienced physicians from the Department of Mental Health at Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital. Subsequently, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 40 participants will be conducted to compare the AI-driven exercise prescriptions against standard care. Assessments will be scheduled at 6, 12, and 18 months to evaluate cognitive, physical, and psychological outcomes. The AI-driven system is expected to demonstrate greater effectiveness in improving mental health outcomes compared to standard exercise prescriptions. Personalized exercise regimens, informed by comprehensive data analysis, are anticipated to enhance participant adherence and overall mental well-being. These outcomes could signify a paradigm shift in exercise prescription for mental health, paving the way for more personalized and effective treatment modalities. This is approved by Human Experimental Ethics Inspection of Guangzhou Sport University, and the registration is under review by ChiCTR.

The Impact of Myofascial Release Therapy and Deep Oscillation Therapy on Hamstring Muscle Length and tone in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Comparative Study

BACKGROUND: As a result of restricted joint range of motion due to spasticity in patients with spastic cerebralpalsy, the patient’s ability to regain normal functioning may be hindered.PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of Myofascial Release Therapy (MFR) versus Deep Oscillation Therapy(DOT) in helping children with spastic cerebral palsy to relax and extend their hamstring range of motion.METHODOLOGY: A total of 32 individuals with spastic cerebral palsy, aged 2 to 10, were recruited for thiscomparative experimental study through a method of random sampling. Sixteen subjects were assigned to eachgroup. Group 1(N=16) received two sessions of MFR with conventional exercise per day, whereas Group 2(N=16)received a single session of DOT with conventional exercise per day. Throughout the course of four weeks, bothgroups got therapy five days per week. A universal goniometer was used to compare the knee extension passiverange of motion (PROM), active range of motion (AROM), and Popliteal angle (POP angle) measurements betweenthe pre- and post-treatment periods. Statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA 2×2 and Post hoctables.RESULT: Both groups’ post-mean values for each of the dependent variables (AROM, PROM, and POP angle)statistically improved (p&lt; 0.05). Both groups’ mean differences in the PROM and POP angles were statisticallysignificant, and Group 1’s spastic hamstring muscle was more improved than Group 2’s, but both groups’ AROMshowed almost equal improvement.CONCLUSION: In children with spastic cerebral palsy, both MFR and DOT, when combined with conventionaltherapy, reduce spasticity and increase length (AROM &amp; PROM) in the hamstring muscle. However, our studyclearly shows that MFR is more successful than DOT.

The effects of exergames on upper extremity performance, trunk mobility, gait, balance, and cognition in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled study.

In recent years, game-based exercises have been included more in the rehabilitation programs of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and positive effects have been observed. This study aims to investigate the effects of innovative games particularly designed for neurological patients on upper extremity performance, trunk mobility and cognition in patients with PD. Twenty-three patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled study and randomly allocated into two groups: Exergames Program (EP) and Conventional Exercise Program (CP). Both groups received supervised physiotherapy sessions for 3days a week and 8weeks in total (24 sessions). Each session lasted 1h. Evaluations were applied before and after the treatment: 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Parkinson Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Twenty patients were included in the analysis because of the dropouts. Our findings showed that both groups improved significantly in 9-HPT dominant side, MMDT, TIS, MDS-UPDRS, TUG, FRT, and PDQ-39 (p < 0.05). MoCA scores of EP group improved significantly (p < 0.05) while CP group's did not (p > 0.05). It was found that EP group had better improvements in 9-HPT dominant side, MMDT turning test, and MoCA than CP group when the differences in the changes within the groups were compared (p < 0.05). Game-based training can be a useful rehabilitation tool to improve upper extremities performance, trunk mobility, cognition, functional mobility, balance, and quality of life and may have superiority over conventional exercises in improving cognition and upper extremity functions. NCT05235880. Release Date: April 1, 2022.

Enhancing Quality of Life through a Supervised Cardiac Rehabilitation Program along with a conventional conditioning exercise program at home in Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Objectives: Debilitating day-to-day practices, including a sedentary lifestyle, increased unhealthy food consumption habits, no exercise, smoking, remarkably low HDL, and high cholesterol levels, lead to increased obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), affecting the quality of life. Supervised, steady, and long-term aerobic exercise training benefits cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological status, and quality of life. Therefore, the study’s objective was to determine the effect of cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) on heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and quality of life (QOL) in CVD patients.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study followed a two-arm parallel group randomized comparative design. Thirty participants (n=15/group) with CVD (aged between 45-76 years) were randomly allocated to two groups (CRP vs. Control). CRP Group received the CRP and a conventional conditioning exercise program (CEP) at home and the Control Group received the conventional CEP only at home. The outcomes, HR, SBP, DBP, and QOL, were assessed using a sphygmomanometer and short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire’s physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scale, respectively. The t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to analyze between and within-group comparisons for all the outcomes scores, keeping the significance level α at 95% (p&lt;0.05) for all the statistical analyses.&#x0D; Results: The mean scores comparison of the outcomes, HR, PCS, and MCS, were found significant (95% CI, p&lt;0.05) within CRP and Control groups; however, SBP and DBP mean scores were found insignificant (95% CI, p&gt;0.05) within both groups, except DBP mean score which was found significant (p&lt;0.05) within CRP Group. Comparing the outcomes mean scores between the groups at four-week post-intervention, except PCS and MCS (95% CI, p&lt;0.05), HR, SBP, and DBP were found to be insignificant (p&gt;0.05). &#x0D; Conclusions: The CRP and conventional CEP at home together and conventional CEP at home alone were equally effective in decreasing HR and improving QOL in CVD patients. However, the CRP and conventional CEP at home together showed more effectiveness than the conventional CEP at home in improving the QOL in CVD patients.

Impact of Class IV LASER Therapy and Conventional Exercise on Young Adults with Cervicogenic Headache: A Randomised Clinical Trial Protocol

Introduction: A Cervicogenic Headache (CGH) is characterised by unilateral neck pain that originates in the bony or soft tissues of the neck and refers to the head. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) therapy is frequently employed in clinical settings to treat musculoskeletal diseases. Need for the study: Authors anticipate cervicogenic headache (CGH) treatment with Class IV LASER therapy will lead to statistically significant reduction in both neck pain and headache compared to baseline measurement. Adverse events related to Class IV LASER on CGH is minimal. The anticipated result of the present protocol will provide valuable insight into the efficacy and safety of Class IV LASER in the management of headache and neck pain. Aim: To determine the efficacy of Class IV LASER therapy in young adults with CGH. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial protocol will be conducted on a total of 44 patients having age range between 20- 39 years with cervicogenic headache were recruited by convenience sampling method. Recruited individuals with cervicogenic headache will be randomly divided into two groups: Treatment Group A (Class IV LASER therapy with conventional exercises) and Treatment Group B (Conventional exercises). Treatment time for group A will be calculated by dividing the total energy delivered by the average total output. Each patient received six sessions in total alternative days. Group B also received same session as group A. The visual analogue scale, neck disability index, algometer, and headache impact test are outcome measures that will be recorded as a baseline and of the two-week post-intervention period.