Conventional Cables Research Articles

An innovative hollow-cable dome structure for indoor cooling

In the context of achieving low-carbon and environmentally friendly building solutions, structural design and internal comfort are equally critical considerations for modern buildings. To meet the spatial requirements of long-span structures and ensure internal comfort, this paper proposes an innovative hollow-cable dome structure. By substituting conventional cables with flexible pipes, the structure utilizes the continuous characteristic of cables to create a continuous internal volume. This design allows the hollow-cable dome to function as an air conditioning system, circulating cold air internally to adjust the indoor temperature. This paper first introduces a heat-fluid analysis framework for the hollow-cable dome. And then to verify the feasibility and practicality of the structure and its dual functions, simulations of the heat transfer and indoor cooling process are conducted using commercial software. The proposed structure efficiently realizes dual functions of structural support and temperature regulation, highlighting its promising potential for applications in both structural engineering and indoor environmental quality management. Additionally, the paper investigates the key factors affecting cooling efficiency, focusing on component parameters, structural complexity, and configuration. The comparative analysis reveals that component parameters and structural configuration are closely linked to the indoor cooling effect and temperature distribution. A larger outlet area results in greater cooling efficiency, while increased structural complexity promotes more uniform temperature changes, effectively minimizing hot and cold concentration zones. Therefore, the study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing the design of the hollow-cable dome structure to enhance cooling performance. Future designs can leverage these insights to achieve better functionality and efficiency, further promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable building practices.

An Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression of a Long Flexible Catenary Cable by Using Vibration Dampers

In this paper, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the effectiveness of vibration dampers in suppressing vortex-induced vibration in a long, flexible catenary cable with a low mass ratio. The dampers, consisting of two small, symmetric, lightweight pipes clamped to the cable, are sparsely deployed along the cable to shape the vibration characteristics. The experimental results demonstrate that dampers significantly reduce the vibration amplitude by up to 60% and axial tension by up to 61% at high flow velocities, effectively suppressing the cable vibration in perpendicular flow. In addition, it is observed that the in-line and cross-flow vibration frequencies are approximately equal when the dampers are applied. This behavior contrasts with the conventional undamped catenary cable, where the in-line vibration frequencies are double those of the cross-flow frequencies.

Is suture-based cerclage biomechanically superior to traditional metallic cerclage for fixation of periprosthetic femoral fractures: A matched pair cadaveric study

BackgroundWhile traditional metallic cerclage remains the primary method in clinical application, non-metallic cerclage systems have recently gained popularity due to low risks of soft tissue irritation and bone intrusion. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a novel non-metallic suture-based cerclage in comparison to traditional metallic cerclage cables for fixation of periprosthetic femoral fractures. MethodsAn extended trochanteric osteotomy was performed on eight pairs of cadaveric femora, followed by reduction using either metallic cerclages (Group I) or the suture-based cerclage (Group II). A modular tapered fluted stem was then implanted in each specimen. The fragment translation during canal preparation and stem implantation was quantified using laser-scanning. Subsequently, each specimen underwent 500 cycles of multiaxial loading, with fragment translation and stem subsidence measured using a motion capture system. FindingsFollowing stem implantation, specimens in Group II exhibited a significantly greater lateral fragment translation (466 μm vs 754 μm, p = 0.017). However, there were no significant differences in anterior and distal translation between groups (p > 0.05). During multiaxial loading, the average stem subsidence in Group I was 0.36 mm (range, 0.04–1.42 mm), compared to 0.41 mm (range, 0.03–1.29) in Group II (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found in fragment translations between the two groups (p > 0.05). InterpretationThe suture-based cerclage system exhibited comparable biomechanical performance in fixation stability to conventional metallic cerclage cables. Yet, it was associated with a larger residual lateral gap between the fragments following stem implantation. Ultimately, the choice of fixation method should account for multiple factors, including patient characteristics, surgeon preference, and bone quality.

Synergizing intelligent signal processing with wavelength-division multiplexing for enhanced efficiency and speed in photonic network communications

Abstract The explosive growth of worldwide mobile data traffic seeks innovations in communication technology to cater to the mounting need for rapid connectivity, high-capacity connections. The mainstreaming of 5G technologies for communication is a dramatic step towards meeting the aforementioned goals, with the ability for reshaping IoT (Internet of things), D2D (device-to-Device) communications, and the smart grids. This work conveys an in-depth study of the fundamental innovations that underlie 5G, including full-duplex distribution, huge multiple-input-multiple-output, ultra-dense connections, the phenomenon of beamforming and millimeter-wave approaches. A special emphasis is focused on the integration of photonic technologies, or microwave photonics, which serves as a critical multidisciplinary study topic. Optical fibers, with their tremendous bandwidth and capacity, have been determined as the best medium for backhaul and fronthaul amenities, outpacing conventional copper cables to accommodate tiny cells and next-generation networks. The synergy between optical and wireless access technologies is analyzed with the emphasis on the central role of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for improving network efficiency and speed. The investigation additionally explores the possibility of intelligent signal processing methods combined with WDM to optimize photonic network communications. The mingling of these technologies anticipates producing unrivaled levels of performance, rupturing the path for an additional intelligent, interconnected era.

Research on the influence of major ions in weakly alkaline mine water on anchor cable corrosion and protection technique

Anchor cables in water-rich roadways frequently experience severe corrosion and resultant fractures due to the combined effects of mine water and high stress. However, the precise factors influencing corrosion on these cables remain ambiguous, presenting challenges to roadway support safety. This study investigated the impact of major ions present in weakly alkaline mine water on anchor cable corrosion using salt spray corrosion experiments. The results indicated that major anions such as Cl- notably influence anchor cable corrosion, which primarily manifested as pitting corrosion. The nominal yield strength decreased by 95.68–156.01 MPa, and the nominal tensile strength decreased by 133.44–202.77 MPa because of a decrease in the cross-sectional area. During the corrosion process, major anions such as Cl- continuously degraded the passivation film on the surface of the anchor cable, exposing its internal metal structure and exacerbating corrosion until eventual fracture failure occurred. Therefore, this paper proposes a corrosion protection technique for mine anchor cables to realize superior protective effects compared to conventional anchor cables used concurrently in field applications.

Research on innovative fluid-driven pipe-strut tensegrity structure

As a self-equilibrated system under prestresses, the internal forces and geometric configurations of tensegrity structures are highly related. Consequently, by employing active control units internally, the lengths of structural components can be adjusted, enabling control over the structural shape and facilitating its motion and actuation. Fluid actuation, as a common type of driving mechanism, is typically achieved by using external fluid actuators or directly replacing structural components with them. In order to better realize the combination of flexible, efficient and adaptable fluid-driven strategy with lightweight, flexible and adjustable tensegrity structure, this paper proposes an innovative pipe-strut tensegrity structure based on the topology of traditional tensegrity structure. In the proposed structure, conventional cables are replaced by flexible pipes to establish a continuous fluid path. This construction concept promotes the flow of fluid within the structure, enabling the proposed structure to deform or move under the influence of the fluid flow. With structural and hydraulic analyses serving as the theoretical foundation, a simplified calculation theory based on the fluid-structure interaction is thoroughly investigated to analyze this innovative structure. Two specific examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the novel configuration, validate the accuracy of the proposed calculation theory, and verify the possibility of deformation and motion trend of the proposed fluid-driven pipe-strut structure.

A soft computing algorithmic technique for circuital analysis of a wireless mobile charger

Wireless energy transfer is emerging as a promising technology for mobile devices because it enhances rapid charging without requiring conventional cables. In this paper, a wireless mobile charger circuit was designed and simulated, the data obtained thereof was used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The result obtained was validated against that obtained when trained with regular scaled conjugate algorithm. Analysis of the results showed that the proposed technique remains a viable technique for rapidly analyzing several parts of the wireless mobile charger circuit for design and educational purposes, without always executing computationally intensive and time-consuming simulations.

Scalable electromagnetic energy harvester for wind turbine rotor blade applications

One of the biggest challenges in structural health monitoring for rotor blades in wind turbines is to provide enough energy to power wireless sensor nodes. Batteries are not an adequate solution due to their limited lifetime and conventional cabling fails due to the rotation of the rotor blade. Therefore, we present an electromagnetic energy harvester that is specifically designed to be operated inside rotor blades and can generate a sufficient amount of energy. It uses the changing gravitational force vector to move a permanent magnet in a tube and converts this mechanical into electrical energy by coils arranged around the tube. Finite element methods simulations were performed to estimate the generated energy and an extensive parameter sweep of several key design parameters provided guidance for an optimized performance of a prototype. This device was characterized in the lab followed by a field test in a wind turbine where it was operated for several days and provided a continuous and rectified power of 6 mW, enough to power conventional wireless accelerometers, typically used within a predictive maintenance concept for the vibrational monitoring of rotor blades.

Shaking table test for seismic performance of rock slope reinforced by C&S–R anchor cables

To investigate the seismic reinforcement performance of compression and self-recovery (C&S–R) anchor cables, a series of shaking table comparison tests were conducted on rock slopes reinforced by two types of anchor cables: C&S–R anchor cables and conventional anchor cables, under different seismic intensities. During the tests, multiple accelerometers, displacement meters and strain gauges were synchronously arranged to monitor the strain of anchor cables and the dynamic response of the anchored slopes. The test results reveal that C&S–R anchor cables had better seismic performance. Compared to conventional anchor cables, C&S–R anchor cables had a peak axial strain reduction of approximately 23.0% and an increase in seismic intensity of 0.1g–0.2g. The final natural frequencies of the slope reinforced by C&S–R anchor cables and that of the slope reinforced by conventional anchor cables were 31.25 Hz and 26.1 Hz, respectively, confirming that C&S–R anchor cables reduce the internal damage of the anchored slopes during earthquakes. The results provide guidance and basis for the seismic optimization design of anchored slopes.

Ultra-low electrical loss superconducting cables for railway transportation: Technical, economic, and environmental analysis

Carbon emission from various transportations is one of the major factors towards global warming. With the increasing energy demand from railway transportation, the conventional copper cables with high electric currents and considerable amounts of resistances are facing challenges, e.g., electric loss and heat. This article proposed a novel ultra-low electrical loss hybrid-energy transmission scheme. A real cable sample was fabricated, and the experiment proved the high-current carrying capability. A cable model was built to study the loss and electromagnetic behaviours by different optimization strategies. A general design guideline was established to help those non-experts to easily design their own hybrid-energy superconducting cables. The technical, economic, and environmental analysis was performed for a 1.5 kV/10 kA superconducting cable to transmit hybrid energy in a railway traction system. Results showed that reducing losses by the proposed method can efficiently reduce annual operating costs, e.g., the loss from 0.9 W/m to 0.46 W/m, the annual operating cost from 16, 644, 000 CNY to 8,935,000 CNY and the annual CO2 emissions form 2518 ton to 1090 ton. Overall, the optimization successfully improved the cable performance, and the analysis validated the technical feasibility and economic/environmental benefits of the novel hybrid-energy transmission system to be used into railway systems.

Impact of Superconductor Technologies on Network Design and Energy Cost- a Case Study in Libya

Several studies and investigations haveattempted to introduce a new design for the conventionaldistribution networks. This proposed design aims to offer a reduction in substation installation cost and in power losses by eliminating some voltage levels in networks. Sine, this is difficult to achieve with conventional distribution networks, when the conventional cables and transformers are used, where the impedance of conventional equipment is high. Due to High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) materials provide extremely low impedance to AC when cooled to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K), the interest in using HTS materials to produce power cables and transformers is increased. The present paper investigates the practical impacts of installing HTS cables and transformers and seeks to introduce a future network design which leads to the best implementation for superconducting networks, thus, a drop in the substation installation cost and energy losses cost by eliminating some voltage levels in the traditional networks.

Research and Analysis of the Cost of Right of Way for Conventional Overhead Transmission Lines and Power Transmission Cable

The study explores the pros and cons of adding these advanced conductors to transmission lines. This study examines the costs of procuring RoW for standard overhead transmission lines and power transmission cables. The report details the costs and considerations of obtaining land for power transmission infrastructure. Research has two main parts. The document begins with transmission asset owner’s RoW acquisition methods and rules. It explains the regulatory framework and mechanisms for securing land rights for power transmission infrastructure. The second section analyses costs in detail. It compares the economics of installing overhead transmission lines with power transmission cables, focusing on subsurface XLPE cables. The study examines how RoW acquisition affects adjacent land prices and the economic effects on TAOs and surrounding communities. The research also evaluates transmission line dismantling costs, including waste metal value, considering metal price changes. RoW costs persist after the transmission line's tenure. The paper also examines a replacement model that estimates RoW costs for switching from overhead transmission lines to underground XLPE cables for outmoded transmission infrastructure. This analysis seeks to illuminate RoW Acquisition's financial elements for power transmission decision-makers.

Bending performance of the CORC cable with flexible interlocked stainless steel former

The high temperature superconducting cable on round core (CORC) is a kind of cable that could be used in fusion projects. Nevertheless, conventional copper former CORC cables require a large external force to allow the cable to endure plastic deformation and be tightly wound into solenoids. In this case, the superconducting tape will be affected by concentrated stress, resulting in a risk of critical current degradation. Therefore, this paper proposes a new CORC cable with flexible interlocked stainless steel former, which can be wound into a solenoid by applying a small external force. To verify the bending performance of this interlocked former CORC cable, a double-layer and a ten-layer interlocked stainless steel former CORC cable, as well as a double-layer traditional copper former CORC cable, are fabricated. And these three CORC cables are used to wind solenoids of various radius sizes respectively. The experimental results show that the critical bending radius of the double-layer interlocked stainless steel former CORC cable is less than 20 mm, the critical bending radius of the ten-layer interlocked stainless steel former CORC cable is less than 50 mm, and the critical bending radius of the double-layer traditional copper former CORC cable is larger than 55 mm. A self-consistent finite element model for the critical current of the CORC cable solenoid is also established. And the critical current experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results. The results of this paper verify the excellent bending performance of the interlocked former CORC cable, which provides a good option for the preparation of insert magnets for future fusion projects.

Anomaly Detection for HTS Cable Using Stacked Autoencoder and Reflectometry

Since a high–temperature superconducting (HTS) cable has a cooling process and the possibility of a quench, a real–time monitoring technique is essential than other conventional power cable. Conventional reflectometry–based monitoring parameters have inherent disadvantages in that the boundary between normal and abnormal cannot be determined and multiple baselines cannot be considered during the monitoring process. In this paper, a stacked autoencoder–based anomaly detection technique for HTS cable is newly proposed. The autoencoder monitors the condition of HTS cable in real–time by calculating an anomaly score from the input data. The proposed method can automatically set the boundary between normal and abnormal and has the advantage of using multiple baselines. The performance of the proposed method is verified by emulating a local quench in a testbed containing a commercial 22.9 kV HTS cable and compared with that of the conventional monitoring parameter. Based on the advantage of being able to set multiple baselines, it is expected that the proposed technique can be used for real–time monitoring of HTS cable to enhance the reliability of the systems.

Broadside-Coupled Niobium Flexible Cables

We have developed fine-pitch, multilayer, superconducting wiring for routing around a ninety-degree corner terminated with wirebonding interfaces. The component-level testbed for the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) X-Ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) focal plane requires compact, high-density, low-crosstalk wiring fanout to connect the detectors in the focal plane array with NIST-fabricated SQUID time domain multiplexing (TDM) readout chips. The full assembly baselines two interface chips: a flexible interface chip bending around the corner and a planar silicon carrier chip. The TDM readout is indium bump-bonded to the silicon carrier and afterward the flexible chip is clipped in place and wirebonded to the detector and fanout wiring on the carrier. This assembly is repeated for each side of the hexagonal focal plane structure. As conventional commercial cables are not able to achieve the fine-pitch, low-crosstalk, superconducting wiring required, we fabricate these flexible interface chips in-house via lithographic patterning and etching of sputter deposited thin films to create broadside-coupled superconducting niobium microstrips. Within the chip, the wiring on the flexible polyimide region transitions to silicon substrate for the closely spaced wirebond pads. The Nb microstrip wiring climbing a thick polyimide sidewall presents a fabrication challenge which we shall discuss in this paper. We describe the function of these components to build an effective engineering testbed for the ATHENA X-IFU.

Core multi-layer dispersion on single-mode optical fiber

Optical technology has experienced extraordinary developments in recent years and the development of optical fibers continues to be carried out for various applications, namely optical sensors, long-distance communications, and health monitoring so that they can be applied in monitoring high temperatures in petroleum plants. Optical fiber has properties that cannot interfere with electromagnetic waves, which is an advantage compared to conventional cables besides optical fibers are able to transmit data quickly and reach very far across continents. However, the signal in the optical fiber that is carried in the form of pulses can experience widening, this widening is a result of changes in the refractive index, constituent materials, and losses due to fiber optic connection which will decrease the quality of the received signal. One way to reduce the pulse widening in a single-mode optical fiber is to split the fiber core into several layers to obtain zero dispersion in the single-mode optical fiber. Another thing is that we can influence the effect of the inner layer of the fiber core on the desired zero dispersion. After designing the optical core by making several layers, it was found that the dispersion was not found in the 6 and 7 core layers while the fibers with layers 2, 3, 4, and 5 had different wavelengths for zero dispersion. Furthermore, the effective area or area that is passed by the optical signal and the largest fiber mode diameter is obtained on 3-layer fibers with a value of 230.0454 mm2 and 17.1144 mm each seen from the delay of layer groups 2, 5, 6, and 7 experiencing a group decline for each wavelength while fiber With layers 3 and 4 experiencing an increase in group delay from the experimental data it was found that cores with 6 and 7 layers would not find the desired zero dispersion while optical fibers with the best layers transmit signals were cores with 3 layers.

Investigation of the Dimensions of Making Brillouin Laser in Optical Fiber

Optical fiber is a transparent material such as glass (silica) with plastic that can expel light from one end to the other, it has a much higher bandwidth than conventional cables which can be used for image data. It has the capacity to easily transmission of audio and other data with high bandwidth of up to 10 Gbps and above Nowadays optical telecommunications are the most important tools of data transmission due to their wider bandwidth, compared to copper cable, and less latency coppered to satellite telecommunications. In this paper, a fiber optic at speed of (6m)/min is made of an isotropic optical fiber (with similar physical properties on all sides) prefabricated with alight-sensitive core Geo2-B-Sio2.

Challenges and safety aspects for effective fault location on long HVAC and HVDC cables

Long cables are now in the spotlight as a means of power transmission and distribution and are quite crucial both for building the European supergrid and for driving the green energy transition towards renewable generators. As has been unsightly demonstrated repeatedly in recent years, these long cables are much more fragile than expected, and outages caused by cable faults show significant negative impacts on the security of supply and the economics of operating resources. The problem is not expected to diminish given the exponential addition of offshore wind generation worldwide and due to HVDC corridor projects such as Südlink or SüdOstLink. Such cable routes, especially transnational interconnectors, which are mainly HVDC cables, therefore require an approach adapted to the problem. Faults must be measured as quickly as possible so that they can be repaired and reconnected in a timely manner. In contrast to the conventional medium-voltage cables of the distribution networks, however, fault location on long cables cannot utilize the same equipment utility companies and service contractors use on medium-voltage cables.

Impact of Superconducting Cables on a DC Railway Network

The Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (SNCF) is facing a significant challenge to meet the growth in rail traffic while maintaining continuous service, particularly in densely populated areas such as Paris. To tackle this challenge, the SNCF has implemented several electrification projects. These projects aim to reduce line losses and decrease voltage drops on the railway network. Amongst the possible technological choices, high temperature superconductor (HTS) cables have been evaluated, since they offer greater energy density at lower electrical losses than conventional cables. This feature is advantageous in order to transmit more electrical energy at a lesser footprint than conventional cable, therefore avoiding costly modifications of the existing infrastructures. In the present work, the electromagnetic response of two HTS cables topologies, unipolar and bipolar, was analyzed, and their impact on a direct current (DC) railway network under load was assessed. A commercial finite element (FE) software, COMSOL Multiphysics, was used to carry out a detailed FE model that accounts for the non-linearity of the electrical resistivity ρ (J, B, θ) of the superconducting cable. This FE model was coupled with a lumped-parameter circuit model of the railway network, which is particularly suited for transient simulations considering train motion. Based on a case study representing a portion of the Parisian railway network, it was found that the insertion of a superconducting cable can result in a reduction of electrical losses by 60% compared to conventional cable as well as an 8.6% reduction in the total electrical consumption of the traction network.

Impact and explosion resistance of NPR anchor cable: Field test and numerical simulation

With the reduction of shallow resources, the degree of damage and the frequency of dynamic hazards, such as deep rock bursts and impact ground pressure, are increasing dramatically. However, the existing support materials are incapable of meeting the safety requirements of the refuges and roadways under a strong impact force. To effectively solve these problems, a novel negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) anchor cable with excellent properties, such as impact resistance and the ability to withstand large deformation, is proposed. In the present study, a series of field tests and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the mechanical and support characteristics of NPR anchor cables under blast impact. Laboratory mechanical tests show that NPR anchor cables can maintain constant resistance and produce large deformation under the action of multiple drop hammer impacts. According to the results of field tests, the roadway supported by conventional anchor cables was unable to endure the blast impact, while the roadway supported by NPR anchor cables was able to withstand the severe impact equivalent to a Class 3 mine earthquake. The dynamic response of the NPR anchor cable that supports the roadway under explosion is investigated using the innovative coupled modeling approach that combines the finite element method and the discrete element method, and the support effect of the NPR anchor cable is verified. The study shows that the NPR anchor cable has a superior impact and blast resistance performance, and a broad application prospect in the support of chambers and roadways that are at high risk of rock bursts and impact ground pressure.