Conventional EO Research Articles

IoT Forensic Cyber Activities Detection and Prevention with Automated Machine Learning Model

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been deployed in a vast range of applications with exponential increases in data size and complexity. Existing forensic techniques are not effective for the accuracy and detection rate of security issues in IoT forensics. Cyber forensic comprises huge volume constraints that are processing huge volumes of data in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) comprised of IoT devices and platforms. Trust blockchain is effective technology those are utilized to assess the tamper-proof records in all transaction in the IoT environment. With the implementation of trust blockchain the record and transaction are processed with a distributed ledger that is managed by the network nodes. The challenge associated with the trust blockchain in IoT forensics is cost and security. To achieve significant cost-effectiveness organizations, need to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with IoT forensics in the trust blockchain technology. In this paper, developed a Block Chain Enabled Cyber-Physical system with distributed storage. The developed Blockchain model is termed as Integrated Hadoop Blockchain Forensic Machin Learning (IHBF-ML). The IHBF-ML model uses the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) with cyberspace to improve security. Within the IHBF-ML model, IoT data communication is established with the smart contract. The smart contract-based blockchain process uses the Machine Learning model integrated with Cat Boost classification model for anomaly detection. Cost in IoT forensic is minimized with the parallel processing of the data through MapReduce Framework for the traffic translation, extraction, and analysis of the dynamic feature traffic from the IoT environment. The experimental analysis stated that constructed IHBF-ML model reduces the cost by ~25% than the other conventional blockchain Ethereum and EOS.

Distances and angles in standing long-leg radiographs: comparing conventional radiography, digital radiography, and EOS

ObjectiveDistances and angles measured from long-leg radiographs (LLR) are important for surgical decision-making. However, projectional radiography suffers from distortion, potentially generating differences between measurement and true anatomical dimension. These phenomena are not uniform between conventional radiography (CR) digital radiography (DR) and fan-beam technology (EOS). We aimed to identify differences between these modalities in an experimental setup.Materials and methodsA hemiskeleton was stabilized using an external fixator in neutral, valgus and varus knee alignment. Ten images were acquired for each alignment and each modality: one CR setup, two different DR systems, and an EOS. A total of 1680 measurements were acquired and analyzed.ResultsWe observed great differences for dimensions and angles between the 4 modalities. Femoral head diameter measurements varied in the range of > 5 mm depending on the modality, with EOS being the closest to the true anatomical dimension. With functional leg length, a difference of 8.7% was observed between CR and EOS and with the EOS system being precise in the vertical dimension on physical-technical grounds, this demonstrates significant projectional magnification with CR-LLR. The horizontal distance between the medial malleoli varied by 20 mm between CR and DR, equating to 21% of the mean.ConclusionsProjectional distortion resulting in variations approaching 21% of the mean indicate, that our confidence on measurements from standing LLR may not be justified. It appears likely that among the tested equipment, EOS-generated images are closest to the true anatomical situation most of the time.

EOS® is reliable to evaluate spinopelvic parameters: a validation study

BackgroundSagittal and coronal standing radiographs have been the standard imaging for assessing spinal alignment. However, their disadvantages include distortion at the image edges and low interobserver reliability in some parameters. EOS® is a low-dose biplanar digital radiographic imaging system that can avoid distortion by obtaining high-definition images.MethodsThis study aimed to evaluate spinopelvic parameters in conventional lateral C1S1 upright radiographs and EOS® images and compare them. Patients with non-deformity changes were subjected to routine clinical examinations. Plain AP and lateral X-ray radiographs were obtained along the entire spine length. Patients were also referred for full-length EOS® of the spine. Thoracic Kyphosis (TK), Lumbar Lordosis (LL), Pelvic Tilt (PT), Sacral Slope (SS), Pelvic Incidence (PI), and Sagittal Vertical Axis (SVA) were measured in the two studies by an orthopedic surgeon and a radiologist using PACS software. Also, the orthopedic surgeon evaluated the studies again after two weeks. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was then assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Also, the coefficient of variation was used to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability. Bland-Altman plots were drawn for each parameter.ResultsThe mean age was 48.2 ± 6.6 years. Among the 50 patients, 30 (60%) were female. The mean ICC for TK, LL, PT, SS, PI, and SVA in EOS® images are 0.95, 0.95, 0.92, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.98, respectively, and in C1S1 radiography images, it was 0.92, 0.87, 0.94, 0.88, 0.93, and 0.98, respectively which shows good to excellent results. The coefficient of variation for intraobserver reliability was relatively low (< 18.6%), while it showed higher percentages in evaluating interobserver reliability (< 54.5%). Also, the Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement for each parameter.ConclusionSpinopelvic parameters, e.g., TK, LL, SS, PI, and SS, in EOS® are reliable and comparable to those in conventional lateral upright C1S1 radiographs.

Life cycle assessment of a novel electrocatalytic process for the production of bulk chemical ethylene oxide from biogenic CO2

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies support future energy and climate transition goals by recycling carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The use of biogenic CO2 from renewable sources, is an avenue for the production of fully renewable products. Fossil-based materials can potentially be replaced in the long term while allowing for the use of so called “waste” streams. To foster the development of a circular economy more insights need to be gained on the life cycle impact of CCU technologies. This study analyzed a CCU process chain, with focus on the utilization of volatile renewable electricity and biogenic CO2. We performed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, evaluating various environmental impact categories (CML 2001 methodology) and primary energy demand (PED) with GaBi LCA software by sphera®. The targeted olefin is ethylene oxide (C2H4O), which is a crucial intermediate chemical for the production of various synthetic materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). As functional unit, 1 kg ethylene oxide was chosen. In the novel process at first ethylene (C2H4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced from water and CO2via an electrocatalytic process (Power-to-X process). In a second step, the two intermediates are synthesized to ethylene oxide. The theoretical implementation of a medium-scale process under average European conditions was considered in 12 scenarios that differed in energy supply and CO2 source. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of the energy and resource efficiencies of the production steps. The process was compared to its fossil benchmark, an existing conventional EO production chain. Concerning the global warming potential (GWP), negative emissions of up to −0.5 kg CO2 eq./kg product were calculated under optimized process conditions regarding energy and conversion efficiency and using biogenic CO2. In contrast, the GWP exceeded the fossil benchmark when the European grid mix was applied. The PED of 87 MJ/kg product under optimized conditions is comparable to that of other Power-to-X processes, but is high compared to fossil-based ethylene oxide. Based on the results we conclude that the energy efficiency of the electrocatalytic cell and renewable energy as input are the main levers to achieve a low environmental impact.

A statistical thermodynamics-based equation of state and phase equilibrium calculation for confined hydrocarbons in shale reservoirs

The phase behavior of confined fluid in nanopores of shale reservoirs deviates significantly from that of bulk fluid. Confined fluid refers to fluid whose thermal motion is affected by nanopores, since nanopores have a comparative size to the mean free path of fluid molecules. To describe deviated phase behavior in nanopores, Travalloni et al. proposed PR-C EOS by introducing empirical modifications to the canonical partition function. The modifications consider the two main mechanisms that cause nanopore phase behavior to deviate: the finite volume effect and the fluid-pore wall interaction effect. However, in addition to its weakness on a theoretical basis, PR-C EOS possesses imperfections when applied to predict nanopore phase behaviors. In this work, we propose a new EOS derived from statistical thermodynamics for slit-like nanopores, named PR-X EOS. The PR-X EOS has an extra term to represent the fluid-pore wall interaction effect and a modification to the cubic EOS parameter to represent the finite volume effect. PR-C EOS and PR-X EOS are non-cubic, and each has some new parameters. The new parameters can be determined by fitting adsorption isotherms. When pore size approaches infinity, PR-C EOS and PR-X EOS both degenerate into classic PR EOS. To apply these two non-cubic EOS in reservoir simulators, we improve gas-oil phase equilibrium calculation methods. The improved simulator can model chemical potential equilibrium between the nanopore grid and the bulk grid, with chemical potentials of the two grids calculated using the modified EOS and conventional EOS, respectively, so that bulk grid pressure can be obtained. As a consequence, we can plot the adsorption isotherm or phase diagram under bulk pressure, which is practically measurable pressure. Therefore, we can validate the modified EOS with experimental or molecular simulation data. Validations demonstrate that PR-X EOS can match type I and type IV adsorption isotherms; whereas, PR-C EOS fails to match the type IV adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the phase diagrams calculated using PR-X EOS consistently shrink as pore size decreases, while PR-C EOS cannot guarantee this consistency. These two facts show that PR-X EOS is superior to PR-C EOS in modeling phase behavior of confined hydrocarbons. Furthermore, shale oil reservoir simulation shows that considering the confinement effect would lead to lower GOR.

Comparison of Lower-Limb Alignment in Patients with Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis: EOS Biplanar Stereoradiography versus Conventional Scanography.

BackgroundAccurate measurement of the lower limb alignment is one of the most crucial factors in advanced knee osteoarthritis patients scheduled for surgery. Recently, EOS biplanar stereoradiography with three-dimensional reconstruction was developed. The purpose of this study was to compare radiographic parameters between conventional scanography and EOS in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis who need surgical treatment.MethodsA total of 52 consecutive patients (104 knees) with bilateral knee osteoarthritis of advanced stage (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] grade 3 or 4) were retrospectively reviewed. We measured the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) on conventional scanograms. In EOS, we measured HKA, hip-knee-shaft angle, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle. To evaluate sagittal and axial plane alignment, knee flexion angle (KFA), and knee joint rotation (KJR) were also measured.ResultsNinety knees were KL grade 4, and 14 knees were grade 3. The average HKA was 10.14° ± 6.16° on conventional scanograms and 11.26° ± 6.21° in EOS. HKA was greater in EOS than on conventional scanograms, and the difference (1.12°; range, −1.07° to 3.22°) was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed on the difference in HKA and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (r = –0.198, p = 0.044), KFA (r = 0.193, p = 0.049), and KJR (r = 0.290, p = 0.003). In multivariable linear regression analysis, the difference in HKA had significant relationship with KFA (β = 0.286, p = 0.003) and KJR (β = 0.363, p < 0.001).ConclusionsHKA measured on conventional scanograms and in EOS differed significantly and the difference had a significant correlations with KFA, KJR, and medial proximal tibial angle. Surgeons can consider these results before orthopedic surgery in patients who have advanced knee osteoarthritis.

Fulcrum to Generate Maximum Extension of the Spine and Hip-Proposing A New Strategy using EOS Imaging for Patient-specific Assessment of Degenerated Lumbar Spines.

A retrospective, radiographic comparative study conducted in a single academic institution. This study aims to compare fulcrum extension with conventional extension imaging to determine maximum "hip lordosis" (HL), an important novel patient-specific parameter in spinal realignment surgery, as well as understand the extension capabilities of the lower lumbar spine, which together, are key contributors to whole-body balancing. Recent literature recognizes the hip as an important contributor to whole-body lordosis beyond a compensator for spinal imbalance. Patients >45 years' old with mechanical low back pain due to degenerative spinal conditions were included and grouped based on the imaging performed-fulcrum or conventional extension. All imaging was performed using EOS under standardized instructions and visual aids. Radiographic parameters include global lumbar angle (GLA), inflexion-S1 (Inf-S1) angle, segmental lumbar angles, pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), femoral alignment angle (FAA), HL and spinocoxa angle (SCA). Unpaired t test was used to compare between radiographic parameters. One hundred patients (40 males and 60 females, mean age 63.0 years) underwent either fulcrum or conventional extension EOS® imaging. Both groups had comparable baseline radiographic parameters. Fulcrum extension gave a larger mean GLA (-60.7° vs. -48.5°, P = 0.001), Inf-S1 angle (-58.8° vs. -48.8°, P = 0.003), SCA (-36.5° vs. -24.8°, P < 0.001), L4/5 and L5/S1 lordosis (-20.7° vs. -17.7°, P = 0.041, and -22.3° vs. -17.1°, P = 0.018, respectively), compared to conventional extension. PI, SS, PT, FAA, and HL were similar between both extension postures. Fulcrum extension, compared to conventional extension, is better at generating lordosis in the lower lumbar spine, thus improving preoperative assessment of stiffness or instability of the lumbar spine. Both extension methods were equally effective at determining the patient-specific maximum HL to assess the flexibility and compensation occurring at the hip, potentially guiding surgical management of patients with degenerative spines.Level of Evidence: 3.

The migration percentage measured on EOS\xae standing full-leg radiographs: equivalent and advantageous in ambulant children with cerebral palsy

BackgroundDuring ambulatory follow-up of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) systematic radiographic screening is required firstly to evaluate hip migration and development in the prevention of hip dislocation and secondly to analyse lower limb alignment and leg length. The Migration Percentage (MP) is a radiographic measurement used to describe the extent of femoral head lateralisation on conventional supine pelvic radiographs. Our goal was to assess the comparability of the MP measured on low radiation dose EOS® standing full-leg radiographs with that of conventional supine pelvic radiographs.MethodsPatients presenting with CP were prospectively selected from our outpatient follow-up consultation at our institutions CP reference centre and underwent conventional supine pelvic and EOS® standing full-leg radiographs the same day for diagnostic and screening reasons.ResultsOut of 28 prospectively selected patients we included 21 (42 hips), of which 10 were female, with a mean age of 9.25 years and GMFCS levels of I, II and III. Seven out of 28 patients were excluded due to insufficient quality of radiographic images. The absolute differences in MP measured on both conventional supine pelvic and EOS® standing full-leg radiographs ranged between − 8 and 6% with an absolute mean difference of 0% (SD ±3.5) and were not statistically significant (p = 0.99). A Bland-Altman plot showed acceptable agreement between both measurements without proportional bias.ConclusionThere is no statistical significant difference between the Migration Percentage measured on conventional supine pelvic radiographs and EOS® standing full-leg radiographs in ambulant patients. These images use lower radiation doses and contain more radiographic information.Trial registrationApproved by the Medical Research Ethics committee of the University Hospitals Leuven (MP001492).

Adsorption dynamics of homogeneous polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene alkyl ether nonionic surfactants at the air/water interface

The dynamic surface tensions of two homogeneous polyoxyethylene (EO) alkyl ether nonionic surfactants with terminal hydroxy group (C12EOx, where C12 is a dodecyl chain and x is the length of the EO chain; x = 6, 8) and two homogeneous polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene (PO-EO) alkyl ether nonionic surfactants (C12EOxPO3, where PO3 is a trioxypropylene chain inserted between the EOx and the terminal hydroxy group) were measured using the maximum bubble pressure method. The effects of EO chain length, the presence or absence of the PO3 chain, and the surfactant concentration on the maximum rates of surface-tension reduction and diffusion coefficient were investigated. The C12EO6PO3 surfactant exhibited the fastest rate of surface-tension reduction of the four systems studied, despite its complex hydrophobic-alkyl-chain/hydrophilic-EO-chain/hydrophobic-PO-chain structure that differs from that of conventional EO alkyl ether surfactants. The diffusion coefficients obtained from short and long time analyses indicate that surfactant diffusion to the subsurface is faster for the C12EOxPO3 surfactants than the C12EOx surfactants (short time data), while surfactant adsorption from the subsurface to the air/water interface is faster for the C12EOx surfactants than the C12EOxPO3 surfactants (long time data).

Adsorption and Aggregation Properties of Homogeneous Polyoxypropylene-Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether Type Nonionic Surfactants.

Homogeneous polyoxypropylene (PO)-polyoxyethylene (EO) alkyl ether type nonionic surfactants comprising alkyl, EO, and PO chains with identical chain length distributions (CnEOxPOy; alkyl chain length n = 10, 12, 14, or 16; EO chain length x = 4, 6, or 8; and PO chain length y = 1, 2, or 3) were synthesized from homogeneous polyoxyethylene alkyl ether bromide and monosodium polyoxypropylene by Williamson ether synthesis. The adsorption and aggregation properties of these surfactants were characterized (cloud point, surface tension, dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, polarization microscopy, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy) and compared to those of conventional homogeneous EO alkyl ether type nonionic surfactants (CnEOx). The introduction of a PO chain to the EO terminal group of the CnEOx species lowered the cloud points, especially for x = 6. Contrary to our expectations, the CnEOxPOy surfactants adsorbed efficiently at the air/water interface, despite their complex structure (hydrophobic alkyl chain/hydrophilic EO chain/hydrophobic PO chain). They also displayed excellent micelle-forming ability in solution. Furthermore, the CnEOx species formed small micelles in solution at low concentrations and the structures transformed to hexagonal liquid crystals as the surfactant concentration increased. Conversely, CnEOxPOy maintained a micellar structure even at high concentrations. Notably, the introduction of a PO chain into the CnEOx surfactant controlled the formation of aggregates with a higher-order structure (hexagonal liquid crystals).

Correlating ionic liquids density over wide range of temperature and pressure by volume shift concept

The main purpose of this paper is the use of the conventional Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EoS) and the concept of volume shift to correlate and predict pure ionic liquids (ILs) density in a wide range of temperature and pressure. A total number of 67 pure ILs (5020 data points) including different cations and anions were used in this study over temperature and pressure range of 273.15–473.15K and 0.1–205MPa. At first, the volume shift parameter (c) of 67 ILs in any temperature and pressure were optimized using genetic algorithm. An equation similar to Gardas and Coutinho (R. L. Gardas, J. A. P. Coutinho, Fluid Phase Equilibr. 263 (2008) 26–32) was used for c parameter and finally a generalized correlation was proposed for c as a function of temperature, pressure and critical molar volume. This equation was also used in predicting densities of eight new ILs not included in correlation section and it was able to improve the PR EoS prediction and reducing the error with respect to experimental data. Considering the importance of density in engineering, using this simple equation with the VTPR improves ILs density prediction and calculation, saves time and increases the accuracy engineering design. The average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) of the volume translated PR (VTPR) EoS and the conventional PR EoS were equal to 2.19% and 12.98%, respectively.

Modeling of ionic liquid + polar solvent mixture molar volumes using a generalized volume translation on the Peng–Robinson equation of state

In this study, a volume-translated version of the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EoS) is developed for ionic liquid+polar solvent mixtures to estimate molar volumes within a range of compositions and temperatures. The ionic liquids investigated consisted of various combinations of either the 2-hydroxyethylammonium or the alkyl-methylimidazolium cation with various alkyl chain lengths, with the anions methyl-sulfate, ethyl-sulfate, hydrogen-sulfate, dicyanamide, acetate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and tetrafluoroborate. The polar solvents consisted of water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, acetone, nitromethane and dichloromethane. The volume shift parameter, c, was first optimized for all of the systems investigated at each composition and temperature. Based on the values obtained, it was observed that temperature-dependency is negligible. Therefore, a generalized equation was presented for the c parameter as a function of the molar composition of the polar solvent and the molecular weight of the ionic liquid. This relation, which contains a combination of exponential, logarithmic and polynomial terms, was able to improve the predictions of the PR EoS and reduce the errors with respect to experimental data. The average errors of the conventional PR EoS and the volume-translated PR EoS (both without using any binary interaction parameters) were equal to 14.92% and 5.91%, respectively. The added advantage of using this correlation is that it omits the need to optimize any binary interaction coefficients in such highly nonideal systems, making it a very simple and practical engineering tool for the industries, while at the same time increasing predictive accuracy.

Validation and reproducibility of a biplanar imaging system versus conventional radiography of foot and ankle radiographic parameters.

Diagnosis of foot deformities is frequently supported by objective measures of bony alignment made on AP and lateral weight-bearing radiographs. The EOS biplanar imaging system has the capability of simultaneously capturing orthogonal AP and lateral images of the foot during weight-bearing with reduced radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of common foot and ankle radiographic measurements made on images acquired with the EOS biplanar imaging system. Fifty consecutive patients indicated for foot and ankle realignment surgeries were enrolled. Radiographic studies included conventional AP and lateral ankle weight-bearing radiographs and long-leg AP and lateral weight-bearing images acquired using the EOS system with both a staggered feet and a nonstaggered feet position. Sixteen radiographic parameters of foot, ankle, and lower limb alignment were measured by 2 blinded observers, with 1 observer repeating all measurements 6 weeks later. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Between-group comparison was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA, and paired t-tests. There was no statistically significant difference in any commonly used foot and ankle radiographic parameters measured on conventional radiographs or EOS images acquired with staggered and nonstaggered feet (ANOVA P = .792 to .997 and paired t tests P = .067 to .977). However, the staggered foot position resulted in significantly different limb length measurements in the rear leg (P = .000 to .049). Intra- and interrater reliabilities of limb alignment measurements from EOS system images were excellent in both foot positions (ICC = .938 to 1.000). Images acquired using EOS biplanar imaging system allowed for valid and reliable measurement of commonly used foot and ankle radiographic parameters; however, the staggered foot position required for simultaneous imaging of both feet in the lateral view affected limb length measurements in the rear leg. Level II, prospective comparative study.

Reliability of Overcoverage Parameters With Varying Morphologic Pincer Features: Comparison of EOS® and Radiography

Multiple radiographic parameters used for diagnosis and quantification of morphologic pincer features have emerged, but the degree to which pelvic tilt or rotation affects conventional radiography and EOS(®) is unknown. We asked: (1) What is the reliability of EOS(®) and conventional radiography at increasing sizes of morphologic pincer features with varying degrees of tilt and rotation? (2) What is the effect of tilt and rotation on acetabular overcoverage measurements? Using a dry cadaveric pelvis, AP conventional radiographs and EOS(®) images were taken at intervals of increasing modeled pincer size with 0° to 15° varying tilt and rotation. Lateral center-edge angle, Sharp angle, Tönnis angle, crossover sign, and retroversion index were measured on all images. Statistical analysis was conducted. The intermodality intraclass correlation coefficients for conventional radiography and EOS(®) radiography across all pincer sizes, rotations, and tilts were excellent (0.93-0.98). Crossover sign was in perfect agreement in conventional radiography and EOS(®). Rotation of the hip away from the beam source and/or increased anterior tilt falsely increased all overcoverage parameters except for Tönnis angle. Rotation away from the beam of 10° or greater or anterior tilt of 5° or greater produced a false-positive crossover sign. EOS(®) radiography maintained excellent reliability in comparison to conventional radiography but both were equally vulnerable to the effects of tilt and rotation for quantification of hip parameters used in acetabular overcoverage assessment. A standardized pelvic radiograph ensuring that the pelvis is not excessively tilted or rotated should be used for assessing acetabular overcoverage parameters.

A Critical Comparison of Reduced and Conventional EOS Algorithms

Summary Phase-equilibrium calculations can be a time-consuming part of process simulators and compositional reservoir simulations. Various authors have presented encouraging speed improvements based on reduced methods that can lower the computational cost by reducing the number of independent variables and thus generating a smaller system of equations to solve. This paper presents a careful comparison of conventional and reduced algorithms, showing that they can be expressed as linear transformations of each other. Consequently, the two sets of algorithms exhibit identical convergence behavior, and the performance gain of the reduced methods is entirely caused by reducing the cost of linear-algebra operations. Performance benchmarks show much smaller speed-up numbers than seen in previously published material. Highly optimized linear-algebra operations significantly limit the opportunity for further speed improvement from reduced methods. Only a marginal speed-up potential is observed for mixtures with 15 components or less. This suggests that reduced methods may be less attractive for reservoir simulation than previously thought.

A microbial fuel cell–electro‐oxidation system for coking wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation

AbstractBACKGROUND: Coking wastewater is generated from coal coking, coal gas purification, and by‐product recovery processes. Increased interest is being focused on finding more sustainably effective and energy‐efficient methods for treating this wastewater. In this work, a system termed microbial fuel cell‐electro‐oxidation (MFC‐EO) was developed for simultaneous coking wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation.RESULTS: Raw coking wastewater was first treated using MFCs. Power production, removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and total nitrogen (TN) reached 538 ± 9 mW m−2, 52 ± 1% and 50 ± 1%, respectively. Wastewater strength and phosphate addition were evaluated for the enhancement of power production and treatment efficiency. At the EO stage, the effect of current density and chloride concentration on pollutant abatement, current efficiency (CEEO) and energy consumption (ECEO) were investigated. The overall removal of TCOD and TN was 82 ± 1% and 68 ± 1%, respectively using the MFC‐EO process.CONCLUSIONS: A MFC‐EO process was developed for the first time for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and coking wastewater treatment. This study attempted to combine MFCs with a conventional EO process for coking wastewater treatment. Further strategies need to be investigated to optimize reactor configuration using low‐cost and highly efficient electrode materials. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Critical points of hydrocarbon mixtures with the Peng–Robinson, SAFT, and PC-SAFT equations of state

The phase behavior of fluids at high pressures can be rather complex, even for mixtures of relatively simple molecules, such as hydrocarbons. In this work, we use the Hicks and Young algorithm to calculate mixture critical points, comparing five modeling options: Peng–Robinson EOS: (1) original and (2) with parameters fitted from molar volume and vapor pressure data; (3) SAFT EOS; and PC-SAFT EOS: (4) original and (5) with refitted parameters to match pure component critical data. Calculations were carried out for binary hydrocarbon mixtures and 29 multicomponent mixtures. The SAFT EOS provided the worst representation of the systems tested and, interestingly, the conventional cubic EOS provided, in general, the best representation.

Influence of Equation of State in Supernova Simulations: Neutrinos from Proto-Neutron Star and Black Hole Formation

We present the influence of equation of state in supernovae from gravitational collapse of massive stars. We examine the important roles of EOS in supernova explosions, protoneutron stars (or black holes) and supernova neutrinos, adopting the relativistic EOS table for supernova simulations and the conventional EOS. We discuss the density-temperature range which appears in supernova simulations to see whether exotic hadrons or quarks may appear in supernova physics.

Correlation of liquid-liquid equilibria for [formula omitted] mixtures using the CPA equation of state

A recently developed equation of state, which combines the physical term of the classical SRK EoS with the association term based on the perturbation theory of Wertheim, called the Cubic Plus Association Equation of State (CPA EoS) (Kontogeorgis et al. [1]), is applied to liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) calculations in alcohol hydrocarbon mixtures. The CPA EoS performs very well in all cases using the conventional van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules in the parameters of the physical term and a temperature-independent interaction parameter. The performance of the CPA EoS is compared to that of the conventional SRK EoS and UNIFAC models, and with another association model, the ESD EoS of Suresh and Elliott [2]. The CPA EoS gives much better results than the two conventional models and results comparable to those obtained with the ESD model.

Electrooptic effects in an InGaAs/InAlAs multiquantum well structure

The field-induced refractive index change of an InGaAs/InAlAs MQW waveguide is examined for various wavelengths and TE/TM modes using a MZ modulator. The quadratic EO coefficients in the MQW waveguide for both TE and TM modes due to quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) is on the order of 10/sup -18/ (m/sup 2//V/sup 2/), which is dominant compared with the linear EO effect. An effective linear EO effect, however, is significant because of the bias field arising from the built-in potential. This effect is more than one order greater than the conventional laser EO effect, which may suggest new device applications for QCSE. >