Conventional Content Analysis Approach Research Articles

Exploring Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nurses Caring Patients with COVID-19: A Qualitative Study.

COVID-19 is a new disease infecting a large number of people, and undoubtedly have psychological impacts on healthcare workers. Among healthcare staff, nurses are the most involved ones in fighting against COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to explore nurses' experiences of psychological consequences during caring patients with COVID-19. The present qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis approach (Graneheim and Lundman) Iran. Participants in this study included 15 nurses working with patients with COVID-19, selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using in-depth interviews. The rigor of data was assessed using the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln. Nurses reported the four following psychological consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on caring patients with COVID-19: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, physical exhaustion, and aggressive behaviors. The data showed that nurses experienced a variety of psychological consequences during caring patients with COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor nurses' psychological problems and implement interventions to improve their mental health.

Perceived occupational stressors among nurses in a level-1 trauma center under normalized COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in China: A qualitative study

BackgroundNurses in trauma centers encounter emergency patients and are exposed to occupational stressors under normalized pandemic control and prevention. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the occupational stressors that nurses perceived during the COVID-19 pandemic in a level-1 trauma center in China. MethodsFrom December 2020 to May 2021, a qualitative study was conducted, employing conventional content analysis as the research methodology. A total of twelve nurses were purposefully selected from a trauma center at a major hospital in Beijing to participate in semi-structured interviews (40–50 min’ duration). The data collected in this study were analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. ResultsAfter analyzing the data, two themes emerged: 1) Critical conditions under normalized pandemic prevention and control; 2) Concerns about loved ones and colleagues, along with financial problems. Both these themes further revealed four categories: the complexity and uncertainty of epidemic prevention and health hazards in the former, and concerns for and from families and colleagues, and financial stress in the latter. ConclusionsThe results of this study provide valuable insights into the practical implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures in Chinese trauma centers and shed light on the psychological stress faced by nurses. Improving the tripartite support system of hospital, family, and society, and providing emotional support may help reduce stress among nurses, thereby improving their health and care quality.

Exploring the challenges of men who married to adolescent girls in Western Iran: A qualitative study.

Men face many challenges in their lives with adolescent girls that need to be identified. No research has been conducted in this field in Iran. This research aimed to explore the challenges of men married to adolescent girls in western Iran using a qualitative approach. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and a conventional content analysis approach. Participants were 28 men in western Iran who had the experience of marrying girls under 18 years of age. Semi-structured interviews were used both face-to-face and over the phone to collect data. Also, snowballing and purposeful sampling were used to select the participants. The data were also analysed using Granheim and Lundman's approach. From the data analysis, 1 category, 9 subcategories, and 103 primary codes were obtained. The main category was lack of empathy and consensus, which includes the subcategories of sexual dissatisfaction, girls' dependence on the family, inability to fulfill the roles of a wife, not being understood in life, remaining in the world of childhood, emotional divorce, limiting progress and preventing the achievement of goals, betrayal, and chaotic life. Young couples problems can be solved by measures such as giving sex education and teaching skills necessary for married life, such as problem solving skills and anger control, to adolescent men and girls, as well as training families on how to properly support adolescent couples.

A Qualitative Analysis of Experiences of Medical Students Serving as Abortion Doulas.

Innovative strategies are needed in clinical education to teach empathetic behavior and communication skills. This study aimed to investigate preclinical medical students' experiences volunteering as abortion doulas and to understand the impact of their participation on their professional training. In this qualitative study, the authors conducted semistructured interviews with medical students who had volunteered as abortion doulas in March to July 2016. The interviews described motivations for participating, experiences volunteering as a doula, approach to caring for patients, and acquisition of communication skills and knowledge of abortion. The authors analyzed interview transcripts using a conventional content analysis approach, and themes were identified. The authors performed 22 interviews. For most participants, this was their first exposure to an abortion procedure or patient care in any capacity. Participants identified acquisition of skills including patient advocacy, communication, and empathy that they were later able to apply throughout their clinical clerkships. This opportunity improved well-being and solidified their decision to apply for residencies in reproductive health fields. After volunteering as abortion doulas, medical students were able to develop communication skills, empathy, and patient advocacy applicable to other areas of patient care. Preclinical students, potentially in other health care professions training, participating in patient care as doulas have the potential to further personal development, professionalism, and activism.

Barriers and Challenges Experienced by Latina Nurse Leaders.

Introduction: Leadership reflecting and representing the diversity of the workforce and patient population has been an ongoing challenge for healthcare institutions. As hospitals strategically plan to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion within their intuitions, especially in executive and other leadership roles, it must be acknowledged that only about 5.3% of the nursing workforce is Latinx and few serve in leadership positions. This study aims to learn about the barriers and challenges Latina nurse leaders have experienced in their ascension into leadership roles. Methods: Using a qualitative descriptive study approach, Latina nurse leaders were interviewed one-on-one about their nursing journey and the challenges experienced. A conventional thematic content analysis approach was used to identify common themes. Results: Seventeen Latina nurse leaders shared their experiences. The themes that emerged included: imposter syndrome being the only one, the need to work harder to be seen, age discrimination, racism and racial discrimination, lack of mentorship, and motherhood. Conclusion: Findings from this study help to highlight barriers to leadership development and success of Latina nurses. The findings can be used to encourage, mentor, and support Latina nurses throughout their careers, so they are provided with opportunities for advancement and nurtured as they become leaders.

The experiences of preparation and engagement of educators in teaching e-portfolio

IntroductionA teaching e-portfolio is used to organize the collation and presentation of documents about teaching for the development and evaluation of educators. The current study was aimed at describing teaching e-portfolio components at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. As well, we examined the performance and experience of educators in engaging in the teaching e-portfolio.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted at Shahid Sadoughi University in 2018–2022 in three main stages: (1) Development of the teaching e-portfolio; (2) Implementing teaching e-portfolio, and evaluating teaching documentation quantitatively; and (3) Exploration of educators’ experiences by a conventional content analysis introduced by Graneheim and Lundman. The teaching e-portfolio was developed from the perspective of the components, domains, and criteria of scholarship of teaching and learning. The teaching e-portfolio documented the educational activities of educators in 12 areas, including philosophy of education (1 activity), curriculum planning (4 activities), evaluation (7 activities), teaching and learning (1 activity), e-learning (1 activity), professional development in education (1 activity), scholarly activities (2 activities), mentoring and counseling (3 activities), educational leadership (2 activities), education research (6 activities), education reform project (1 activity), and production of scholarship of teaching and learning (13 activities). The educators recorded the documentation of educational activities in their teaching e-portfolio. Their documentation was reviewed by two peers. The reviewers delivered constructive feedback to improve the educators’ performance. The quantitative performance of educators in different activities in teaching e-portfolio was examined by descriptive tests (frequency and percentage). The experiences of educators were explored by the conventional content analysis approach which was introduced by Graneheim and Lundman.ResultsIn the present study, 148 educators registered in the teaching e-portfolio. A total of 1488 documents of educational activities were registered in the e-portfolio from 2018 to 2022, and 55.24% of the activities received feedback in the peer review process. The experience of participants was categorized into a theme “fear and hope in utilizing teaching e-portfolio”. This theme consisted of three categories: “motivational roadmap for personal and professional development in the future”, “concern about the consequences of continuous monitoring”, and “restriction of resources and capability as resistance sources”.ConclusionThe current study showed that the participation of educators in a teaching e-portfolio was at an acceptable level. Support systems and educational policies played an effective role in guiding educators to participate in educational development activities. The educators perceived the teaching e-portfolio as a two-faceted tool. Teaching e-portfolio can provide a road map for their personal and professional development to achieve excellent teaching. As well, the teaching e-portfolio was recognized as a tool for continuous performance monitoring and detection of the inefficiency of teaching quality activities. This perception, along with limited resources such as time, weak technological literacy, and difficulty in working with electronic devices and systems, led to resistance from educators to involve in teaching e-portfolio.

Perception and engagement in unprofessional behaviors of medical students and residents: a mixed-method study

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate perception and engagement in unprofessional behavior of residents and medical interns and explore the factors affecting their engagement in unprofessional behavior.MethodThis study has an explanatory (quantitative-qualitative) mixed-method design. This study was conducted at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2022–2023. Participants, including residents and medical interns (n = 169), were entered by stratified random sampling. A survey was conducted in the quantitative step. A by an unprofessional behavior in clinical practice questionnaire (29 items) was used. For each behavior, the participants were asked to report whether they (a) participated in the behavior and (b) stated that the behavior Is unprofessional. In the qualitative step, 17 participants contributed. The qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed according to the conventional content analysis approach Graneheim and Lundman introduced.ResultsThe highest ratio of participants’ engagement in unprofessional behavior was reported in ‘failure to introduce yourself and nurses and physician assistants to the patient and his family’ (n = 145 (85.8%)). The results showed the proportion of participants who engaged in unprofessional behavior more than those who did not participate. There were associations between participants’ engagement in each behavior and their perception of that particular behavior as unprofessional. (p = 0.0001). In the following behaviors, although the participants acknowledged that these behaviors were unprofessional, those who participated in the unprofessional behaviors were significantly more than those who did not participate: failure to comply with clinic regulations and policy (p = 0.01), eating or drinking in the hallway of the clinic (p = 0.01), medical negligence in duties in the clinic setting (p = 0.04) and failure to perform duties in teamwork (p = 0.04). The qualitative results were explored in a theme entitled “internalized unprofessional culture,” including three categories “encouraging contextual risk factors towards unprofessionalism,” “suppressing of unprofessionalism reporting,” and “disbelieving professionalism as a key responsibility.”ConclusionThe results indicated that most participants engaged in unprofessional behaviors. The findings resulted from the internalized unprofessional culture in the workplace. The findings showed that engagement in unprofessional behaviors resulted from personal and systemic factors. The weakness of responsibility recognition and identity formation as a professional facilitated the engagement in unprofessional behaviors at the personal level. Furthermore, systemic factors including the contextual risk factors (such as deficiency of explicit and hidden curriculum), and the suppression of unprofessionalism reporting mechanism as a hidden factor played an important role in normalizing unprofessional behavior and promoting engagement in unprofessional behaviors among the participants. Recognition of the nature and extent of students’ unprofessional behaviors facilitates educational discussion among teachers and students in this field. The results might assist to establish an assessment system and feedback mechanism to solve the problem of the “failure to fail” problem. In addition, these results provide medical educators insights into the development of professional courses that equip learners with adherence to professionalism and coping skills to deal with unprofessionalism in the healthcare system.

Exploring causes of neonatal mortality in south east of Iran: A qualitative study.

Neonatal mortality (NM) is a significant global challenge that has a profound impact on families, particularly mothers. To address this challenge, the first step is to identify its underlying causes. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the phenomenon by consulting with stakeholders, including mothers and experts. This study utilized a qualitative design, conducting in-depth interviews with 16 mothers and 15 healthcare experts to gather information. A conventional content analysis approach was employed to analyze the data. NM is influenced by personal, systemic, and socioeconomic factors. Personal factors can be further divided into those related to the neonate and those related to the mother. Systemic factors are primarily related to the healthcare system, while socioeconomic factors include low literacy, low income, lack of access to healthcare, and consanguineous marriage. NM is influenced by a wide range of factors that require separate and targeted interventions to reduce its incidence. In the short term, priority should be given to preventable factors that can be addressed through simple interventions, such as screening mothers for urinary tract infections, educating mothers, and preparing them for pregnancy with necessary lab tests and supplements. In the long term, preventing premature birth, addressing maternal addiction, family poverty, and shortages in healthcare equipment and personnel must be thoroughly addressed.

Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of Language and Literacy Instruction for Pre-K Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have multiple roles and responsibilities related to language and literacy instruction in schools. The purpose of this exploratory, qualitative study was to analyze school-based SLPs' perceptions related to effective language and early literacy instruction for pre-K children with developmental language disorder (DLD). The goal of this study was to inform development of a new language and early literacy professional development program for inclusive pre-K teachers. Eight school-based SLPs participated in a 1-hr virtual focus group conducted via Zoom recording technology. The researchers used a conventional content analysis approach to analyze the focus group data and identify themes from the discussion. The researchers developed two themes: (a) SLPs identified repeated exposure to books, peer interaction, and teaching vocabulary with visual supports and props as key elements of language and literacy instruction that can be integrated into a variety of contexts, and (b) SLPs want more time with parents and teachers to support their book reading and model specific language strategies. SLPs identified several instructional practices inclusive pre-K teachers could be taught to use during professional development programs to support the emergent literacy development of children with DLD. They also discussed the need for ongoing collaboration between SLPs, caregivers, and teachers to maximize children's early language and literacy experiences. Future research should explore the impact of partnerships with caregivers and teachers on children's language and literacy outcomes.

Iranian mother’s perspectives about aspects and determinants of disrespect and abuse during labor and delivery: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Respectful maternity care (RMC) is a crucial strategy in improving postpartum experiences of mothers. This study aimed to explain women’s perception of determining aspects and determinants of disrespect and abuse (D&A) during childbirth. This study was carried out from October 2019 to February 2020 in Tabriz-Iran. A total of 12 postpartum women were enrolled in this qualitative study by purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth semi structured interviews and simultaneously analyzed with a conventional content analysis approach. Thirty eight sub-themes and 11 main themes extracted from data analysis. The main themes included: “physical abuse,” “psychological violence,” “discrimination,” “violation of privacy,” “unmet needs and preferences,” “nonparticipation in decision-making,” “abandonment of women,” “Lack of sympathy,” “shortage of human and non-human resources,” “unpleasant psychological atmosphere of the ward” and “facilitators of D&A.” The results of our study indicated the importance of sympathy with mothers and professional ethics. Moreover, healthcare providers, administrators, and policy-makers should design patient-centered interventions in order to secure the material, psychological, and legal needs of women to receive respectful maternity care.

Iranian Pharmacist's Experiences of COVID-19 Pandemic: A qualitative study

Since the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic is not the first and will not be the last, pharmacists' experiences during this period can be used to establish a more efficient healthcare system to face future pandemics. This study aims to explore Iranian pharmacists' experiences in pharmacies using the content analysis method. In this qualitative study, a conventional content analysis approach was applied. Ten male and female pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Birjand, Iran participated using a purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were carried out for data collection. The data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's method. Four categories and ten subcategories were extracted as follows: Multifaceted concerns of pharmacists (familial, economical, professional, and personal concerns), Non-compliance with protocols from occurrence to cause (facing non-compliance with protocols by clients, obstacles to complying with protocols in the pharmacy), Prevention from COVID-19 (protective equipment usage, designing protection rules), and Double reactions to COVID-19 (emotional and; practical reactions). Pharmacists dealt with different concerns and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. They are one of the main primary care providers and need to be supported by the authorities to maintain their standard level of services.

The lived experiences and caring needs of women diagnosed with cervical cancer: A qualitative study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Cervical cancer continues to be a major global public health concern affecting the lives of many women and resulting in financial burdens. In 2020, cervical cancer was the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among all cancers worldwide and Tanzania was ranked fourth among the countries with the highest incidence rates (59.1 new cases per 100,000 women) of cervical cancer. The lived experience and caring needs of patients and their families provide insights into the psychosocial aspects of healthcare among the affected population. However, there is inadequate information concerning the lived experiences of cervical cancer patients in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa in general. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences and caring needs of cervical cancer patients at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A qualitative descriptive study was carried out among cervical cancer patients at ORCI in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Using a purposeful sampling technique, 12 cervical cancer patients were interviewed with the principles of saturation guiding sample size determination. A semi-structured face-to-face interview guide was employed to collect the information. A conventional content analysis approach was used to analyze data after translation with the aid of NVivo 12.0 computer software. Five themes emerged after data analysis: knowledge and attitude about cervical cancer, sufferings from a disease process, socio-economic disruptions, psychological problems, and sexual and reproductive concerns. The findings of this study provide insights into the life experiences and caring needs of cervical cancer patients and call for response from healthcare stakeholders to develop and implement comprehensive and culturally consonant approaches in providing care to the affected population. More qualitative studies are required to ascertain the lived experiences of advanced cervical cancer patients and those of long-term cervical cancer survivors.

Component of sexual health services for vaginismus management: A qualitative study.

Provision of sexual health services requires gender-sensitive management, facilities, and staff, as well as planning for gender-sensitive caregivers and education. Couples suffering from vaginismus face many types of barriers to accessing sexual health services. This qualitative study was conducted to explain the needs of sexual health services in women with primary vaginismus in Iran. This qualitative study was conducted through the participation of 20 participants including service providers, women with vaginismus and their husbands in 2022, Iran. The samples were selected using purposive sampling method and considering the maximum variation. For data collection, in-depth semi-structured individual interviews were conducted and continued until data saturation was reached. The collected data were analyzed in MAXQDA10 software using conventional content analysis approach based on the criteria proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Data analysis led to the emergence of three main themes: 1) Comprehensive preventive sex education which included the three categories of sex education in the education system, premarital sex education through the health system, and sex education through the media with scientific content; 2) Efficient sexual health clinics which included three categories of therapist's skills, empowerment of sexual therapist, and structural features of sexual health clinics and cultural considerations in establishing sexual health clinics; and 3) Protocol for management and treatment of sexual problems which consisted of sexual education and counseling content, treatment requirements, and sex education approaches. Based on the results of the study, comprehensive preventive sex education through the education system and the Ministry of Health can improve the attitudes of adolescents and young people. Moreover, it can take a fundamental step in solving sexual problems by providing the infrastructure necessary for the establishment of efficient sexual health clinics and protocols required to manage and treat such problems.

Life on the Frontlines: Caregiver Experience of Pediatric Cerebrospinal Shunt Malfunction

BackgroundWe aimed to characterize the caregiver experience in the detection and evaluation of pediatric cerebrospinal shunt malfunction. MethodsIn this descriptive qualitative study, we recruited English-speaking caregivers of children aged five years or less in collaboration with a stakeholder organization. Semistructured interviews were completed; content targeted the caregiver experience of shunt malfunction. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and deidentified. Qualitative data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach. ResultsWe enrolled 20 caregivers (n = 20 mothers). The median child age at the time of the interview was 2.8 years; about half (n = 11) were born prematurely and the majority (n = 15) had shunts placed at age less than six months. Caregiver experiences of shunt malfunction were grouped into three major themes: (1) my error could be life or death: the high stakes of shunt malfunction and the ambiguity of malfunction symptoms exacerbated baseline caregiver vigilance; (2) finding and engaging people who can help: hurdles during malfunction evaluation included locating trusted clinicians and advocating for parental intuition; and (3) how the shunt defines our family: caregivers described evolving expertise and modifications made to everyday life due to the threat of malfunction. ConclusionsIn this study, caregivers highlighted the challenges associated with recognizing shunt malfunction, accessing necessary treatment, and the impact of their child's shunt on family life. Future work should leverage these findings to inform counseling about shunt malfunction, develop interventions to better support families in shunt malfunction identification, and educate medical providers.

Development of a modified physiological birth programme integrated into Iran’s health system and its effect on maternal and neonatal outcomes: an embedded mixed-methods study protocol

IntroductionAs recommended by the WHO, promotion of physiological birth is a main strategy to reduce the rate of caesarean section and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. A modified version of the...

Communication Barriers to Implementation of Family-Centered Care from Perspective of Mothers and Personnel of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Study

Background: Positive communication between staff and parents is considered a basic principle for the successful implementation of family-centered care (FCC) and the formation of a good relationship between parents and neonates. Moreover, involvement in care depends on the communication and interaction of parents with healthcare providers, and cooperation between them leads to high-quality care for neonates. However, interaction and communication are still considered major challenges in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment. Since these challenges and communication barriers are different in various cultures and environments, they should be identified in the field. A literature review shows that no study has assessed the views of different members of the treatment team and parents on communication barriers in Iran. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the communication barriers related to personnel and parents for implementing FCC from the perspective of parents, physicians, nurses, and nursing managers. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2021 - 2022 using the conventional content analysis approach in a NICU in Tehran, Iran. In this study, 26 semi-structured interviews and 10 field notes were used to collect data to reach data saturation. Results: Data analysis led to the emergence of two themes. The first theme was the unprofessional relationships of personnel, including two main categories of inappropriate professional behavior and lack of attention to personnel and working conditions of the ward. The second theme was mutually ineffective relationships between personnel and parents, including two main categories of the inappropriate attitude of personnel and parents toward each other and unsympathetic communication between personnel and parents. The themes showed the participants’ experiences of communication barriers to the implementation of FCC in NICUs in Iran. Conclusions: Removing communication barriers between healthcare providers and parents requires developing a coherent, comprehensive, and unified training program to prepare and create integrated coordination among the treatment team and the family, creating a positive attitude toward FCC and the presence of parents, improving relationships, and giving further attention and support by managers to personnel and the conditions of the ward.

Supporting Disclosure of Unmet Mental Health Needs among Parents of Critically Ill Infants

To characterize (1) the prevalence of mental health discussion and (2) facilitators of and barriers to parent disclosure of mental health needs to clinicians. Parents of infants with neurologic conditions in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units participated in a longitudinal decision-making study from 2018 through 2020. Parents completed semi-structured interviews upon enrollment, within 1week after a conference with providers, at discharge, and 6months post-discharge. We used a conventional content analysis approach and NVIVO 12 to analyze data related to mental health. We enrolled 61 parents (n=40 mothers, n=21 fathers) of 40 infants with neurologic conditions in the intensive care unit. In total, 123 interviews were conducted with 52 of these parents (n=37 mothers, n=15 fathers). Over two-thirds of parents (n=35/52, 67%) discussed their mental health in a total of 61 interviews. We identified two key domains when approaching the data through the lens of mental health: (1) self-reported barriers to communicating mental health needs: parents shared uncertainty about the presence or benefit of support, a perceived lack of mental health resources and emotional support, and concerns about trust; (2) self-reported facilitators and benefits of communicating mental health needs: parents described the value of supportive team members, connecting to peer support, and speaking to a mental health professional or neutral third party. Parents of critically ill infants are at high risk of unmet mental health needs. Our results highlight modifiable barriers and actionable facilitators to inform interventions to improve mental health support for parents of critically ill infants.

Reconnoitering NGOs strategies to strengthen disaster risk communication (DRC) in Pakistan: A conventional content analysis approach

Risk communication is crucial since individuals need to understand how they are at risk and what proper steps to deal with flood events. Sharing information with the public opens the door for two-way communication about risks, wherein you learn about people's perspectives and work together to find ways to mitigate the risks. Beyond government scope, relief organizations play a big part in advising individuals about the likelihood of catastrophic events as they possess the commonalities that define community engagement. In numerous accounts of devastating events, the failure of risk management groups to coordinate their efforts and the public's mistrust of relief agencies are highlighted. One possible explanation for this skepticism could be relief organizations' failures in communicating risks. In addition, individuals' lack of skills and experience with catastrophes has left rural residents unprepared, which is why relief agencies need to raise their efforts or measures to communicate with people about possible risks. If these measures are uncovered, it could improve public communication and provide information for formulating recommendations to prevent fatalities. This study identifies the strategies used by relief organizations in enhancing disaster risk communication across four severely affected districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The qualitative research used semi-structured interviews with 50 participants from relief organizations, local institutions, and affected households. We employed qualitative content analysis and NVivo software to analyze the data. The findings of this study highlighted some significant strategies that relief organizations adopted in this line of work: the administration of educational and information transmission, managing obstacles in communication, and managing inter-organizational communications. The findings validate the potential for relief organizations to become change agents, facilitate communication between the public and relief organizations, and ultimately strengthen community resilience and reduce disaster risks as part of local responses.

Experiences of health providers regarding implementation of the physiologic birth program in Iran: A qualitative content analysis.

The rate of cesarean section is on the rise in both developed and developing countries, and Iran is no exception. According to the WHO, physiologic labor is one of the main strategies for reducing cesarean section and improving the health of mothers and newborns. The aim of this qualitative study was to explain the experiences of health providers regarding implementation of the physiologic birth program in Iran. This study is a part of a mixed-methods study, in which 22 health providers were interviewed from January 2022 to June 2022. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis approach and using MAXQDA10 software. Two main categories and nine subcategories emerged from the results of this study. The main categories included "the obstacles to the implementation of the physiologic birth program" and "strategies for improving implementation of the program". The subcategories of the first category included: lack of continuous midwifery care in the healthcare system, lack of free accompanying midwives, lack of integrated healthcare and hospitals in service provision, low quality of childbirth preparation and implementation of physiologic birth classes, and lack of requirements for the implementation of physiologic birth in the maternity ward. The second category included the following subcategories: Supervising the implementation of childbirth preparation classes and physiologic childbirth, support of midwives by insurance companies, holding training courses on physiologic birth, and evaluation of program implementation. The experiences of the health providers with the physiologic birth program revealed that policymakers should provide the ground for the implementation of this type of labor by removing the obstacles and providing the particular operational strategies needed in Iran. Important measures that can contribute to the implementation of the physiologic labor program in Iran include the following: Setting the stage for physiologic birth in the healthcare system, creating low- and high-risk wards in maternity hospitals, providing professional autonomy for midwifery, training childbirth providers on physiologic birth, monitoring the quality of program implementation, and providing insurance support for midwifery services.

Experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis of a collaborative care programme: A qualitative study.

This study aimed to explain the experiences of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) about the collaborative care programme. This qualitative study was conducted from July 2021 to March 2022. We conducted this study with individuals with MS who participated in the collaborative care programme in Hamadan, Iran. A purposive sampling with maximum variety was applied to recruit patients until data saturation. Eventually, 18 patients consented and were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The transcriptions of audio-checked interviews were analysed using a conventional content analysis approach of Graneheim and Lundman by MAXQDA 10, 2010 edition. The study identified three main categories. that emerged from the participants' experiences of collaborative care: the 'Beginning of Communication', which included two subcategories, 'Introduction and Acquaintance with Each Other' and 'Formation of Trust'; 'Mutual Interaction', which included three subcategories, 'Dialogue', 'Mutual Goal Setting' and 'Mutual Agreement of Care Solutions'; and 'Exchange of Targeted Behaviors', which included six categories, Implementation of Strategies for 'Nutritional Behaviors', 'Sleep and Rest', 'Constipation Relief', 'Promotion of Physical Activity and Exercise', 'Fatigue Reduction' and 'Stress Management'. The findings highlight the statistically significant role of collaborative care in MS management. Utilizing these research findings can update the development of interventions based on collaborative care, which can provide appropriate support to individuals with MS. Individuals with multiple sclerosis.