Conventional Cars Research Articles

Battery Cell Thermal Control in Electric Vehicles Using Water Cooling Block

Research and development efforts in the field of transportation have recently focused on creating clean, safe, and high-efficiency modes of transportation. It has repeatedly been predicted that electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles will soon displace conventional automobiles. This research offers an illustration of how a battery-electric vehicle may regulate the flow of coolant over specific battery cells. Each lithium-ion battery cell's heat level is measured by a sensor, which also controls the cooling process. The PID controller (Arduino) and Water Pump both function using a 12V rechargeable battery. Temperature sensors are employed to monitor each Li-ion battery cell independently and provide feedback as an analog signal. The flow of the pump is controlled by the battery's feedback, and the coolant goes via a convey to achieve temperature control. When compared to lead-acid / nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries offer better energy densities. Moreover, it is far less expensive and doesn't need nickel or cobalt. Also, it is safer since it is more stable. Each battery cell has a water cooling block installed specifically for more effective cooling. When compared to the method of calculating the total battery heat without any controller on any individual cells of the battery, the method of implementing a water cooling block in individual cells will be more effective. The temperature variation in the battery cell was significantly decreased by a water cooling block, which also lowered the thermal effect by around 40%. In the battery cell, a number of cycles and the depth of discharge are recorded, and the findings show that while the coolant temperature rises from roughly 30°C to 50°C, the battery cell's interior temperature drops drastically from 60°C to 20°C of heat. Keywords: Lithium-ion Battery, Temperature Monitoring, Temperature Management, Predictive Algorithms, and Sustainability

Beyond the Current State of the Art in Electric Vehicle Technology in Robotics and Automation

The improvement of electric vehicles and their parts is currently the subject of several recent innovations, with an emphasis on advancements in batteries, energy management systems, autonomous features, and charging infrastructure. The current logistics and transportation (L&T) systems comprise heterogeneous fleets made up of both conventional internal combustion engine cars and other vehicle types that use environmentally friendly technology, such as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. This helps significantly to the development of the upcoming generations of electric vehicles and promotes a more sustainable and effective ecosystem. This article offers insights into the most recent advancements in the field of electric cars (EVs) as new and innovative EV technologies based on data and statistics from science that may prove to be technically possible by 2030. Potential design and modeling techniques, including digital twins with linked IoT, are discussed in this paper. Additionally, all EV-related topics are covered, including hard-core battery material sciences, power electronics, and powertrain engineering, as well as market and environmental considerations and prospective technological obstacles and research gaps. This investigation is interesting since it offers thorough information on every facet of EVs. In conclusion, we offer to the readers several open issues in the field of EV as well as specific research directions to wrap up our work.

Abstract CT129: A phase 1 dose escalation study of a novel coupled CAR T cell therapy, GCC19CART, for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Abstract Background: GCC19CART, the first clinical candidate from the CoupledCAR solid tumor platform, is designed to overcome the limitations of conventional CAR T-cells in solid tumor malignancies by pairing solid tumor CAR T-cells with CD19-targeting CAR T-cells to amplify the proliferation and activation of the solid tumor CAR T component. GCC19CART targets guanylate cyclase-C (GCC), which is reported to be expressed in the metastatic lesions of 70%-80% of subjects with colorectal cancers and largely restricted to the intestinal tract. A Phase 1 investigator-initiated clinical trial conducted in China showed preliminary efficacy with an overall response rate (ORR) at dose level 1 (1x106 CAR T-cells/kg) of 15.4% ORR (2/13) and 50% ORR (4/8) in dose level 2 (2x106 CAR T-cells/kg). Common side effects included cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and diarrhea/colitis. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) was seen in a smaller proportion of patients. A phase 1 study was initiated in the United States in August 2022 for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard of care chemotherapy. As of a data cutoff on ​November 1, 2023, 4 subjects have been treated in the initial dose level. Methods: Subjects were initially screened for GCC expression; this requirement was later discontinued when immunohistochemistry studies revealed that the frequency of positive GCC expression exceeded 95%. Eligible subjects underwent leukapheresis, a single dose of lymphodepleting chemotherapy (fludarabine 30mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 300mg/m2) 3 days prior to infusion, and then administration of a single infusion of GCC19CART. Responses were assessed by RECIST v1.1 by site investigator review and an independent third-party imaging contract research organization. Results: 4 subjects have been dosed at level 1 (1x106 cells/kg) and completed the DLT period at the time of data cutoff. The most common adverse events were CRS in 4/4 subjects (Grade 1: 2/4 (50%) or Grade 2: 2/4 (50%)) and diarrhea in 3/4 subjects (Grade 1: 1/4 (25%), Grade 2: 1/4 (25%), or Grade 3: 1/4 (25%)). Three out of four patients had a mild tremor (Grade 1) that resolved with corticosteroids and no other evidence of neurotoxicity. The combined overall response rate (ORR) was 50% (2/4) by independent review. Two subjects demonstrated a partial response (PR) while 1 additional subject had partial metabolic response (PMR) on PET/CT with stable disease (SD) and 1 patient had progressive disease per RECIST 1.1. Per site investigator review, the ORR was 25%, with 1 confirmed PR and 3 SD assessed as best response. The median PFS was 3.8 months in the dose level 1 group. Conclusions: Preliminary results demonstrate that GCC19CART has meaningful clinical activity and an acceptable safety profile in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. This trial is ongoing and updated data will be presented, including from patients treated at dose level 2 (2x106 CAR T-cells/kg). Clinical trial information: NCT05319314. Citation Format: Bridget P. Keenan, Christopher H. Lieu, Marwan Fakih, Dongqi Chen, Lucy Lu, Eric Rowinsky, Victor Lu, Lei Xiao, Alan P. Venook, Benjamin Schlechter. A phase 1 dose escalation study of a novel coupled CAR T cell therapy, GCC19CART, for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT129.

The Importance of Increasing Public Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Reducing Jakarta’s Air Pollution

In response to growing environmental concerns surrounding renewable energy and the adverse effects of extreme weather patterns on air quality, the Indonesian government has initiated efforts to promote the use of electric vehicles (EVs) as a substitute for conventional automobiles inside the country. Therefore, it is crucial to implement strategies aimed at promoting widespread acceptance and utilization of electric vehicles (EVs) by the general population. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of product innovation and price on the public’s adoption of electric vehicles in Jakarta. This study employed a quantitative descriptive methodology, using an associative approach and utilizing SPSS. The data collection methods involve the use of a questionnaire, with the target population being individuals residing in Jakarta who own automobiles. The findings of the investigation are presented as follows: The findings indicate a strong and statistically significant relationship between product innovation and the level of community adoption of electric vehicles in Jakarta. The hypothesis regarding the relationship between the price variable and the community adoption of electric automobiles in Jakarta has been substantiated. The present study examines the impact of both product innovation and price on the public adoption of electric cars in Jakarta.

Electric vehicles adoption challenges in Oman: a comprehensive assessment and future prospects for sustainable cities

The rising popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs), fuelled by technological advancements and supportive government policies, presents a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions from conventional cars. This study explores public perceptions of obstacles to Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption in Oman and assesses EVs' impact on city sustainability. Over 300 car consumers in Muscat participated in a survey, facilitated through Microsoft Forms, and distributed via email and social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The study finds that the main obstacles to EV adoption in Oman include a lack of public charging infrastructure, limited EV knowledge, and concerns about available EV models. Safety issues, financial constraints, and low public awareness of climate change also hinder adoption. Structural SEM results show positive correlations between cost-effectiveness, charging infrastructure availability, climate change awareness, and intention to adopt EVs. However, safety concerns negatively impact EVs purchase intention. Regarding the impact of EVs on Oman's cities, respondents generally believe in the potential for EVs to improve air quality, enhance urban living conditions, and mitigate noise and air pollution. However, the respondents were also cautious about the widespread use of EVs due to the high infrastructure investment costs and energy consumption. Therefore, this study recommends targeted interventions like awareness campaigns, better charging infrastructure, and adoption incentives. These insights are vital for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable EV adoption in Oman and beyond.

Prediction of consumers' purchase intension for electric vehicles based on machine learning model

In recent years, electric cars have gradually begun to attract consumers' attention, and car companies have gradually shifted their research and development focus to electric cars instead of conventional cars. As a matter of fact, how to accurately predict consumers' desire to purchase their own electric cars is a problem that still needs to be solved and addressed. With this in mind, this study uses improved SVM, CNN and LSTM models for horizontal comparison, and attempts to use machine learning models to solve this problem. According to the analysis, the experimental results show that the machine learning model is suitable for predicting consumer purchase desire, and the prediction accuracy of SVM is higher than the other two models. This paper uses this experiment to provide reference for relevant car companies that need to know consumers' purchasing desires. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of electric vehicles car purchase intention prediction.

Abstract 43: Targeting trogocytosis through cathepsin B inhibition enhances CAR T cell persistence

Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an effective treatment for cancer patients. While CAR T cells have shown remarkable efficacy, most patients receiving CAR T cell therapy eventually relapse. CAR-mediated trogocytosis (CMT) is a potential tumor escape mechanism involving the transfer of cell surface proteins from tumor cells to CAR T cells. CMT results in antigen-negative tumor cells and correlates with reduced CAR T cell persistence, possibly due to increased CAR T cell fratricide or exhaustion. To date it has not been conclusively demonstrated that antigens transferred by CMT are the cause of fratricide or exhaustion. To answer this question, we developed a system to rapidly degrade trogocytosed protein in CAR T cells. Using this system, we show that the transfer of CD19 to CAR T cells directly causes CAR T cell fratricide and exhaustion. We hypothesize that reducing CMT will increase CAR T cell persistence. To identify molecular mechanisms driving CMT as potential therapeutic targets, we inhibited various proteins essential for cell adhesion, endocytosis, actin polymerization, or antigen processing using small molecule inhibitors. We found that inhibition of the cysteine protease Cathepsin B (CTSB), with a membrane-permeable (Ca-074) or membrane-impermeable (Ca-074-Me) inhibitor, significantly reduced CMT without affecting CAR T cell cytotoxicity. We hypothesize that CTSB inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach to limit CMT.CTSB activity is regulated by the protein Cystatin A (CSTA). Both Ca-074-Me and CSTA sterically block access to the active site cysteine of CTSB. We found that overexpression of CSTA in CAR T cells significantly reduced CTSB activity and reduced antigen transfer. CSTA overexpression minimized antigen loss on tumor cells, indicating that CTSB inhibition blocks CMT early during the trogocytic process. CSTA overexpression reduced CAR T cell exhaustion but did not alter their expansion, tumor cell killing, or phenotype, indicating that this approach selectively inhibits CMT. Next, we assessed the effect of CSTA overexpression on CAR T cell persistence in vivo. NALM6 tumor-bearing NSG mice were injected with conventional or CSTA-overexpressing CD19 CAR T cells. Four weeks after CAR T cell injection, we observed substantially increased CAR T cell numbers in the blood (10.6x, p=0.0317), bone marrow (7.3x, p=0.0159), and spleens (5.6x, p=0.0556) of mice treated with CSTA-overexpressing CAR T cells. Taken together, we provide the first experimental evidence that CMT directly causes fratricide and exhaustion, reducing CAR T cell persistence. We demonstrate that CMT can be targeted efficiently by overexpressing the CTSB inhibitor CSTA in CAR T cells, resulting in substantially increased CAR T cell persistence. This represents a promising approach to improve CAR T cell efficacy and limit the occurrence of relapse in patients receiving CAR T cell therapy. Citation Format: Kenneth A. Dietze, Michael L. Olson, Etse Gebru, Djordje Atanackovic, Aaron P. Rapoport, Tim Luetkens. Targeting trogocytosis through cathepsin B inhibition enhances CAR T cell persistence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 43.

Universal CAR T cells targeted to HER2 with a biotin-trastuzumab soluble linker penetrate spheroids and large tumor xenografts that are inherently resistant to trastuzumab mediated ADCC.

CAR T cell therapies face challenges in combating solid tumors due to their single-target approach, which becomes ineffective if the targeted antigen is absent or lost. Universal CAR T cells (UniCAR Ts) provide a promising solution by utilizing molecular tags (linkers), such as biotin conjugated to monoclonal antibodies, enabling them to target a variety of tumor antigens. Recently, we showed that conventional CAR T cells could penetrate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of ADCC-resistant tumors, which forms a barrier to therapeutic antibodies. This finding led us to investigate whether UniCAR T cells, targeted by soluble antibody-derived linkers, could similarly tackle ADCC-resistant tumors where ECM restricts antibody penetration. We engineered UniCAR T cells by incorporating a biotin-binding monomeric streptavidin 2 (mSA2) domain for targeting HER2 via biotinylated trastuzumab (BT). The activation and cytotoxicity of UniCAR T cells in the presence or absence of BT were evaluated in conventional immunoassays. A 3D spheroid coculture was set up to test the capability of UniCAR Ts to access ECM-masked HER2+ cells. For in vivo analysis, we utilized a HER2+ xenograft model in which intravenously administered UniCAR T cells were supplemented with intraperitoneal BT treatments. In vitro, BT-guided UniCAR T cells showed effective activation and distinct anti-tumor response. Upon target recognition, IFNγ secretion correlated with BT concentration. In the presence of BT, UniCAR T cells effectively penetrated HER2+ spheroids and induced cell death in their core regions. In vivo, upon intravenous administration of UniCAR Ts, circulating BT linkers immediately engaged the mSA2 domain and directed effector cells to the HER2+ tumors. However, these co-treated mice died early, possibly due to the lung infiltration of UniCAR T cells that could recognize both native biotin and HER2. Our results suggest that UniCAR T cells guided with soluble linkers present a viable alternative to conventional CAR T cells, especially for patients resistant to antibody therapy and those with solid tumors exhibiting high antigenic variability. Critical to their success, however, is the choice of an appropriate binding domain for the CAR and the corresponding soluble linker, ensuring both efficacy and safety in therapeutic applications.

Oxidized mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles for In Situ Chimeric Antigen Receptor Monocyte Engineering

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) monocyte and macrophage therapies are promising solid tumor immunotherapies that can overcome the challenges facing conventional CAR T cell therapy. mRNA lipid nanoparticles (mRNA‐LNPs) offer a viable platform for in situ engineering of CAR monocytes with transient and tunable CAR expression to reduce off‐tumor toxicity and streamline cell manufacturing. However, identifying LNPs with monocyte tropism and intracellular delivery potency is difficult using traditional screening techniques. Here, ionizable lipid design and high‐throughput in vivo screening are utilized to identify a new class of oxidized LNPs with innate tropism and mRNA delivery to monocytes. A library of oxidized (oLNPs) and unoxidized LNPs (uLNPs) is synthesized to evaluate mRNA delivery to immune cells. oLNPs demonstrate notable differences in morphology, ionization energy, and pKa, thereby enhancing delivery to human macrophages, but not T cells. Subsequently, in vivo library screening with DNA barcodes identifies an oLNP formulation, C14‐O2, with innate tropism to monocytes. In a proof‐of‐concept study, the C14‐O2 LNP is used to engineer functional CD19‐CAR monocytes in situ for robust B cell aplasia (45%) in healthy mice. This work highlights the utility of oxidized LNPs as a promising platform for engineering CAR macrophages/monocytes for solid tumor CAR monocyte therapy.

Investigating the impacts of autonomous vehicles on crash severity and traffic safety

Traffic accidents are a nationwide public health concern, but autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to significantly reduce accident severity and frequency by eliminating their most common cause, human error. By analyzing the data published by California’s Department of Motor Vehicles, researchers have identified the factors that influence AV crash severity, however, none do so through a literature review. This paper’s aims are multi-faceted: to understand AVs’ operation on public roadways by identifying and classifying the factors contributing to accident severity, to develop a list of strategies that address the public’s safety concerns, and to acknowledge the ethics of unavoidable collisions. To fulfill these objectives, a comprehensive literature review was conducted based on a keyword search. Following a multi-step screening and exclusion process, detailed review was performed of 107 relevant publications, and the factors contributing to increased crash severity were classified into 14 categories. The literature revealed that AVs are not at fault in most accidents, although they have a higher propensity than conventional cars to be involved in rear-end collisions, and they are specifically designed to minimize the number of accidents, but may face unavoidable ones. For the benefit of policymakers and manufacturers, 11 strategies that address the moral dilemma of these accidents and 7 strategies that address concerns about AV safety to improve public perception were identified.

Abstract B080: AB-1015, an Integrated Circuit T (ICT) cell therapy containing an ALPG/MSLN logic gate and FAS/PTPN2 shRNA-miR, for the treatment of ovarian cancer

Abstract B080: AB-1015, an Integrated Circuit T (ICT) cell therapy containing an ALPG/MSLN logic gate and FAS/PTPN2 shRNA-miR, for the treatment of ovarian cancer

Development of a Volkswagen Jetta MK5 Hybrid Vehicle for Optimized System Efficiency Based on a Genetic Algorithm

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a trendy technology for reducing over-dependence on fossil fuels and a global concern of gas emissions across transportation networks. This research aims to design the hybridized drivetrain of a Volkswagen (VW) Jetta MK5 vehicle on the basis of its mathematical background description and a computer-aided simulation (MATLAB/Simulink/Simscape, MATLAB R2023b). The conventional car operates through a five-speed manual gearbox, and a 2.0 TDI internal combustion engine (ICE) is first assessed. A comparative study evaluates the optimal fuel economy between the conventional and the hybrid versions based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, whose optimal set-point is predicted and computed by a genetic algorithm (GA). For realistic hybridization, this research integrated a Parker electric motor and the diesel engine of a VW Crafter hybrid vehicle from the faculty of engineering to reduce fuel consumption and optimize the system performance of the proposed car. Moreover, a VCDS measurement unit is developed to collect vehicle data based on real-world driving scenarios. The simulation results are compared with experimental data to validate the model’s accuracy. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy (EMS), with an approximately 89.46% reduction in fuel consumption for the hybrid powertrain compared to the gas-powered traditional vehicle, and 90.05% energy efficiency is achieved.

Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Comparing the Powertrain Efficiency and Sustainability of Fuel Cell versus Internal Combustion Engine Cars

Due to the large quantities of carbon emissions generated by the transportation sector, cleaner automotive technologies are needed aiming at a green energy transition. In this scenario, hydrogen is pointed out as a promising fuel that can be employed as the fuel of either a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine vehicle. Therefore, in this work, we propose the design and modeling of a fuel cell versus an internal combustion engine passenger car for a driving cycle. The simulation was carried out using the quasistatic simulation toolbox tool in Simulink considering the main powertrain components for each vehicle. Furthermore, a brief analysis of the carbon emissions associated with the hydrogen production method is addressed to assess the clean potential of hydrogen-powered vehicles compared to conventional fossil fuel-fueled cars. The resulting analysis has shown that the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is almost twice as efficient compared to internal combustion engines, resulting in a lower fuel consumption of 1.05 kg-H2/100 km in the WLTP driving cycle for the fuel cell vehicle, while the combustion vehicle consumed about 1.79 kg-H2/100 km. Regarding using different hydrogen colors to fuel the vehicle, hydrogen-powered vehicles fueled with blue and grey hydrogen presented higher carbon emissions compared to petrol-powered vehicles reaching up to 2–3 times higher in the case of grey hydrogen. Thus, green hydrogen is needed as fuel to keep carbon emissions lower than conventional petrol-powered vehicles.

Identifying the decarbonization paths for new energy passenger cars in China

This study establishes the marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) of China’s new energy passenger car technologies (PCT) and identifies the technological decarbonization path for new energy passenger cars. The results show that the decarbonization of China’s new energy passenger car market is mainly led by two models, conventional hybrid passenger cars and blade electric passenger cars. At the same time, this study identifies six key technologies for decarbonization of new energy passenger cars. In the future development of the passenger car market, these six technologies should be used as the focus of decarbonization, bringing their strengths into play while compensating for the shortcomings of other technologies. At the same time, the baseline scenario should be the main focus, supplemented by other scenarios.

WORKER COMPETENCIES IN OPEN INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION IN AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENT COMPANIES DURING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE TRANSITION

Background: One primary cause of air pollution is the internal combustion engine (ICE), causing a structural change in society from conventional cars to Electric Vehicles (EVs). This transition period demands that automotive component companies be innovative according to the changing dynamics of EV technology. Open Innovation (OI) develops as an approach to fastening the trajectory by involving various stakeholders in this process. The successful adoption of OI requires a deep understanding of the employee's competencies in these companies to be effective. As a result, empirical studies have been performed to determine employee proficiency levels in various company scales. Methods: The study was conducted by comparing four automotive component companies with different scales. Data was obtained from the questionnaires that were distributed to employees at each company and collected from December 2023 to January 2024. The study assessed three open innovation competencies, entrepreneurial, cooperation, and creativity competency. Then hypothesis testing was carried out using the Kruskal Wallis H-test method. Results: The findings indicate that the company scale of the automotive component companies does not affect the proficiency levels of employee competencies in implementing open innovation. Conclusions: The OI implementation process can be carried out in micro, small, medium, and large companies with employees who have competencies that support the implementation of OI.

Stability of a Ro-Ro Ship: An Assessment of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Transportation

In terms of service lives, ships have the ability to remain operational for extended periods of time, potentially exceeding several decades. Changes in machinery and equipment are dependent on technological improvements. The above change is most noticeable in the components that make up ship systems. Nonetheless, the movement of ships on the water involves research into a variety of topics, including static-dynamic equilibrium and the demands of speed and power. The study focuses on the growing fascination with electric automobiles, which can be ascribed to technology improvements, environmental policies, and the concept's widespread acceptance. As a result, there has been a boom in interest in purchasing electric vehicles and using them for transportation. When conventional internal combustion engine automobiles are considered during the design process of marine vessels that transport land vehicles, it is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will be primarily transported by Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) ships in the foreseeable future. However, weight discrepancies exist between electric vehicles and other models in the same category. The significant weight attributed to batteries emphasizes the significant possibility for advancement in modern battery technology. The purpose of this research is to look into the variations in the stability of a Ro-Ro vessel when transporting an equal number and weight of EVs and conventional automobiles.

Effects of Adaptive Cruise Control System on Traffic Flow and Safety Considering Various Combinations of Front Truck and Rear Passenger Car Situations

Existing studies on the heterogeneity in traffic flow have considered either conventional car–truck or conventional vehicle–automated vehicle combinations. Nevertheless, these assumptions are not realistic as there will be possible combinations of cars–trucks and conventional–automated vehicles in the future. This study aims to investigate heterogeneous traffic flow with or without an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system for the pair of a front truck and a rear passenger car. Vissim microscopic traffic simulation software and the HighD dataset were applied. The major findings include the following. (1) The greater the penetration rate of ACC vehicles in the same speed interval, the smaller the space headway of the rear car. (2) Both conventional and ACC cars accelerate or decelerate frequently when their speeds exceed that of the front truck in the car-following state. In the free-flow state, a conventional car keeps a constant speed or accelerates, while an ACC car mainly adopts an acceleration strategy. (3) The variation of speed differences and space headways is smallest when both the front truck and rear car have ACC. (4) The probability of conflicts between the front truck and rear car pair decreases with the increase of market penetration of ACC vehicles. Compared to conventional cars, the rear car equipped with ACC exhibits a lower probability of conflicts. Statistical tests further confirmed the significant differences between any two of the four combinations based on the ACC equipment.

Optimizing Electric Vehicle Integration with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: The Influence of Price Difference and Battery Costs on Adoption, Profits, and Green Energy Utilization

Over the past decade, the widespread adoption of global green energy has emerged as a predominant trend. However, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, face significant wastage due to challenges in energy storage. Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered an effective solution to address the energy storage dilemma. “Vehicle-to-grid” (V2G) technology, allowing vehicles to feed electricity into the grid, enhances the efficiency of renewable energy utilization. This paper proposes an electric vehicle game model that comprehensively considers user choices, corporate profits, and green energy utilization. The model, based on difference in prices, electricity rates, and fuel prices, establishes user utility models to determine optimal driving distances and driving decisions. It separately formulates the maximum profit functions for selling conventional electric cars and V2G electric cars, deriving optimal pricing for enterprises and user adoption rates. The research findings indicate that when price difference can offset V2G battery costs, increasing price difference and reducing battery costs effectively enhance electric vehicle adoption rates, increase corporate profits, and improve green energy utilization. Moreover, compared to conventional electric vehicles, V2G electric vehicles demonstrate a comparative advantage, with the implementation of V2G expanding corporate profits and green energy utilization. Validation using Chinese data reveals that when price difference can offset V2G battery costs, drivers are more inclined to choose V2G electric vehicles. Both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and V2G electric vehicles exhibit adoption rates that can increase by over 35%. This study provides theoretical and model support for the future development of V2G and policy formulation, underscoring the comparative advantages of V2G in enhancing green energy utilization efficiency. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights as a reference for business models in the V2G electric vehicle industry.

Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Battery Charging on a Distribution System Based on Real-Time Digital Simulator

Although the electric vehicles (EVs) have many economic and environmental advantages as compared to the conventional cars, the increased adoption of these vehicles will bring up new concerns for the power distribution grid in terms of introducing new peaks into the system or causing voltage quality problems. This study investigates the impact of the electric vehicles battery charging on the distribution system in terms of voltage unbalance at various locations, transformers overloading, and shifting the peak of the system. In this research, a 12.47 kV real distribution network has been modelled using real time digital simulator, using real data from a power distributor. The study presents four different scenarios of uncoordinated EVs integration for two different charging times (evening and night) and two different charging rates (level I and level II) at different penetration levels ranging from 10% to 100%. Voltage unbalance at different locations is determined and transformer overloading is analysed. The influence of EVs charging on the daily load curve is shown.

First-in-human phase 1/2 trial evaluating TAC01-CLDN18.2 autologous T cells in CLDN18.2-positive solid tumors.

TPS419 Background: CLDN18.2 is a tight junction protein expressed in differentiated gastric epithelial cells and is abnormally expressed in various solid tumor types, serving as a promising target for therapy. To date, there are no approved therapies directed against this target, but compelling data exist using monoclonal antibodies and conventional CAR T therapy. The T Cell Antigen Coupler (TAC) technology is an approach to modifying T cells ex vivo, which allows recognition and cytotoxicity of tumor cells by co-opting the natural T cell receptor. The TAC technology has a safer profile than conventional CAR T therapies and is used to create an autologous TAC01-CLDN18.2 T cell product targeting CLDN18.2. Methods: This first in-human trial (NCT05862324) is designed to assess both the safety profile and preliminary antitumor activity of TAC01-CLDN18.2 in patients with CLDN18.2+/HER2- solid tumors after ≥ 2 lines of therapy. The phase 1 dose escalation segment employs a traditional 3+3 dose-escalation design to evaluate increasing doses of TAC01-CLDN18.2 with estimated enrollment numbers of 9 to 24 subjects. The subsequent phase 2 will further evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the optimal TAC01-CLDN18.2 dose. With 3 cohorts, Group A will enroll up to 57 subjects with gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma, Group B aims to enroll 10 subjects with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) while Group C will examine up to 22 subjects with ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Groups A and C will leverage a Simon 2-stage design to assess whether the treatment achieves efficacy, while Group B will be exploratory with an opportunity for cohort enrichment based on clinical data. Prior to TAC01-CLDN18.2 infusion, subjects will undergo leukapheresis and may receive bridging anticancer therapy as appropriate during cell manufacturing. CLDN18.2 expression levels will be determined centrally using a clinical trial assay validated across relevant indications. Subjects will then undergo low intensity lymphodepletion chemotherapy. A second dose of TAC01-CLDN18.2 may be administered based on prespecified safety and clinical criteria. Evaluation of DLTs will take place within a 28-day window following the first infusion. In both phases, CLDN18.2+/HER2- solid tumor patients must have completed at least two prior therapy lines except for PDAC patients who may qualify after one prior antineoplastic regimen. For phase 2, up to four prior treatment lines is permissible and definitions of eligible CLDN18.2 expression levels will be based on retrospective analysis of data from Phase 1 in association with clinical efficacy. The trial is currently in the open-enrollment stage, awaiting the inclusion of the inaugural patient. No data analysis is available as of the submission deadline. Clinical trial information: NCT05862324 .