Conventional Forms Of Energy Research Articles

New dog old tricks – process safety for the energy transition

The energy transition is gathering pace and it’s apparent there is not one solution to replace our traditional means of sourcing energy from fossil fuels. The energy transition embraces renewable power generation, whether in the form of solar, wind, hydro or using waste materials and plant feedstocks such as biomass to produce fuels of the future. There is a colourful range of hydrogen solutions in grey, blue or green available, with blue requiring a carbon capture and storage solution. The solutions being considered for the energy landscape are on a scale not seen before. All of these new energy solutions have one thing in common, they present known hazards, but the application and simple scale of their use is significantly greater than when they are produced or consumed today. When we discuss renewable energy, it is perceived that generally it is safer than sourcing and processing conventional energy forms. Conventional fuels have a long history of process safety and have been well regulated for more than 20 years as major hazard facilities. The expectations of communities and regulators are that renewable energy will be delivered reliably and safely and to the same standard as conventional energy forms. We call this process safety equivalency. We will examine a few areas as examples of some of the early problems being addressed and solved today.

From Rigid to Flexible: Progress, Challenges and Prospects of Thin c‐Si Solar Energy Devices

AbstractThe increasing adoption of solar energy as a renewable power source marks a significant shift toward clean, sustainable alternatives to conventional energy forms. A notable development in this field is the advancement of thin monocrystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells. Characterized by their lightweight, flexible nature, these solar cells promise to transform the renewable energy landscape with enhanced durability, adaptability, and portability. Amidst the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions, refining and evolving thin c‐Si solar cell technologies is crucial. This review comprehensively examines the latest progress in thin c‐Si solar energy conversion device technologies, offering an extensive overview of current methodologies for producing thin c‐Si films, advanced light trapping techniques, surface passivation strategies, and methods for managing thin wafers. It also explores the wide‐ranging applications of thin c‐Si solar cells. Furthermore, this article sheds light on the techno‐economic aspects, highlighting the intertwined challenges of commercializing these innovative cells. Through an in‐depth analysis of the latest advancements, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry experts, keeping them abreast of current trends and catalyzing further advancements in thin c‐Si solar cell technology.

Hydrogen production with a newly discovered cyanobacteria strain

The escalating environmental challenges precipitated by the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels, notably the rise in global average temperatures, underscore the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. This context has heightened the significance of exploring renewable energy sources, particularly through the lens of biological research aimed at uncovering viable alternatives to conventional energy forms. Against this backdrop, our study embarked on the isolation and characterization of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PSU 1262, sourced from the Badam River in the Turkestan region, employing 16S rRNA sequencing for its identification. The primary objective of our research was to assess the hydrogen-producing potential of PSU 1262 under a variety of environmental conditions. Our findings reveal that this strain achieves peak hydrogen production in slightly alkaline conditions and exhibits a marked decline in productivity when subjected to elevated sodium nitrate levels. Furthermore, we determined that PSU 1262 optimally generates hydrogen within a specific temperature range (27-30°C) and under certain light intensity conditions. These insights are pivotal, indicating that precise environmental management is essential for maximizing the biohydrogen output of this strain. The study conclusively highlights the capability of PSU 1262 as a promising agent for biohydrogen production, offering a significant contribution to the field of renewable energy and presenting a sustainable alternative to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional energy sources.

MPPT of PEM Fuel Cell Using PI-PD Controller Based on Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm.

Subversive environmental impacts and limited amounts of conventional forms of energy necessitate the utilization of renewable energies (REs). Unfortunately, REs such as solar and wind energies are intermittent, so they should be stored in other forms to be used during their absence. One of the finest storage techniques for REs is based on hydrogen generation via an electrolyzer during abundance, then electricity generation by fuel cell (FC) during their absence. With reference to the advantages of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC), this is preferred over other kinds of FCs. The output power of the PEM-FC is not constant, since it depends on hydrogen pressure, cell temperature, and electric load. Therefore, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system should be utilized with PEM-FC. The techniques previously utilized have some disadvantages, such as slowness of response and largeness of each oscillation, overshoot and undershoot, so this article addresses an innovative MPPT for PEM-FC using a consecutive controller made up of proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-derivative (PD) controllers whose gains are tuned via the golden jackal optimization algorithm (GJOA). Simulation results when applying the GJOA-PI-PD controller for MPPT of PEM-FC reveal its advantages over other approaches according to quickness of response, smallness of oscillations, and tininess of overshoot and undershoot. The overshoot resulting using the GJOA-PI-PD controller for MPPT of PEM-FC is smaller than that of perturb and observe, GJOA-PID, and GJOA-FOPID controllers by 98.26%, 86.30%, and 89.07%, respectively. Additionally, the fitness function resulting when using the GJOA-PI-PD controller for MPPT of PEM-FC is smaller than that of the aforementioned approaches by 93.95%, 87.17%, and 87.97%, respectively.

THE PROBLEM OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE GEOTHERMAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT MODES OF REINJECTION OF THE COOLANT

Aim. Advanced technologies are crucial for widespread use of geothermal energy to ensure its competitiveness with conventional forms of energy. To date, the basis for the development of geothermal energy is the technology of extracting the heat transfer fluids from the subsoil. There are the following ways to extract the coolant: freeflow; pumping and circular methods. Of greatest interest is the technology to harness the geothermal energy based on geothermal circulatory system (GCS). There is the problem of the right choice of technological parameters for geothermal systems to ensure their effective functioning. Methods. We consider the development of geothermal energy technology based on geothermal circulatory system, as this technology solves the dumping of the waste water containing environmentally harmful substances. In addition to the environmental issues, this technology makes it possible to intensify the process of production and the degree of extraction of thermal resources, which significantly increases the potential for geothermal heat resources in terms of the fuel and energy balance. Findings. Were carried out optimization calculations for Ternairsky deposits of thermal waters. In the calculations, was taken into account the temperature dependence of important characteristics, such as the density and heat capacity of the coolant. Conclusions. There is the critical temperature of the coolant injected, depending on the flow rate and the diameter of the well, ensuring the effective functioning of the geothermal circulatory systems.

A non-autonomous optimal control model of renewable energy production under the aspect of fluctuating supply and learning by doing.

Given the constantly raising world-wide energy demand and the accompanying increase in greenhouse gas emissions that pushes the progression of climate change, the possibly most important task in future is to find a carbon-low energy supply that finds the right balance between sustainability and energy security. For renewable energy generation, however, especially the second aspect turns out to be difficult as the supply of renewable sources underlies strong volatility. Further on, investment costs for new technologies are so high that competitiveness with conventional energy forms is hard to achieve. To address this issue, we analyze in this paper a non-autonomous optimal control model considering the optimal composition of a portfolio that consists of fossil and renewable energy and which is used to cover the energy demand of a small country. While fossil energy is assumed to be constantly available, the supply of the renewable resource fluctuates seasonally. We further on include learning effects for the renewable energy technology, which will underline the importance of considering the whole life span of such a technology for long-term energy planning decisions.

Solar Energy: A Potential Source of Energy for Agricultural and Rural Development in Ghana

The current challenges of climate change and the fluctuating oil prices on the world market make it imperative to consider cheaper and alternative sources of energy for agricultural and rural development in Ghana. Solar energy is an environmentally friendly source of energy as compared to other conventional forms of energy and it is capable of providing all the energy needs of the world. This article seeks to draw the attention of government, NGOs, policy makers, stakeholders and the general public about the enormous energy from the sun and the need to tap such energy for agricultural and rural development. The research was carried out through field visitations and extensive review of important literature on renewable energy. The paper outlines the various uses of solar energy in agriculture such as crop drying and processing, pumping of water for irrigation, power supply, water heating and many more. It reviews solar energy use in Ghana and highlights the principles of solar energy. The paper also outlines the benefits and concludes with suggested recommendations which can help accelerate agricultural and rural development through solar energy application in Ghana.

Renewable energy: its contribution to improved standards of living and modernisation of agriculture in Uganda

The biomass energy sub-sector is the major source of fuel in Uganda, providing over 90% of national energy demand. Biomass energy is mainly used for cooking and space heating. Investments in conventional forms of energy will have limited impact on most people in the country because of the high costs and limited access. Further development of the renewable energy sector to supply modern forms of energy will contribute to improving the livelihood of the rural poor in Uganda. Agriculture, the major source of income and employment in Uganda still relies heavily on iron and stone-age technologies and techniques for farming, harvesting and processing. Development and adaptation of appropriate environmentally sound renewable energy technologies will go a long way in improving the livelihood of rural Ugandans and modernising agriculture. This paper examines past interventions, and discusses some of the energy options that are bound to improve the standards of living and modernise agriculture in Uganda.

Renewable energy in Russia: markets, development and technology transfer

Five potential markets in Russia offer commercial opportunities for renewable energy that are nearly cost-competitive with conventional forms of energy—grid-connected electricity from wind power, electricity for villages and small settlements from hybrid wind-diesel and biomass, district heating for buildings from biomass, hot water for buildings from solar thermal, and electricity and heat from geothermal. Over the last several decades the Soviet Union conducted research and development on several forms of renewable energy. Technological infrastructure, scientific and technical knowledge, engineering and technical skills, and factories and equipment are all well developed assets. But the translation of these assets into commercial renewable energy technologies and markets is a problem because associated market-oriented skills and institutions are still lacking. Many barriers also exist, including lack of information and demonstration experience, lack of long-term commercial financing, a perceived climate of high investment risk, technology acceptance, some direct and indirect energy price subsidies (most energy prices have risen to “market” levels), utility monopolies and the absence of operational regulatory frameworks for independent power producers, and historical enterprise specialization. Market intermediation is very important for renewable-energy investments and technology transfer, providing the knowledge, information, skills, services, financing, and analysis that is necessary to overcome barriers. Joint ventures with foreign multinational corporations represent another important means for overcoming barriers, one that takes advantage of Russian technological capabilities. Four case studies illustrate the most prominent examples of renewable energy technology transfer with Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic States during the period 1992–1996.

Raw Material as an Energy Source

This article discusses the role of chemical energy and exergy of raw material in industrial processes. The methods for calculation of chemical energies and exergies of some kinds of raw material are described. Their influence on consumption of conventional energy forms (fuel, heat, electricity) by the complete energy balance is shown. Consideration of the chemical energy and exergy in the national energy balances is suggested.

95/05179 The Imola district heating system - experience of its thermal and economic management

The biomass energy sub-sector is the major source of fuel in Uganda, providing over 90% of national energy demand. Biomass energy is mainly used for cooking and space heating. Investments in conventional forms of energy will have limited impact on most people in the country because of the high costs and limited access. Further development of the renewable energy sector to supply modern forms of energy will contribute to improving the livelihood of the rural poor in Uganda. Agriculture, the major source of income and employment in Uganda still relies heavily on iron and stone-age technologies and techniques for farming, harvesting and processing. Development and adaptation of appropriate environmentally sound renewable energy technologies will go a long way in improving the livelihood of rural Ugandans and modernising agriculture. This paper examines past interventions, and discusses some of the energy options that are bound to improve the standards of living and modernise agriculture in Uganda.

95/05191 Nossener Brucke V64.3 GTCC in Dresden supplies district and process heat

The biomass energy sub-sector is the major source of fuel in Uganda, providing over 90% of national energy demand. Biomass energy is mainly used for cooking and space heating. Investments in conventional forms of energy will have limited impact on most people in the country because of the high costs and limited access. Further development of the renewable energy sector to supply modern forms of energy will contribute to improving the livelihood of the rural poor in Uganda. Agriculture, the major source of income and employment in Uganda still relies heavily on iron and stone-age technologies and techniques for farming, harvesting and processing. Development and adaptation of appropriate environmentally sound renewable energy technologies will go a long way in improving the livelihood of rural Ugandans and modernising agriculture. This paper examines past interventions, and discusses some of the energy options that are bound to improve the standards of living and modernise agriculture in Uganda.

95/05180 Increasing the capacity of district heating transport lines using tensides

The biomass energy sub-sector is the major source of fuel in Uganda, providing over 90% of national energy demand. Biomass energy is mainly used for cooking and space heating. Investments in conventional forms of energy will have limited impact on most people in the country because of the high costs and limited access. Further development of the renewable energy sector to supply modern forms of energy will contribute to improving the livelihood of the rural poor in Uganda. Agriculture, the major source of income and employment in Uganda still relies heavily on iron and stone-age technologies and techniques for farming, harvesting and processing. Development and adaptation of appropriate environmentally sound renewable energy technologies will go a long way in improving the livelihood of rural Ugandans and modernising agriculture. This paper examines past interventions, and discusses some of the energy options that are bound to improve the standards of living and modernise agriculture in Uganda.

95/05173 Finite element thermal analysis of special building components

The biomass energy sub-sector is the major source of fuel in Uganda, providing over 90% of national energy demand. Biomass energy is mainly used for cooking and space heating. Investments in conventional forms of energy will have limited impact on most people in the country because of the high costs and limited access. Further development of the renewable energy sector to supply modern forms of energy will contribute to improving the livelihood of the rural poor in Uganda. Agriculture, the major source of income and employment in Uganda still relies heavily on iron and stone-age technologies and techniques for farming, harvesting and processing. Development and adaptation of appropriate environmentally sound renewable energy technologies will go a long way in improving the livelihood of rural Ugandans and modernising agriculture. This paper examines past interventions, and discusses some of the energy options that are bound to improve the standards of living and modernise agriculture in Uganda.

Solar energy studies in the GDR

There are only limited options open to the German Democratic Republic for replacing conventional energy forms. But determined efforts are being made to utilise solar energy and heat pumps, and to develop heat absorber and heat storage elements as part of the building envelope, as explained here by an engineer in the Bauakademie Heating and Ventilation Institute.

Structures and Preferences of Future Energy Consumption in the Third World

Only 5% of the 156 Third World countries tried to develop a national energy policy in response to the economic shocks of the OPEC oil embargo. The main goal of those who tried to deal with the need to reduce their use of imported oil was to increase rural electrification using conventional hydropower and coal, while making only a marginal increase in renewable energy resources. Their response is due to the ready technology for conventional energy forms and the historical use of these forms to fuel industrialization. Several examples illustrate the factors that influenced whether a country leaned toward the conventional or alternative energy forms. For those developing renewable resources, climate, level of development, manpower, and tradition are more influential than position in the sun belt. 40 references. (DCK)

Utilization of Biogas for Farm Production Energy

ABSTRACT THE direct energy inputs on beef and dairy farms were determined and compared with the potential biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of the animal manures. The equipment required for utilizing the biogas as a replacement for conventional energy forms was reviewed. An assessment of technical and economic feasibility was made.