Conventional Bundle Research Articles

Nonlinear behavior simulation of ceramic-matrix composites using constituent-volume homogenization method

The nonlinear behavior of ceramic-matrix composites is affected by interface debonding and fiber pull-out. In this paper, we propose the constituent-volume homogenization method (CVHM) to replace the conventional bundle homogenization method, in order to model the behavior of trans-element debonding in woven structures using finite element method. Based on the CVHM, we establish the elastic relation of the relative motion between the fiber and the matrix, and the elastic constitutive relations for the constituents. Methods have also been developed to calculate the microscopic local stress of bundle under pull-out and multiaxial loads. Based on the above studies, we develop a procedure to analyze the stress-strain relation of braided composites using the CVHM. To validate the proposed method, we estimate the nonlinear behavior of the 2D plain-weave ceramic-matrix composites and compare the results with experimental data. The influence of interface shear strength (ISS) and the fiber ultimate tensile strength (UTS) on the nonlinear behavior is investigated.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STEREO VISUAL ODOMETRY SYSTEM BASED ON ROP ADJUSTMENT

Abstract. Stereo Visual Odometry (SVO) is a technique used to estimate the continuous position and orientation of a moving platform using a dual-camera system that captures stereo image pairs. To obtain accurate results, A SVO system must be calibrated before use. System calibration is necessary to determine the intrinsic camera parameters (ICPs) and the relative orientation parameters (ROPs) between the cameras at real scale. Compared to monocular visual odometry, a calibrated SVO system can recover the real scale of the translation vector without additional sensors.The proposed method in this study utilizes ROP adjustment for SVO. Instead of conventional bundle adjustment, this method adopts all sets of ROPs as measurements in the designed network adjustment model. Specifically, there are six sets of ROPs among time-adjacent stereo image pairs.A SVO system was designed to implement the proposed SVO method. Two experiments were conducted in outdoor and indoor test fields to evaluate the performance. Several ground check points were set up for distance and position verification. The drift ratio was also evaluated. The results demonstrate that the designed SVO system has great feasibility and accuracy for navigation applications.

The diagnostic value of different criteria in predicting the response of LBBB patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background The left bundle branch has emerged as an essential part of the cardiac conduction system. However, many patients with conventional left bundle branch block (LBBB) QRS morphology appeared to have a poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) therapy; these might be due to they were non-LBBB patients who met the conventional diagnostic criteria but failed to meet the strict LBBB standard. There are different criteria to select appropriate CRT patients currently. Several studies have reported that patients with complete LBBB had worse ventricular synchronization and worse prognosis. Thus, it is of great clinical significance to distinguish between complete LBBB and non-LBBB. Purpose To compare the difference in mortality and CRT response between complete LBBB and non-LBBB patients. Methods This meta-analysis has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42021242318). A systematic search on PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase databases was conducted before July 2021. All the included studies were screened and identified based on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant data, including time to event data for different outcomes (e.g., hazard ratio, HR), responders, electrocardiogram parameters, and echocardiographic changes, were extracted for meta-analysis. Results A total of 15 studies were ultimately involved in this meta-analysis. A random-effect model was conducted due to the substantial heterogeneity. The results showed that patients who received CRT treatment in the complete LBBB group had a 35% reduction in mortality than in the non-LBBB group (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.77, P =0.000). The subgroup analysis showed that when stratified by the Strauss criteria, the survival was much higher in complete LBBB patients (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77, P =0.000), compared with other criteria, including ESC, AHA, Marriot, and conventional (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82, P =0.000). The pooled results suggested that the patient survival rate was significantly better under the Strauss criteria than other standards. Conclusions Present criteria differentiating complete LBBB and non-LBBB have good predictive value for survival. Among those, Strauss criteria may provide the most valuable information on the predictive effects of mortality and survival rate. This meta-analysis indicates that the use of Strauss criteria correlated independently with the response and prognosis of CRT patients with LBBB.

NETWORK ADJUSTMENT OF AUTOMATED RELATIVE ORIENTATION FOR A DUAL-CAMERA SYSTEM

Abstract. Visual odometry (VO) is a technique applied to track the dynamic positioning and orientation of a moving platform with one or more cameras taking image sequences. The determination relies on the estimation of relative orientation parameters (ROPs) of time adjacent images. The idea of stereo VO to develop a dual-camera system is adopted in this study. By taking advantage of the calibrated stereo camera, this system is able to recover the true scale of relative translation without the need from additional sensors. However, the scale might not be very accurate, and the error also could exist in the orientation including rotation and translation due to environmental factors such as the illumination and texture. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to find the optimized theory and method of stereo VO. Through the analysis of the geometric relationship of the time adjacent stereo image pairs, locally optimized network adjustment is developed to improve the accuracy of ROPs.The proposed network adjustment model is verified by the simulation data and experiment data both. ROPs are adopted as observations that would update the states of the image sequence further. Besides, exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) of the dual-camera system could be optimized obviously during the whole operation. In this study, it is worth mentioning that 3D coordinates of object points matched in each image pair are not necessary to be calculated. The conventional bundle adjustment is not adopted, but more accurate EOPs still have been generated automatically during the process.

Identification of Selective Forwarding Attacks in Remote locator Network utilizing Adaptive Trust Framework

Discovery of SFA in Wireless Sensing Networks utilizing Adaptive and Channel mindful Reputation Systems. Wireless detecting component systems (Wireless sensor networks) use unit defenseless against SFA. It will malignantly drop a subset of forward packets to corrupt system execution and also imperil the information trustworthiness. It represents a decent test to distinguish the malignant drop and conventional bundle misfortune. Amid this paper, we propose a Channel-mindful name System with versatile recognition edge (Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework) to discover SFA in Wireless sensor networks. The Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework eval Warning: Demo Version - reports are fragmented! Abnormal state of Plagiarism might be identified! Get your entire report: 1. Most point by point reports. 2. Moment permit initiation. 3. Lifetime bolster. uates the data forward behaviors of sensor hubs, in venture with the deviation of the observed bundle misfortune and furthermore the measurable conventional misfortune. To streamline the exact location of Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework, we tend to in principle determine the best limit for forward analysis Broad reproduction comes about show That Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework will precisely discover SFA and decide the bargained detecting component hubs, though the assault tolerant data forward theme will essentially enhance the data conveyance size connection of the system.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SEQUENTIAL BAND ORIENTATION BY POLYNOMIAL MODELS IN HYPERSPECTRAL CUBES COLLECTED WITH UAV

Abstract. A study on orientation of hyperspectral band cubes acquired with frame camera is presented in this paper. The camera technology is based on a tuneable Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) and captures cubes of images sequentially using two sensors. However, the bands are not recorded at the same instant, which results different exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) for each image band. A technique based on polynomial model is assessed, which determines the EOPs within the hypercube from few sample bands, since a large number of bands are generated. Experiments were performed to assess the feasibility of using the polynomial technique. An analysis of the UAV trajectory was performed and the results of the polynomial technique were compared with those obtained by a conventional bundle adjustment. The trials showed that the results of both techniques were comparable, indicating that the time-dependent polynomial model can be used to estimate the EOPs of all spectral bands, without requiring a bundle adjustment including all bands. The accuracy of the block adjustment was analysed based on the discrepancies obtained from independent checkpoints. The root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated and showed an accuracy of approximately 1 GSD in planimetry and 1.5 GSD in altimetry. This accurate result is important because the proposed technique can significantly reduce the processing workload.

ROBOT VISION: CALIBRATION OF WIDE-ANGLE LENS CAMERAS USING COLLINEARITY CONDITION AND K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR REGRESSION

Abstract. Visual perception is regularly used by humans and robots for navigation. By either implicitly or explicitly mapping the environment, ego-motion can be determined and a path of actions can be planned. The process of mapping and navigation are delicately intertwined; therefore, improving one can often lead to an improvement of the other. Both processes are sensitive to the interior orientation parameters of the camera system and mathematically modelling these systematic errors can often improve the precision and accuracy of the overall solution. This paper presents an automatic camera calibration method suitable for any lens, without having prior knowledge about the sensor. Statistical inference is performed to map the environment and localize the camera simultaneously. K-nearest neighbour regression is used to model the geometric distortions of the images. A normal-angle lens Nikon camera and wide-angle lens GoPro camera were calibrated using the proposed method, as well as the conventional bundle adjustment with self-calibration method (for comparison). Results showed that the mapping error was reduced from an average of 14.9 mm to 1.2 mm (i.e. a 92 % improvement) and 66.6 mm to 1.5 mm (i.e. a 98 % improvement) using the proposed method for the Nikon and GoPro cameras, respectively. In contrast, the conventional approach achieved an average 3D error of 0.9 mm (i.e. 94 % improvement) and 6 mm (i.e. 91 % improvement) for the Nikon and GoPro cameras, respectively. Thus, the proposed method performs more consistently, irrespective of the lens/sensor used: it yields results that are comparable to the conventional approach for normal-angle lens cameras, and it has the additional benefit of improving calibration results for wide-angle lens cameras.

Optical Satellite Image Geo-Positioning with Weak Convergence Geometry

High-resolution optical satellites are widely used in environmental monitoring. With the aim to observe the largest possible coverage, the overlapping areas and intersection angles of respective optical satellite images are usually small. However, the conventional bundle adjustment method leads to erroneous results or even failure under conditions of weak geometric convergence. By transforming the traditional stereo adjustment to a planar adjustment and combining it with linear programming (LP) theory, a new method that can solve the bias compensation parameters of all satellite images is proposed in this paper. With the support of freely available open source digital elevation models (DEMs) and sparse ground control points (GCPs), the method can not only ensure the consistent inner precision of all images, but also the absolute geolocation accuracy of the ground points. Tests of the two data sets covering different landscapes validated the effectiveness and feasibility of the method. The results showed that the geo-positioning performance of the method was better in regions of smaller topographic relief or for satellite images with a larger imaging altitude angle. The best accuracy of image geolocation with weak convergence geometry was as high as to 3.693 m in the horizontal direction and 6.510 m in the vertical direction, which is a level of accuracy equal to that of images with good intersection conditions.

Application of early continuous renal replacement therapy in the bundle treatment of severe pneumonia

To explore the role of early continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in bundle treatment of severe pneumonia. Seventy severe pneumonia patients admitted to respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) of Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2013 to June 2017 were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into routine treatment group and CRRT treatment group, with 35 patients in each group. All patients were treated with bundle therapy, and those in CRRT treatment group was treated with CRRT daily on the basis of conventional bundle therapy. The mode was continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), lasting 8-24 hours at a time. On the day of admission and the treatment of 1, 3, 5, 7 days, the fasting venous blood was collected. Inflammatory stress and immune parameters including procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and CD4+ cells were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or flow cytometer. The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality within 7 days were observed in the two groups. Seventy patients with severe pneumonia were enrolled. There was no significant difference in the serum PCT, IL-6, TNF-α or CD4+ before treatment between the two groups. With the prolongation of treatment time, the PCT, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were gradually decreased, and the CD4+ was gradually increased. Compared with routine treatment group, PCT and TNF-α in CRRT treatment group were significantly decreased since the 3rd day [PCT (μg/L): 3.11±1.28 vs. 3.76±1.42, TNF-α (ng/L): 98.61±11.58 vs. 119.47±12.38], and CD4+ was significantly increased (0.39±0.03 vs. 0.35±0.03, all P < 0.05). The changes in IL-6 of CRRT treatment group was delayed, the statistical significance was found since the 5th day as compared with routine treatment group (ng/L: 35.43±12.39 vs. 52.86±10.78, P < 0.05). Compared with routine treatment group, the incidence of ARDS [11.43% (4/35) vs. 31.43% (11/35)] and mortality [0% (0/35) vs. 11.43% (4/35)] within 7 days in CRRT treatment group were significantly lowered (both P < 0.05). CRRT in the early stage of bundle therapy for severe pneumonia is not only suggested to remove inflammatory mediators and improve immune function, but an opportunity and effective way to reduce complications and delay rapid progression of severe pneumonia. It provides the opportunity and condition for comprehensive treatment.

ESTIMATING EXTERIOR ORIENTATION PARAMETERS OF HYPERSPECTRAL BANDS BASED ON POLYNOMIAL MODELS

Abstract. Hyperspectral camera operating in sequential acquisition mode produces spectral bands that are not recorded at the same instant, thus having different exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) for each band. The study presents experiments on bundle adjustment with time-dependent polynomial models for band orientation of hyperspectral cubes sequentially collected. The technique was applied to a Rikola camera model. The purpose was to investigate the behaviour of the estimated polynomial parameters and the feasibility of using a minimum of bands to estimate EOPs. Simulated and real data were produced for the analysis of parameters and accuracy in ground points. The tests considered conventional bundle adjustment and the polynomial models. The results showed that both techniques were comparable, indicating that the time-dependent polynomial model can be used to estimate the EOPs of all spectral bands, without requiring a bundle adjustment of each band. The accuracy of the block adjustment was analysed based on the discrepancy obtained from checkpoints. The root mean square error (RMSE) indicated an accuracy of 1 GSD in planimetry and 1.5 GSD in altimetry, when using a minimum of four bands per cube.

IMPROVE THE ZY-3 HEIGHT ACCURACY USING ICESAT/GLAS LASER ALTIMETER DATA

Abstract. ZY-3 is the first civilian high resolution stereo mapping satellite, which has been launched on 9th, Jan, 2012. The aim of ZY-3 satellite is to obtain high resolution stereo images and support the 1:50000 scale national surveying and mapping. Although ZY-3 has very high accuracy for direct geo-locations without GCPs (Ground Control Points), use of some GCPs is still indispensible for high precise stereo mapping. The GLAS (Geo-science Laser Altimetry System) loaded on the ICESat (Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite), which is the first laser altimetry satellite for earth observation. GLAS has played an important role in the monitoring of polar ice sheets, the measuring of land topography and vegetation canopy heights after launched in 2003. Although GLAS has ended in 2009, the derived elevation dataset still can be used after selection by some criteria. In this paper, the ICESat/GLAS laser altimeter data is used as height reference data to improve the ZY-3 height accuracy. A selection method is proposed to obtain high precision GLAS elevation data. Two strategies to improve the ZY-3 height accuracy are introduced. One is the conventional bundle adjustment based on RFM and bias-compensated model, in which the GLAS footprint data is viewed as height control. The second is to correct the DSM (Digital Surface Model) straightly by simple block adjustment, and the DSM is derived from the ZY-3 stereo imaging after freedom adjustment and dense image matching. The experimental result demonstrates that the height accuracy of ZY-3 without other GCPs can be improved to 3.0 meter after adding GLAS elevation data. What’s more, the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency between the two strategies is implemented for application.

IMPROVE THE ZY-3 HEIGHT ACCURACY USING ICESAT/GLAS LASER ALTIMETER DATA

ZY-3 is the first civilian high resolution stereo mapping satellite, which has been launched on 9th, Jan, 2012. The aim of ZY-3 satellite is to obtain high resolution stereo images and support the 1:50000 scale national surveying and mapping. Although ZY-3 has very high accuracy for direct geo-locations without GCPs (Ground Control Points), use of some GCPs is still indispensible for high precise stereo mapping. The GLAS (Geo-science Laser Altimetry System) loaded on the ICESat (Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite), which is the first laser altimetry satellite for earth observation. GLAS has played an important role in the monitoring of polar ice sheets, the measuring of land topography and vegetation canopy heights after launched in 2003. Although GLAS has ended in 2009, the derived elevation dataset still can be used after selection by some criteria. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; In this paper, the ICESat/GLAS laser altimeter data is used as height reference data to improve the ZY-3 height accuracy. A selection method is proposed to obtain high precision GLAS elevation data. Two strategies to improve the ZY-3 height accuracy are introduced. One is the conventional bundle adjustment based on RFM and bias-compensated model, in which the GLAS footprint data is viewed as height control. The second is to correct the DSM (Digital Surface Model) straightly by simple block adjustment, and the DSM is derived from the ZY-3 stereo imaging after freedom adjustment and dense image matching. The experimental result demonstrates that the height accuracy of ZY-3 without other GCPs can be improved to 3.0 meter after adding GLAS elevation data. What’s more, the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency between the two strategies is implemented for application.

Bound constrained bundle adjustment for reliable 3D reconstruction.

Bundle adjustment (BA) is a common estimation algorithm that is widely used in machine vision as the last step in a feature-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction algorithm. BA is essentially a non-convex non-linear least-square problem that can simultaneously solve the 3D coordinates of all the feature points describing the scene geometry, as well as the parameters of the camera. The conventional BA takes a parameter either as a fixed value or as an unconstrained variable based on whether the parameter is known or not. In cases where the known parameters are inaccurate but constrained in a range, conventional BA results in an incorrect 3D reconstruction by using these parameters as fixed values. On the other hand, these inaccurate parameters can be treated as unknown variables, but this does not exploit the knowledge of the constraints, and the resulting reconstruction can be erroneous since the BA optimization halts at a dramatically incorrect local minimum due to its non-convexity. In many practical 3D reconstruction applications, unknown variables with range constraints are usually available, such as a measurement with a range of uncertainty or a bounded estimate. Thus to better utilize these pre-known, constrained, but inaccurate parameters, a bound constrained bundle adjustment (BCBA) algorithm is proposed, developed and tested in this study. A scanning fiber endoscope (the camera) is used to capture a sequence of images above a surgery phantom (the object) of known geometry. 3D virtual models are reconstructed based on these images and then compared with the ground truth. The experimental results demonstrate BCBA can achieve a more reliable, rapid, and accurate 3D reconstruction than conventional bundle adjustment.

Compact light-emitting diode lighting ring for video-assisted thoracic surgery.

In this work, a foldable ring-shaped light-emitting diode (LED) lighting assembly, designed to attach to a rubber wound retractor, is realized and tested through porcine animal experiments. Enabled by the small size and the high efficiency of LED chips, the lighting assembly is compact, flexible, and disposable while providing direct and high brightness lighting for more uniform background illumination in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). When compared with a conventional fiber bundle coupled light source that is usually used in laparoscopy and endoscopy, the much broader solid angle of illumination enabled by the LED assembly allows greatly improved background lighting and imaging quality in VATS.

A global approach for image orientation using Lie algebraic rotation averaging and convex L∞ minimisation

Abstract. In this paper we present a new global image orientation approach for a set of multiple overlapping images with given homologous point tuples which is based on a two-step procedure. The approach is independent on initial values, robust with respect to outliers and yields the global minimum solution under relatively mild constraints. The first step of the approach consists of the estimation of global rotation parameters by averaging relative rotation estimates for image pairs (these are determined from the homologous points via the essential matrix in a pre-processing step). For the averaging we make use of algebraic group theory in which rotations, as part of the special orthogonal group SO(3), form a Lie group with a Riemannian manifold structure. This allows for a mapping to the local Euclidean tangent space of SO(3), the Lie algebra. In this space the redundancy of relative orientations is used to compute an average of the absolute rotation for each image and furthermore to detect and eliminate outliers. In the second step translation parameters and the object coordinates of the homologous points are estimated within a convex L∞ optimisation, in which the rotation parameters are kept fixed. As an optional third step the results can be used as initial values for a final bundle adjustment that does not suffer from bad initialisation and quickly converges to a globally optimal solution. We investigate our approach for global image orientation based on synthetic data. The results are compared to a robust least squares bundle adjustment. In this way we show that our approach is independent of initial values and more robust against outliers than a conventional bundle adjustment.

CALIBRATION OF PANORAMIC CAMERAS WITH CODED TARGETS AND A 3D CALIBRATION FIELD

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to present results achieved with a 3D terrestrial calibration field, designed for calibrating digital cameras and omnidirectional sensors. This terrestrial calibration field is composed of 139 ARUCO coded targets. Some experiments were performed using a Nikon D3100 digital camera with 8mm Samyang Bower fisheye lens. The camera was calibrated in this terrestrial test field using a conventional bundle adjustment with the Collinearity and mathematical models specially designed for fisheye lenses. The CMC software (Calibration with Multiple Cameras), developed in-house, was used for the calibration trials. This software was modified to use fisheye models to which the Conrady-Brown distortion equations were added. The target identification and image measurements of its four corners were performed automatically with a public software. Several experiments were performed with 16 images and the results were presented and compared. Besides the calibration of fish-eye cameras, the field was designed for calibration of a catadrioptic system and brief informations on the calibration of this unit will be provided in the paper.

Combined Bundle Block Adjustment with Spaceborne Linear Array and Airborne Frame Array Imagery

AbstractThe integration of multi‐source earth observation data has become one of the most important developments in photogrammetry. A combined adjustment with linear array and frame array imagery (CALFI) is established in this paper. The mathematical model of CALFI is based on the conventional single‐source bundle adjustment. A revised recursive partitioning technique is utilised to solve the large normal matrix of CALFI; the orientation parameters of the linear array imagery are arranged at the border of the reduced normal matrix to save both memory and computation time. The experimental results on simulated data show that both the accuracy and the condition index of the CALFI model are superior to the conventional bundle adjustment model with either linear array or frame array imagery separately due to the higher redundancy.

Exterior orientation of CBERS-2B imagery using multi-feature control and orbital data

The major contribution of this paper relates to the practical advantages of combining Ground Control Points (GCPs), Ground Control Lines (GCLs) and orbital data to estimate the exterior orientation parameters of images collected by CBERS-2B (China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) HRC (High-resolution Camera) and CCD (High-resolution CCD Camera) sensors. Although the CBERS-2B is no longer operational, its images are still being used in Brazil, and the next generations of the CBERS satellite will have sensors with similar technical features, which motivates the study presented in this paper. The mathematical models that relate the object and image spaces are based on collinearity (for points) and coplanarity (for lines) conditions. These models were created in an in-house developed software package called TMS (Triangulation with Multiple Sensors) with multi-feature control (GCPs and GCLs). Experiments on a block of four CBERS-2B HRC images and on one CBERS-2B CCD image were performed using both models. It was observed that the combination of GCPs and GCLs provided better bundle block adjustment results than conventional bundle adjustment using only GCPs. The results also demonstrate the advantages of using primarily orbital data when the number of control entities is reduced.

Evaluating strict and conventional left bundle branch block criteria using ECG simulations

Evaluating strict and conventional left bundle branch block criteria using ECG simulations

Efficacy of bundle ablation for cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter: combination of the maximum voltage-guided ablation technique and high-density electro-anatomical mapping

Pathological studies have demonstrated that the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) is often composed of discrete muscle bundles, which are thought to be represented electrically as high-amplitude electrograms. Based on this observation, we visualized the bundles using an electro-anatomical mapping system (EAMS) and investigate the efficacy of bundle ablation which is an ablation method for selectively targeting high-voltage sites obtained by high-density electro-anatomical mapping along the CTI. Sixty patients with atrial flutter were randomly assigned to cavotricuspid isthmus ablation using a conventional anatomical approach (Group 1) or bundle ablation approach (Group 2). In Group 2, CTI was mapped in detail with EAMS, and we visualized the bundles that were 1.5 mV or more on a bipolar voltage map. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation was delivered sequentially from the maximum voltage site at the shortest distance of the bundle until bidirectional block was achieved. Bidirectional block was achieved in all patients. Mean ablation times (Group 1, 1,392 + or - 960 s; Group 2, 638 + or - 342 s, p < 0.01), the mean number of RF applications (Group 1, 31.7 + or - 23.6; Group 2, 13.0 + or - 7.0, p < 0.01), and fluoroscopy times (Group 1, 50.4 + or - 28.3 min; Group 2, 42.3 + or - 21.3 min, p < 0.01) were significantly shorter in Group 2 than those in Group 1. Bundle ablation at CTI is highly effective for achieving a bidirectional block requiring shorter ablation times, shorter fluoroscopy times, and fewer RF applications.