Conventional Deadlift Research Articles

The effect of the conventional deadlift and Romanian deadlift on muscle activation and joint angles at submaximal intensity

For fitness professionals delivering strength and conditioning programmes and recreational athletes designing their own programmes, exercise selection and an appropriate loading stimulus over time are the cornerstones of an effective resistance training programme. The conventional deadlift (CD), a compound, closed-chain movement, is prescribed to increase the strength of the posterior chain and the quadriceps. The Romanian Deadlift (RDL) is an isolated knee variation of the CD, whereby the knee angle is stable throughout the movement (Lee et al., 2018, J Exer Sci Fit, 16, 87-93). The RDL is a key movement in weightlifting training and is a commonly used developer of posterior chain muscles (Weaver and Kerksick, 2017, Strength Cond J, 39, 85-90). Studies comparing the CD and RDL are limited. Using surface EMG 2D motion analysis of the lower limb, we aim to determine if (i) biceps femoris activation is greater than the vastus lateralis during the RDL, (ii) there is a higher activation of both vastus lateralis and biceps femoris during the CD, and (ii) whether an injury is more likely to occur during a CD or RDL using the angles and range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle. 15 recreationally active adults with experience with the CD and RDL were recruited. Surface EMG sensors were placed on the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris, and markers were placed for 2D motion analysis in the sagittal plane. MVC data were collected for three repetitions of both lifts at 70% RDL 1RM. Five repetitions at 50% RDL 1RM were used for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using a paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results show greater activation of the vastus lateralis in the CD than the RDL (P < 0.05) but no difference in the biceps femoris. No differences were found in hip angles during ascent or descent at mid-thigh and knee height (P = 0.343), but there were differences at the bottom position. Knee angles during ascent and descent at the mid-thigh were different (P = 0.027) but not at knee height. No differences at the ankle joint were found at the mid-thigh (P = 0.12), but differences were found at knee height and bottom position. Finally, ROM at the hip, knee, and ankle during ascent and descent were significantly different (P = 0.002). The findings may help fitness professionals and recreational athletes make decisions such as exercise selection, load management, and injury prevention strategies based on the comparative effectiveness and risks of the CD and RDL.

Prevalence of Injuries in Junior Conventional Powerlifters in Maharashtra Population

Background: Powerlifting is a widely practiced sport known for its focus on increasing muscular strength and endurance through exercises like the deadlift. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of injuries among powerlifters, particularly in the context of the conventional deadlift style, is essential for injury prevention and athlete well-being. Study Design: This study utilized a survey-based approach to assess the injuries and experienced by powerlifters in the Maharashtra population. A sample of 150 junior conventional deadlift powerlifters, aged 18 to 24, was selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected using a Nordic scale questionnaire, focusing on injury locations, severity, and impact on training. Methods: Participants were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and informed consent was obtained before data collection. Demographic details were recorded, and participants responded to the questionnaire regarding their injury experiences over the past 12 months. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted to analyse the data. Results: in a study involving 150 individuals, about a third reported injuries, with the lower back being the most common (50%), followed by shoulder (28%) and knee injuries (10%). Overall, 88% experienced trouble within the last year, with 38% unable to work normally due to it. Only 4% reported trouble in the last week, and 10% suffered injuries from accidents. Most troubles lasted 7 days (64%) or 30 days (26%), with 36% seeking medical attention. These findings emphasize the prevalence and impact of injuries, particularly on work and daily activities, suggesting the need for effective prevention and management strategies. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of injury prevention strategies in powerlifting, including proper technique training and load management. Early intervention and appropriate medical care are crucial for minimizing the impact of injuries on athletes' training and overall well-being. Further research with prospective designs and larger sample sizes is recommended to deepen our understanding of injury patterns and risk factors in powerlifting.

Anthropometric Predictors of Conventional Deadlift Kinematics and Kinetics: A Preliminary Study

Anthropometric Predictors of Conventional Deadlift Kinematics and Kinetics: A Preliminary Study

Self-Rated Recovery and Mood Before and After Resistance Training and Muscle Microcurrent Application.

BackgroundResistance training (RT) can offer beneficial physiological and psychological effects. The regular continuation of this exercise can be accomplished by improving the recovery and mood after a workout. Frequency-specific microcurrent (microstimulation) might offer a solution here as it has been shown to improve physical injuries, mood state, and sleep. However, knowledge is lacking about the impact of microstimulation after RT on said parameters. The present study aimed to test the effects of RT and muscle-microstimulation on mood and physical recovery in healthy men after performing conventional deadlifts, which is a type of RT.MethodsThe study was conducted according to a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and two-way crossover study. Twenty participants naïve to microstimulation (MS) engaged in RT twice on separate days. They were randomized to receive MS on 1 day and no microstimulation (Sham-MS) on another day. Before and after the workout and after their treatment (MS or Sham-MS), participants self-rated their mood state and mental and physical exhaustion levels.ResultsFindings showed that MS increased the self-ratings of well-rested and sociable and, most importantly, reduced the feeling of exercise-induced exhaustion. There were no MS effects on ratings of feeling sad, happy, or exhausted, although the workout, independent of MS, negatively influenced the level of exhaustion.ConclusionThe combination of enhanced sociableness, reduced fatigue, and exercise-induced exhaustion after a workout, followed by microstimulation, has important implications for professional sporters and nonprofessionals who try to get the best result after a workout. Future studies using a double-blind approach including different types of exercises, different durations of programs, and both sexes can shed more light on the full potential of microstimulation after a workout on mood state and exercise-induced exhaustion.

The influence of weightlifting belts and wrist straps on deadlift kinematics, time to complete a deadlift and rating of perceived exertion in male recreational weightlifters: An observational study.

Both weightlifting belts and wrist straps are commonly used weightlifting training aids but their effects on deadlift kinematics and performance were still not known. This study examined the effects of weightlifting belts and wrist straps on the kinematics of the deadlift exercise, time to complete a deadlift and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in male recreational weightlifters.This study used a repeated-measures, within-subjects design. Twenty male healthy recreational weightlifters (mean age ± standard deviation = 23.1 ± 2.5 years) were recruited from 2 local gyms and the Education University of Hong Kong between January and April 2021. All participants used various combinations of belt and straps during a conventional deadlift. The hip and knee flexion, cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis angles and time to complete a deadlift were measured using video analysis software. RPE was also recorded.Wearing both a belt and wrist straps was found to reduce knee flexion angle (P < .001), but not hip flexion angle (P > .05), during the setup phase of the deadlift compared to wearing no aid. Wearing straps alone exaggerated thoracic kyphosis in the lockout phase of the deadlift compared to wearing a belt alone (P < .001). No changes were seen in cervical and lumbar lordosis angles when using any or both of the weightlifting aids. Additionally, the participants completed deadlifts faster when wearing both a belt and straps (P = .008) and perceived less exertion when wearing a belt and/or straps (P < .001).Weightlifting belts and wrist straps, when using together, have positive effects on the kinematics of deadlift, time to complete a deadlift and RPE in male recreational weightlifters. Trainers should recommend the use of a belt and straps together, but not straps alone, to recreational weightlifters when performing deadlift training.

Exploring the Training Program for the Essential Skills of TAEKWONDO Freestyle Poomsae

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore essential technical training plans for Taekwondo free-style Poomsae and present systematic and specialized training plans to instructors. In order to achieve this research purpose, this study was conducted using a qualitative approach. Method: The purpose of this study is to explore essential technical training plans for Taekwondo free-style Poomsae and present systematic and specialized training plans to instructors. In order to achieve this research purpose, this study was conducted using a qualitative approach of literature review and in-depth interviews. Results : First, 1)jump side kick(Leap training using high speed, obstacle crossing training, and repetitive exercise to raise one s leaping foot to the thigh) 2)jump front kick(Training of kicking the first foot at the same time of the leap, the snap kick training in a sitting position, and the training to hit a target) 3)ro-tating kick(Stride training, holding the axis of rotation training, two-way rotation training) 4)consecutive sparring kick(Step training using a jump rope, repeating knee raising training, and various tactical train-ing in actual sparring competitions) 5)acrobatic movements(Handstand training and training for using the strength of the upper body with push-ups). Second, as training for injury prevention, leap, and landing, strength exercises(squats, conventional deadlift, leg press) to improve posture balance and irregular physical training that changes heart rate to check the heart rate of actual competition situations are to be conducted. Third, efforts should be made to create a stable training environment for freestyle Poomsae training by providing equipment and tools such as air mats and landing mats for the athletes to stably train essential skills of freestyle Poomsae. Conclusion: For each of the five essential skills of Taekwondo freestyle Poomsae, an efficient training method suitable for the characteristics of the skill is needed. In addition, players and instructors who train freestyle Poomsae need to improve their posture balance through training on high leaps and landing to prevent injuries. In addition, it is important to create a training environment suitable for the characteristics of the event for effi-cient training of freestyle Poomsae athletes.

Validity and Reliability of MyLift App in Determining 1-RM for Deadlift and Back Squat Exercises

Smartphone technologies are seen as a rapidly developing field of research in physical activity research. However, it is important to use smartphone applications that have proven validity and reliability in performance measurement. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the My Lift mobile app used for the determining estimated 1RM for conventional deadlift and barbell back squat exercises. 10 male weightlifters (X#$%: 17.50 ± 1.27 years) voluntarily participated in the study. For the conventional deadlift and barbell back squat movements of the weightlifters, My Lift app measurements were obtained during the 1RM test simultaneously with sub-maximal loads (75-85% 1RM).Results obtained from My Lift app and actual 1RM were compared with Bland-Altman plots. The My Lift app provided high reliability interclass correlation coefficient for conventional deadlift and barbell back squat (ICC = 0.99). The results were highly correlated obtained from My Lift app and the actual 1RM test (determination coefficient for conventional deadlift: R2= 0.99; barbell back squat: R2= 0.99).When compared with the actual 1RM test,My Lift app that used to determine estimated 1RM is a very valid and reliable tool.The My Lift app can be used by athletes and coaches as a practical and valid measurement tool for determining 1RM using sub-maximal loads

The Effect of Hip Flexor Flexibility on Performing the Conventional Deadlift

The Effect of Hip Flexor Flexibility on Performing the Conventional Deadlift

Footwear Affects Conventional and Sumo Deadlift Performance.

Barefoot weightlifting has become a popular training modality in recent years due to anecdotal suggestions of improved performance. However, research to support these anecdotal claims is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the differences between the conventional deadlift (CD) and the sumo deadlift (SD) in barefoot and shod conditions. On day one, one-repetition maximums (1 RM) were assessed for thirty subjects in both the CD and SD styles. At least 72 h later, subjects returned to perform five repetitions in four different conditions (barefoot and shod for both CD and SD) at 70% 1 RM. A 2 × 2 (footwear × lifting style) MANOVA was used to assess differences between peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), total mechanical work (WORK), barbell vertical displacement (DISP), peak vertical velocity (PV) and lift time (TIME) during the concentric phase. The CD displayed significant increases in VGRF, DISP, WORK, and TIME over the SD. The shod condition displayed increased WORK, DISP, and TIME compared to the barefoot condition. This study suggests that lifting barefoot does not improve performance as no differences in VGRF or PV were evident. The presence of a shoe does appear to increase the DISP and WORK required to complete the lift, suggesting an increased work load is present while wearing shoes.

Overhand Grip or Underhand Grip, which one is more Effective on Conventional Deadlift Movement?

Overhand Grip or Underhand Grip, which one is more Effective on Conventional Deadlift Movement?

Razlike između konvencionalne i sumo varijante tehnike mrtvog dizanja - kinematička, kinetička i elektromiografska studija

Deadlift is a measure of the overall strength of the whole body and it is one of the three exercises in the powerlifting competition. There are conventional and sumo variant of deadlift. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between the two lifting techniques from the aspect of kinematics, kinetics and electromyography. Nine physically active men, average age 29.1 ± 3.3 years, body height 181.0 ± 1.0 cm, body weight 82.3 ± 13.3 kg and body massindex 25.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2 were recruited forthisstudy. Each subject lifted weight close to his own body weight with three repetitions, in three series, for each of the techniques. The speed of one lift was 3 seconds for each of the phases (concentric and eccentric). The angles and amplitudes for the following figurative points were monitored: trunk in relation to the horizontal plane (angle), center of the hip joint and center of the knee joint in the "liftoff" (LO - position in which the weight separates from the ground) and "knee passing" (KP - position in which the weight passes in front of the knee position), i.e. in the liftoff-knee passing (LO-KP), knee passing-lift completion (KP-LC; LC - final, i.e. completely upright body position) and liftoff-lift completion (LOLC) phase. The mechanical work was monitored as a one of the kinetic variables. Electromyographic activity was monitored for the following muscles: m. vastus medialis, m. vastus lateralis, m. rectus femoris, m. gluteus Maximus, m. erector spinae (L3-L4), m. semimembranosus and m. biceps femoris caput longum. The monitored electromyographic variablewasthe average normalized amount of muscle activation in relation to maximal voluntary contraction, for all 18 individual deadlift repetitions (3 series × 3 repetitions × 2 techniques). One-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements (for the amount of muscle activation and performed mechanical work) and two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements (for angles and amplitudes) were used for statistical data processing. Significant differences were found between techniques in the initial angular positions in all monitored joints (p&lt;0.05), except for the angle in the knee joint where the trend was observed (p=0.0996), as well as in the transit position for the trunk angle relative to the horizontal plane and angle at the hip joint (p&lt;0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between techniques in amplitudes in the hip joint during KP-LC phase (p&lt;0.05) and total amplitude (p&lt;0.05), as well as in the knee joint during LO-KP phase (p&lt;0.05) and total amplitude in the form of a trend (p=0.0996). The performed mechanical work is significantly higher when lifting the load with the conventional deadlift technique (DLcon) (p&lt;0.05). Activation of medial and lateral heads of m. quadriceps femoris is significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) when lifting with sumo deadlift technique (DLsu). It was noticed that activation of postural muscle groups (m. erector spinae, m. gluteus maximum, m. semitendinosus and m. biceps femoris caput longum) is higher when lifting the load with DLcon, but not significantly (p&gt;0.05).

Comparison of Electromyographic Activity of Selected Muscles on One Repetitione Maximum in the Sumo and Conventional Deadlifts in National Power-Lifting Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Deadlift is an effective exercise to increase the strength of knee and hip extensors. The aim of the present study is to compare the electromyographic activity record during one repetitione maximum (1RM) movement in the sumo and conventional deadlifts in national power-lifting athletes. Materials and Methods: Eight elite male powerlifters were selected from the Iran’ national team. The selected subjects performed Sumo and conventional deadlift motions with an intensity of 80% of 1RM. While performing each exercise, surface electromyographic activity of Gluteus maximus, Vastus medialis and lateralis, and Erector spinae muscles were recorded using wireless electromyography (EMG). For intra-group comparison of muscle activity in two states, paired t-test was administered at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of the present study showed that the muscle activity was not significantly different between muscle co-contraction pattern in the dominant and non-dominant lower exterimities in the Sumo and conventional deadlifts (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between the muscle contraction pattern in 1RM in the Sumo and conventional movements for vastus medialis (dominant leg P ≤ 0.038, non-dominant leg P ≤ 0.047) and erector spine muscles (dominant leg P ≤ 0.032, non-dominant leg P ≤ 0.037 ), in contracst to that of vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, both vastus medialis and erector spi e muscles can be specifically strengthened in the Sumo and conventional deadlift movements. To design a training protocol for corrective and rehabilitation purposes in the deadlift movement, trainers and therapists must pay attention to these changes in the electromyographic activity of the muscles.

Kinematic And Kinetic Differences During A Conventional Deadlift With And Without Shoes

Despite the popularity of deadlifting without shoes, little research has examined the kinematic and kinetic differences during a conventional deadlift when performing the exercise barefoot. Excess joint torque in the frontal plane can be indicative of injury. PURPOSE: To examine the differences in frontal plane mechanics of the lower extremity and force development during a conventional deadlift with and without shoes. METHODS: Thirty participants with a mean height and weight of 1.75±0.10 meters and 81.12±16.05 kg. Participants recruited had consistently performed the conventional deadlift for six or more months and strength training at least two days per week. During the participant’s first visit, a one repetition maximum (1RM) using NSCA guidelines was determined. A second visit occurred at least 72 hours or more after the 1RM testing. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a 15-camera Qualisys Oqus system (240Hz) and two Bertec force plates (1200Hz). Participants performed five consecutive reps at 70% of their 1RM in random order (shoes and barefoot). Visual 3D was used to process raw marker and force data and to calculate frontal plane joint moments at the hip, knee, and ankle during the concentric phase. A one-way MANOVA (p<0.05) was used to investigate the different footwear conditions. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between shoes (-0.28 ± 0.11 Nm/kg) and no shoes (-0.38 ± 0.14 Nm/kg) for internal ankle eversion moments (p=0.018). No significant differences were detected for knee and hip abduction moments. Peak vertical ground reaction force in the barefoot condition (1035.2±281.4 N) was not significantly different than the shoe condition (1044.9±286.5 N). CONCLUSION: The absence of shoes created an increase in frontal plane ankle moments, but there was no change in the vertical force characteristics. An increased internal eversion moment did not affect the joint moments further up the kinetic chain despite undergoing similar loading patterns.

Electromyography Of The Quadriceps And Hamstrings During The Conventional Deadlift In Two Shoe Conditions

INTRODUCTION: The conventional deadlift is a widely used strength exercise and barefoot lifting has become a more prominent style of training. Currently there is a lack of research comparing electromyography (EMG) activity between shoe and barefoot styles of training. The purpose of the study was to compare the difference in vastus medialis and biceps femoris muscle activity during the concentric phase of the conventional deadlift. METHODS: Seven subjects with a mean weight 80.3±17.4 (kg) and height 1.8±0.1 (m) participated in the study with at least six continuous months of deadlifting experience, 1-2 days/week of strength training, no surgeries and no lower back/lower extremity injuries within the past six months. Day one consisted of 1RM testing based on NSCA guidelines. On day two subjects were fitted with two EMG sensors (biceps femoris, vastus medialis) and a maximal voluntary isometric contraction was performed. The subjects then completed two sets of five randomized repetitions (with shoes and barefoot) at 70% of their 1RM. Raw data were imported to visual 3D, EMG data were bandpass filtered (20Hz-450Hz), full-wave rectified, linear enveloped, and smoothed using a moving RMS (window size of 25 frames). A paired-samples t-test (p<0.05) was used to compare muscle activity of the biceps femoris and vastus medialis. RESULTS: The percentage of vastus medialis recruitment was significantly greater (p=0.005) in the shoe (53.5±26.9%) vs. barefoot condition (46.7±24.1%). Additionally, there was a significant difference in percentage of biceps femoris recruitment (p=0.037) between the shoe (43.8±25.0%) condition and barefoot (45.2±33.1%) condition. CONCLUSION: Using a barefoot approach in the conventional deadlift appears to have an effect on percent peak muscle activation of the biceps femoris and vastus medialis muscles. Early evidence may suggest that barefoot lifting styles increase hamstring activation while decreasing quadriceps activation.

Comparison Of Shoe Vs No Shoe On Sagittal Plane Deadlift Biomechanics

Deadlifts are often an integral part of training programs to build posterior chain strength and power, but current research has not examined the performance outcomes when performed with and without shoes from a biomechanical perspective. PURPOSE: To examine the differences in lower extremity sagittal plane joint kinetics and peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of a conventional barbell deadlift with and without shoes. METHODS: Ten subjects (age: 27.9 + 3.8 years) who deadlift twice a week for the past 6 months, were free from injury, and had no history of lower extremity surgery were recruited. Subjects first performed a one repetition max (1RM) test in self-selected footwear according to NSCA guidelines. At least 72 hours later subjects returned for a 3-dimensional analysis of their deadlift at 70% of their 1RM. Subjects performed 1 set of 5 continuous reps of a conventional deadlift in both shoe and barefoot conditions in a randomized order. A 5-minute rest was given between each condition. Visual3D was used to process raw marker and force data, calculate peak sagittal joint moments of the ankle, knee, and hip and to find peak vertical ground reaction force during the concentric phase. A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was performed to statistically test differences between shoe and no shoe conditions in the dependent variables. RESULTS: Average 1RM for males and females was 437.5 + 83.4 lbs. and 224.2 + 37.6 lbs., respectively. No significant differences were found in internal hip extension moments (p=0.444, S=2.99 Nm/kg, B=3.05 Nm/kg), knee extension moments (p=0.151, S=0.92 Nm/kg, B=0.81 Nm/kg), ankle plantar flexion moments (p=0.113, S=1.07 Nm/kg, B=1.01 Nm/kg), and peak vGRF (p=0.295, S=1044.9 N, B=1035.2 N) between shoe and barefoot conditions. CONCLUSION: Anecdotal claims suggest performing a deadlift barefoot enhances stability and increases connection to the ground which would lead to improvement in deadlift performance. The lack of difference seen in sagittal plane kinetics and peak vGRF suggest that deadlift performance is unaffected by footwear choice. Future research should investigate if similar results would be attained when subjects’ deadlift performance is tested at various percentages of the 1RM.

Kinematic Differences Between the Front and Back Squat and Conventional and Sumo Deadlift.

fferences between the front and back squat and conventional and sumo deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3213-3219, 2019-The average concentric velocity (ACV) of a resistance exercise movement is inversely related to the load lifted. Previous work suggests that different resistance exercises differ in ACV at the same relative load. Currently, there is limited evidence to determine whether the style of exercise (e.g., front or back squat [BS]; sumo-style or conventional-style deadlift) also affects the load-velocity profile or other kinematic variables such as the peak concentric velocity (PCV) and linear displacement (LD). The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics (ACV, PCV, and LD) between the front squat (FS) and BS as well as between the conventional deadlift (CD) and sumo deadlift (SD). In a randomized order, 24 men and women (22 ± 3 years) performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) protocol for the FS, BS, CD, and SD over 4 visits to the laboratory. Barbell kinematics were recorded during all submaximal and maximal repetitions performed during the 1RM protocol using the Open Barbell System. Kinematic data were pooled into categories based on the percentage of the 1RM lifted in 10% increments (e.g., 30-39% 1RM, 40-49% 1RM, etc.) and compared between exercises. Correlations between kinematic data for the FS and BS and for the CD and SD were examined at each relative load. No differences in kinematics were observed between the FS and BS at any load (p > 0.05). However, FS and BS ACV was weakly correlated (r < 0.4) at high (>80% 1RM) loads. Differences in LD were apparent between the SD and CD at all loads (30-100% 1RM) with the SD having a smaller LD compared with the CD (p < 0.05). Average concentric velocity was not different between the SD and CD at the 1RM (0.25 ± 0.09 vs. 0.25 ± 0.06 m·s; p = 0.962) but was different at 80-89% 1RM (0.35 ± 0.08 vs. 0.40 ± 0.07; p = 0.017), 70-79% 1RM (0.41 ± 0.08 vs. 0.46 ± 0.06; p = 0.026), and 40-49% 1RM (0.66 ± 0.09 vs. 0.77 ± 0.08; p < 0.001). In addition, SD and CD ACV values showed no relationships (p > 0.05) at any loads except at the 1RM (r = 0.433; p < 0.05). These results suggest individual load-velocity profiles for the FS and BS as well as for the CD and SD should be used for training purposes.

Effects of Attentional Focus and Dual-tasking on Conventional Deadlift Performance in Experienced Lifters

Background: Previous attentional focus literature suggests that adopting an external focus (EF) results in greater force production through a variety of mechanisms. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of attentional focus and dual-tasking when performing heavily loaded barbell movements that are specific to strength-based sports. Method: Fifteen resistance-trained males (age = 23.3 ± 3.4 years) reported to the laboratory for three visits. The first visit consisted of a five-repetition maximum (5RM) test on the conventional deadlift. During the subsequent sessions, the participants performed a total of twelve single conventional deadlift repetitions while adopting an internal focus (IF), an external focus (EF), or while performing the cognitive task (COG). The IF and EF consisted of focusing on activating the quadriceps and maintaining a straight bar path, respectively. The COG consisted of counting the total occurrence of two single-digits in a sequence of three-digit numbers, separately. Three-dimensional motion capture and force platforms were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data. Results: No significant differences were found between the IF, the EF and the COG for lift duration, peak barbell velocity, peak vertical ground reaction force, area of 95% confidence ellipse, peak hip moments and peak hip powers. Adopting an EF significantly reduced variability of the barbell trajectory and centre of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior direction. Mean velocity of COP was also significantly lower for the EF. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that adopting an EF may lead to greater postural stability when performing heavily loaded barbell movements.

The Comparison of Velocity between Front Squat, Back Squat, Sumo and Conventional Deadlift

The Comparison of Velocity between Front Squat, Back Squat, Sumo and Conventional Deadlift

Concurrent Validity of Field-Based Diagnostic Technology Monitoring Movement Velocity in Powerlifting Exercises.

Mitter, B, Hölbling, D, Bauer, P, Stöckl, M, Baca, A, and Tschan, H. Concurrent validity of field-based diagnostic technology monitoring movement velocity in powerlifting exercises. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2170-2178, 2021-The study was designed to investigate the validity of different technologies used to determine movement velocity in resistance training. Twenty-four experienced powerlifters (18 male and 6 female; age, 25.1 ± 5.1 years) completed a progressive loading test in the squat, bench press, and conventional deadlift until reaching their 1 repetition maximum. Peak and mean velocity were simultaneously recorded with 4 field-based systems: GymAware (GA), FitroDyne (FD), PUSH (PU), and Beast Sensor (BS). 3D motion capturing was used to calculate specific gold standard trajectory references for each device. GA provided the most accurate output across exercises (r = 0.99-1, ES = -0.05 to 0.1). FD showed similar results for peak velocity (r = 1, standardized mean bias [ES] = -0.1 to -0.02) but considerably less validity for mean velocity (r = 0.92-0.95, ES = -0.57 to -0.29). Reasonably valid to highly valid output was provided by PU in all exercises (r = 0.91-0.97, ES = -0.5 to 0.28) and by BS in the bench press and for mean velocity in the squat (r = 0.87-0.96, ES = -0.5 to -0.06). However, BS did not reach the thresholds for reasonable validity in the deadlift and for peak velocity in the squat, mostly due to high standardized mean bias (ES = -0.78 to -0.63). In conclusion, different technologies should not be used interchangeably. Practitioners who require negligible measurement error in their assessment of movement velocity are advised to use linear position transducers over inertial sensors.

Relationships Between Height, Arm Length, and Leg Length on the Mechanics of the Conventional and High-Handle Hexagonal Bar Deadlift

Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Lazar, A, Liu, TM, Stage, AA, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Stokes, JJ, Giuliano, DV, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, and Callaghan, SJ. Relationships between height, arm length, and leg length on the mechanics of the conventional and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3011-3019, 2018-The study investigated relationships between arm length (AL) and leg length (LL) and conventional deadlift (CD) and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift (HHBD) mechanics. Twenty-three resistance-trained subjects (14 men and 9 women) completed a 1 repetition maximum CD and HHBD. A linear position transducer was used to measure lift distance and duration; peak and mean power, velocity, and force; time to peak power and velocity; and work. Right AL and LL were measured, and AL-to-LL ratio (AL:LL) was also calculated. Spearman's correlations (ρ; p ≤ 0.05) computed relationships between anthropometry and deadlift mechanics separately for men and women. For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work (ρ = 0.54-0.68); a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner (ρ = -0.67 to 0.78). For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work; a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner in the lift (ρ = 0.54-0.77). In women, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer CD lift distance (ρ = 0.67-0.92). For the HHBD, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer lift distance and greater mean velocity (ρ = 0.69-0.96). There was a negative relationship between AL and lift time (ρ = -0.83), which meant longer arms resulted in a lower HHBD lift time. Arm length may have influenced women more because of the fixed dimensions of the hexagonal bar. Coaches should be cognizant of potential differences in CD and HHBD work when performed by individuals of different body sizes.