Convenient Transportation Research Articles

AHP-Driven Strategic Decision Framework for Selecting Optimal Radiopharmaceutical Facility Locations

Given the increasingly important role of radiopharmaceutical products in medical diagnosis and treatment, choosing a strategic location for a new radiopharmaceutical facility is an important decision for pharmaceutical companies. This research develops a multi-criteria decision-making framework for selecting optimal radiopharmaceutical facility locations. The framework begins by generating alternative locations and criteria by using a PESTEL analysis to assess the external environment. Five key criteria were then identified for evaluation: customer proximity, transportation accessibility, operational support, public acceptance, and legal acceptance, with each criterion further broken down into specific sub-criteria. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to weigh these criteria and sub-criteria based on expert and stakeholder input, and to evaluate the alternative locations. Results of the AHP analysis showed that proximity to customers and accessibility to transportation were the most important criteria, leading to the selection of Cikarang as the optimal location due to its proximity to hospitals, convenient transportation access, and compliance with regulations and permits. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this choice against variations in criteria weights. This framework provides a structured approach for pharmaceutical companies in strategic decision-making regarding the siting of radiopharmaceutical facilities.

Ola and The Dual Price Estimation - A Game Changer or A Loss?

"In the battle between fair pricing and profit margins, where does Ola's price estimation strategy truly stand?" Ola is one of India’s leading app-based ride service companies that have transformed the way people daily travel across the country. By providing convenient and accessible transportation services, Ola has gained a significant share in the market in India and globally. However, as the company has grown, it faces new challenges, particularly regarding fare estimation and driver payout. Recently, Ola has introduced a ride fare estimation system that provides its customers with two fare ranges. This focus on offering transparency has led to dissatisfaction among both drivers and passengers, as drivers increasingly demand higher pay, often leading to fare conflicts.

Environmental Health and Transportation: A Landscape Design of a Vital Healthy Area in An Ecological Town

Traveling long distances for specialized treatment causes physical and finanacial coasts. In return, convenient and rapid train transportation along scenic routes provides a suitable atmosphere for recovery in therapeutic health environments. Just a traveling by train saves time andcontributes to economicdevelopment and facilitaiting trade exchanges, aswell as stimulating the economic mobility of regions. Designing a train trajectory thatis not considered from an ecological perspective leads to damage to users and sometimes harms to population Through this research , the ecological space of high speed train station and a parking area on Motorway designed using biomimetics in a healthy area of OuzeraTown in order to avoid the damage resulting from carbon dioxide emissions which provides an appropriate therapeutic environment that provides rapid transportation and specialized healthcare sevices in natural landscape and optimal therapeutic atmosphere in One Health environment.

Control and Utilization of Immigrant Guildhalls: Examining the Layout Rules in Chengdu Prefecture During the Qing Dynasty

The immigrant guildhall was an important landscape element in the cities of Sichuan during the Qing Dynasty. This study explores the attribute characteristics, spatial distribution characteristics, and spatial layout rules of immigrant guildhalls by examining the Chengdu prefectural city during the Qing Dynasty as an example, using qualitative logical induction, GIS spatial analysis, and spatial syntax. The results show the following. (1) Immigrant guildhalls were civic buildings with a low level of support for the official regime. They had a grand scale, prominent building height, and unique architectural shape. (2) The layout rules for immigrant guildhalls included keeping immigrant guildhalls a certain distance from the dominant administrative, cultural, and educational facilities. Immigrant guildhalls had limited participation in the construction of the main axis of the city but partially participated in the construction of the secondary axis of the city. Immigrant guildhalls were mainly located in areas with well-developed businesses and convenient road transportation. (3) The official adopts two methods, control and utilization, to enable immigrant guildhalls to participate in the construction of the urban landscape order. These findings reveal the characteristics of the layout of immigrant guildhalls in the city during the Qing Dynasty and provide a basis for understanding the construction order of traditional Chinese cities.

Deciphering Evolutionary Patterns and Multifaceted Drivers of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Amdo's Tibetan Inhabited Area, China

ABSTRACTTibetan Buddhism, which has been nurtured and developed within the unique geographical environment of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, represents a religious and cultural phenomenon that exhibits distinct regional and ethnic characteristics. Investigating the spatiotemporal evolution of Tibetan Buddhism is essential for a comprehensive understanding of this religious practice. Traditional research has largely concentrated on qualitative descriptions derived from historical data compilation, neglecting the quantitative analysis of its spatiotemporal evolution and underlying mechanisms. This study seeks to quantitatively explore evolutionary patterns and various factors influencing the historical development of Tibetan Buddhist culture within Amdo Tibetan cultural heartland in China. Utilizing Tibetan Buddhist monasteries as cultural carriers, the research employed spatiotemporal data mining and machine learning methods to uncover these dynamics. The results show that: (1) The quantity of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the Amdo region has substantially grown over time, exhibiting increasingly noticeable spatial clustering characteristics; (2) Factors such as the concentration of population and economic activities, accessibility to water resources, climate and agricultural production conditions, and convenience of transportation significantly impact the spatiotemporal evolution of Tibetan Buddhism; (3) Under the combined influence of macro‐geographical environment factors and micro‐level religious heritage history, the Amdo Tibetan inhabited area has gradually developed a spatial pattern characterized by clusters of monasteries centered in the Hehuang Valley, with widespread distribution throughout the eastern region. The quantitative research framework proposed in this paper offers an academic reference for exploring the spatiotemporal evolution of complex religious and cultural phenomena across long historical periods.

FeCo Alloy-Decorated Proton-Conducting Perovskite Oxide as an Efficient and Low-Cost Ammonia Decomposition Catalyst

Ammonia is known as an alternative hydrogen supplier because of its high hydrogen content and convenient storage and transport. Hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition also provides a source of hydrogen for fuel cells. While catalysts composed of ruthenium metal atop various support materials have proven to be effective for ammonia decomposition, non-precious-metal-based catalysts are attracting more attention due to desires to reduce costs. We prepared a series of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cu monometallic catalysts and their alloys as catalysts over proton-conducting ceramics via the impregnation method as precious-metal-free ammonia decomposition catalysts. While Co and Ni showed superior performance compared to Fe, Mn, and Cu on a BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−б (BZCYYb) support as an ammonia decomposition catalyst, the cost of Fe is much lower than that of other metals. Alloying Fe with Co can significantly increase the conversion and stability and lower the overall cost of materials. The measured ammonia decomposition rate of FeCo/BZCYYb reached 100% at 600 °C, and the ammonia decomposition rate was almost unchanged during the long-term test of 200 h, which reveals its good catalytic activity for ammonia decomposition and thermal stability. When the metallic catalyst remained unchanged, BZCYYb also exhibited better performance compared to other commonly used oxide supports. Finally, when ammonia cracked using our alloy catalyst was fed to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), the peak power densities were very close to that achieved with a simulated fully cracked gas stream, i.e., 75% H2 + 25% N2, thus proving the effectiveness of this new type of ammonia decomposition catalyst.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ЗИМОВИХ ВИДІВ СПОРТУ У М. КРЕМЕНЕЦЬ, ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article examines the potential for the development of professional and amateur winter sports infrastructure in Kremenets town, Ternopil region. On the basis of pre-project studies, a project concept for the development of winter sports infrastructure in Kremenets town was developed. The expediency of expanding the existing material base of winter sports and supplementing it with new facilities, in particular, the creation of an educational and recreational center for alpine skiing in the Volovytsia mountain within the city limits, is substantiated. The following methods were used during the research: content analysis of scientific, normative, archival materials and urban planning documentation; field surveys with analysis of residents' movement trajectories; comparative analysis of the design experience of winter tourism and sports centers in Ukraine and abroad; monitoring of some of these complexes visitors behavior; analysis and evaluation of the natural and urban planning potential of the city territory; analysis of technical, ecological and socio-economic aspects related to the design of a new center of winter sports in Kremenets. The principle approaches to the formation of the concept of winter sports infrastructure development in the Kremenets town, Ternopil region are defined: the application of a systemic approach with the modernization of the existing resource base and the combination of new facilities with the existing ones with the help of convenient transport and pedestrian connections; ensuring a sufficient number of beds for reception and accommodation of athletes in the city; taking into account the visual relationships between the planned centers of winter sports and the landscape and architectural dominants of the city; taking into account the value of natural landscapes when choosing the location of the planned complexes of winter recreation and sports.

Is driving an electric two-wheeler (E2W) safe? Analysing safety risk factors of E2W considering the quality and reliability criteria

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to identify and analyse the perceived risk factors affecting the safety of electric two-wheeler (E2W) riders in urban areas. Given the exponential growth of the global E2W market and the notable challenges offered by E2W vehicles as compared to electric cars, the study aims to propose a managerial framework, to increase the penetration of E2W in the emerging market, as a reliable, and sustainable mobility alternative.Design/methodology/approachThe perceived risk factors of riding E2Ws are relatively scanty, especially in the context of emerging economies. A mixed-method research design is adopted to achieve the research objectives. Four expert groups are interviewed to identify crucial safety risk E2W factors. The grey-Delphi technique is used to confirm the applicability of the extracted risk factors in the Indian context. Next, the Grey-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique is employed to reveal the causal-prominence relationship among the perceived risk factors. The dominance and prominence scores are used to perform Cause and Effect analysis and estimate the triggering risk factors.FindingsThe finding of the study suggests that reckless adventurism, adverse road conditions, individual characteristics and distraction caused by using mobile phones, as the topmost triggering risk factors that impact the safety of E2Ws drivers. Similarly, reliability on battery performance low velocity and heavy traffic conditions are found to be some of the critical safety factors.Practical implicationsE2Ws are anticipated to represent the future of sustainable mobility in emerging nations. While they provide convenient and quick transportation for daily urban commutes, certain risk factors are contributing to increased accident rates. This research analyses these risk factors to offer a comprehensive view of driver and rider safety. Unlike conventional measures, it considers subjective quality and reliability parameters, such as battery performance and reckless adventurism. Identifying the most significant causal risk factors helps policymakers focus on the most prominent issues, thereby enhancing the adoption of E2Ws in emerging markets.Originality/valueWe have proposed an integrated framework that uses grey theory with Delphi and DEMATEL to analyse the safety risk factors of driving E2W vehicles considering the uncertainty. In addition, the amalgamation of Delphi and DEMATEL helps not only to identify the pertinent safety risk factors, but also bifurcate them into cause-and-effect groups considering the mutual relationship between them. The framework will enable practitioners and policymakers to design preventive strategies to minimize risk and boost the penetration of E2Ws in an emerging country, like India.

Effectiveness of smartphone-based music intervention on perinatal depression: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPerinatal depression has become a global public health issue with a high prevalence rate. Multiple studies have confirmed the effectiveness of music intervention. Still, the current form of offline intervention ignores issues such as convenient transportation and the stigma of diseases that pregnant women are concerned about, resulting in poor adherence. This randomized controlled study will evaluate the impact of music intervention on depression, anxiety, and stress in perinatal women through the WeChat application. In addition, the usability of the WeChat application and the adherence of PND women will also be evaluated.MethodsThis randomized, open, single-center parallel controlled trial randomly divided 110 women with perinatal depression who met the inclusion criteria into a smartphone-based music intervention group and usual care group in a 1:1 ratio. The main outcome measures will consist of EPDS and WeChat application usability score. The secondary outcome measures will consist of GAD-7, CPSS, and Knowledge-Attitude-Practice questionnaire scores.DiscussionThis study will test the effectiveness of music intervention based on the WeChat application for perinatal depression and the usability of the WeChat application, to provide practical guidance for perinatal mental health care.Trial RegistrationThis protocol was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials.gov (Identifier: ChiCTR2400088924) on August 29, 2024.

Investigation of impact of community environment factors on the residents’ visiting rate to outdoor venues in South China

Understanding the activity patterns of urban residents is crucial for urban community design and urban energy forecasting. Predicting the visitation rates of different types of locations is a important issue because urban residents can only be in one place at a time. Achieving accurate predictions of outdoor public space visitation rates is equivalent to predicting the upper limit of the number of visitors to other buildings. Previous similar studies usually rely on survey methods such as questionnaires and GPS positioning. These methods have some drawbacks, such as small sample sizes and inaccurate data. In this paper, we used mobile signaling to investigate the park visit rates of residents in different communities in Guangzhou. In accordance with Chinese tradition, we define a community as a residential community, which consists of multiple residential units and a set of basic service facilities and management structures that are sufficient to meet the daily needs of residents. We found that the park visit rate of a community is closely related to the characteristics of the community itself. The park visit rate is positively correlated with the average LST (land surface temperature) of the communities, the average distance between the community and the large park, and the building coverage rate, while it is negatively correlated with the vegetation coverage rate, the average surface reflection rate, the convenience of transportation, and the per capita green space area. Given the different travel habits of urban residents on weekdays and weekends, we also used multiple linear regression to establish prediction models for community park visitation rates on weekdays and weekends.

Flattening of government hierarchies and growth of farmers’ income

Continuously raising farmers’ income is important for poverty reduction. In a multilevel government system, institutional arrangements can influence the role of grassroots governments in economic and social development. Based on the rural statistical data of 743 townships in Province A in central China from 2001 to 2012, we use the difference-in-differences (DID) approach to investigate the effect of the reform of flattening governmental hierarchy at the township level on increasing farmers’ income. We find that the reform of grassroots flattening hierarchies significantly promotes the growth of farmers’ income. Specifically, in the face of economic-assessment pressure from the higher-level government and the incentives of fiscal excess revenue in the reform, the township government will make full use of the greater administrative power and resources endowed by the reform to vigorously attract investment to increase the number of enterprises and provide farmers with more non-agricultural employment opportunities, thus raising their wage income. Moreover, this reform’s income-increasing effect is more obvious in townships that are closer to the county seat and have more convenient transportation, a higher level of human capital, and a stronger ability to exercise administrative power.

Structural behaviour of built-up I-shaped CFS columns

The utilization of cold-formed thin-walled members as structural members has gained significant popularity due to their advantages in fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and transportation convenience. However, the reduced thickness of the used sections poses challenges such as global, local, and distortional member buckling, leading to a decrease in their axial strength. This study focuses on addressing these challenges by connecting the channels together using screws as an alternative to welding, considering the cost, time, and ease of implementation. Conducting finite element analysis on structural columns built-up from cold-formed double C steel channels and subjected to axial loads, this paper verifies the numerical models used against experimental tests known from the literature. A comparison of experimental results with nonlinear FEA and AISI & AS/NZ standards reveals commendable agreement, particularly in predicting the buckling behavior of the built-up I-shaped CFS columns. While the results of the finite element analysis show an overestimation of approximately 3.6% compared to the experimental tests, the AISI and AS/NZS standards demonstrate a conservatism of about 3.0%. Furthermore, the current study investigates the influence of screw spacing on axial strength of built-up cold-formed steel columns. The findings are derived from 175 finite element experiments, evaluating seven different cross-sectional profiles with twelve distinct screw spacings. These spacings correspond to the half-wavelength of local, distortional, and global buckling, divided by values ranging from one to four. The screw spacing determined by half the local buckling half-wavelength along the webs’ centerline resulted in enhancements of 22%, 7%, 13%, and 11% in the critical elastic local, distortional, and global column buckling loads, as well as the nominal axial strength, respectively. These increases were even more pronounced for double-lane fasteners with the same spacing, yielding improvements of 25%, 46%, 17%, and 12%, respectively. For economic considerations, it is advisable to utilize single-lane fasteners with a half-wavelength equal to half the local buckling half-wavelength.

FLAV: Federated Learning for Autonomous Vehicle privacy protection

Autonomous Vehicle Systems are committed to safer, more efficient and more convenient transportation on the roads of the future. However, concerns about vehicle data privacy and security remain significant. Federated Learning, as a decentralized machine learning approach, allows multiple devices or data sources to collaboratively train models without sharing raw data, providing essential privacy protection. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving framework for autonomous vehicles, named FLAV. First, we use a multi-chain parallel aggregation strategy to transmit model parameters and design a model parameter filtering mechanism, which reduces communication overhead by filtering out the local model parameters of certain vehicles, thereby alleviating bandwidth pressure. Second, we introduce a dynamic adjustment mechanism that automatically adjusts regularization strength by comparing each vehicle’s local parameters with the cumulative parameters of preceding vehicles in the chain. This mechanism balances local training with global consistency, ensuring the model’s adaptability to local data while improving coordination between vehicles in the chain. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method reduces communication costs while improving model accuracy and privacy protection level, effectively ensuring the security of autonomous driving data.

Students Satisfaction with Online Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A first-round analysis of Diploma Program in Library and Information Science

The Sri Lanka Library Association (SLLA) has transitioned from conventional teaching-learning to online education. However, no further research has been conducted to assess the successfulness of this online learning from the students’ perspective. Addressing this issue, the objectives of the study were to measure the satisfaction, successfulness and challenges faced by diploma students with online learning at SLLA during the pandemic. The survey was conducted using Google Forms and WhatsApp, with approximately 225 students approached and 194 (88.5%) responding. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and statistical tests were applied using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Rosenthal r value. Results regarding students’ successfulness indicated that more than 70% agreed with online education during the lockdown. Additionally, students expressed that the online mode was more secure for their health 152(73%) and for transportation 129(66.49%) compared to face-to-face classes and distance mode classes. Concerning satisfaction, 97(50%) students were either highly satisfied or satisfied with online teaching, Regarding the devices used, majority of students (78.9%) used smartphones; whereas the use of laptops, desktops, and tablets was less commonly used (17.5%).Challenges identified were recorded as, clearly hearing the lectures 88(45.4%), expensive equipment requirements 85(43.8%), poor internet connection and difficulty in logging on in a timely manner 84(43.3%) each, and a feeling of isolation while attending class 82(42.3%). Overall, the majority of students were satisfied with online learning and they are moving towards the health security, transportation convenience, and ability to attend classes from home, despite the challenges faced. It is recommended to enhance student interaction and improve the practical effectiveness of the online course. Additionally, action should be taken to address the challenges faced by the students, redesign the online course to improve practical effectiveness, and implement best practices in online education.

The Applicability of Improvement Gap Analysis to Understand Pre‐ and Post‐Covid‐19 Foreign Tourists’ Satisfaction at a Heritage Destination

Tourist satisfaction is one of the most important factors for a destination's perpetual survival. The stakeholders seek to understand how to enhance tourist satisfaction. Prior research highlighted various methods to measure tourist satisfaction, but the use of Improvement Gap Analysis (IGA) has been found more effective in positioning the key destination satisfaction attributes in a grid form. The aim of this study is to analyze the attributes that influence the overall satisfaction of foreign tourists visiting Varanasi, which is a leading tourist destination in India. This study used IGA to distinguish and position 21 destination satisfaction attributes. Further, the statistically significant difference between average expected satisfaction and average current satisfaction is examined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results provide a deeper understanding of the current satisfaction status of a heritage destination, but also provide scope for possible improvements by introducing new attributes. Furthermore, the study identifies critical areas of improvement for the following attributes: “maintenance of historical structures and monuments,” “convenient local transportation,” “sight‐seeing prices in terms of tourist satisfaction” in the context. The attributes used in the study to examine satisfaction of heritage destination can be used in similar contexts and adds knowledge to the existing body of tourism marketing literature.

Quantifying the external costs of autonomous on-demand ride pooling services

Mobility On Demand (MOD) services, such as ride-pooling, provide convenient and cost-effective transportation options. While previous studies focused on operational costs and service quality, we take a broader perspective by examining the external costs associated with autonomous ride-pooling services. Incorporating external costs into the design and evaluation of MOD services enables a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the entire urban population, informing effective regulations and incentives. We present an approach for calculating space-varying external costs, accounting for factors like air pollution, climate impact, noise and accidents. These costs are integrated into FleetPy, an agent-based simulation tool for ridesharing analysis and optimization. A case study in Munich uncovers the tradeoffs between external costs, internal costs, and service quality. Our findings suggest that mid-sized vehicles with a three-person capacity strike a balance between energy efficiency and transport capacity. By applying our approach, external costs can be reduced by up to 37%.

Analysing the Impact of Social Influence on Electric Vehicle Adoption: A Deep Learning-Based Simulation Study in Jharkhand, India

The transition towards sustainable transportation, particularly in regions like Jharkhand, has gained paramount importance amidst escalating environmental concerns and evolving market dynamics. This study delves into the consumer psyche regarding green mobility adoption, aiming to decipher the critical factors influencing individuals' future intentions towards eco-friendly transportation options. Utilizing a comprehensive survey questionnaire, data was gathered from 300 respondents, focusing on variables such as awareness of green mobility, the perceived importance of environmental impact, social media influence, peer recommendations, availability of green mobility services, cost considerations, government support, convenience of green transportation, and awareness campaigns. The collected data underwent rigorous regression analysis to uncover correlations and predictive insights. The regression model revealed a notable R-squared value of 0.765, indicating a substantial portion of variance in future intentions is explained by the chosen predictors. Among these, variables like the perceived importance of environmental impact, government support, and convenience of green mobility emerged as statistically significant influencers, suggesting their pivotal role in shaping consumer behaviour towards sustainable transportation. Contrarily, factors such as social media influence, peer recommendations, availability of green mobility services, cost considerations, and awareness campaigns exhibited non-significant coefficients, implying a lesser impact on individuals' future intentions in this context. These findings bear significant implications for stakeholders involved in promoting green mobility solutions. Ultimately, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable mobility by shedding light on the multifaceted dynamics influencing consumer decision-making using Python a deep learning simulation, thereby guiding strategic interventions for a greener, more eco-conscious future.

Experimental Investigation of Two-Pass Solar Dryer with V-Corrugated Absorber for Potato Slice Drying

Reducing the moisture level of food items can help prevent bacterial development and deterioration, extend shelf life, reduce packaging, and improve storage for convenient transportation. In this paper, a two-pass solar dryer with V-Corrugated absorber plate is developed. Its experimental performance evaluation in forced convection is carried out for potato chip drying. Various parameters like Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation Intensity, Temperature Distribution Curves inside Solar Dryer, Collector Efficiency Curve, Hourly Mass Loss of Potato Slices and Moisture Removal Comparison with Conventional Open Sun Drying Method are calculated and presented graphically. The peak temperature of the absorber plate reached 69.30C, and the air temperature at the collector outlet recorded the highest value at 57.50C. The average temperature difference of 28.580C is obtained for heat transfer by convection between the modified corrugated absorber plate and the air. An important finding in this experimental investigation was that there is an average 6.50C difference in temperature between the hot air exiting the collector and the air available at the bottom of the lower tray of the drying chamber, which should be reduced by applying means of avoiding heat loss. The highest collector efficiency is calculated as 88.9 % at 2 PM. The lowest efficiency is calculated at 9 AM as 66.8 %. The thermal inertia of the system adds to the collector efficiency in the last 2 hours of the experimentation and hence collector performs better than in the morning hours, though the insolation is nearly the same for the first and last two hours of sunshine. The percentage reduction in drying time was found to be 38.9 % for 50 % moisture removal from potato slices as compared to open sun drying.

Analysis of The Probability od Choosing a Public Transportation Mode Using A Binomial Model of Differential Logit

Urbanization and mobility of the population have increased interest in efficient and convenient transportation systems, especially for trips from Cirebon to Jakarta via the Cipali toll road. Public transportation modes that can be used from Cirebon to Jakarta include buses, travel and trains. This study reviews public transportation buses and travel, focusing on the characteristics and probability of mode selection by travelers. The crucial factors studied are cost, travel time, and access time. Primary data was obtained from questionnaires using the stated preference method and secondary data obtained from related sources. The method used is linear regression modeling and binomial logit difference, which is obtained from data on travel cost (X1), travel time (X2), and travel access time (X3), which is tested using SPSS software with the regression equation obtained is Y = 2.386 + 0.251 X1.3 + X2 + 0.301 X1.4 + 0.497 X3.1. with a travel cost of Rp. 110,000 and with a travel time of 4 hours and 30 minutes, travelers prefer the bus mode (64.2%) with the most implicative attribute is the cost of travel, then the percentage value calculated using probability calculations and binomial models logits, the difference is (99.9%) choosing the bus and (0.1%) choosing travel. If the trevel wants to intensify the opportunity to choose the mode used by travelers with a percentage above 50%, then travel must reduce the fare at least Rp. 25,000 from the bus fare.

Characteristics and Effects of the Last Kilometre of the Tourist City from the Dynamic and Static Perspectives

The accessibility of the “last kilometre” of a tourist city has a profound impact on the travelling experience of tourists. In-depth understanding of the characteristics and spatial effects of the “last-kilometre” traffic accessibility in tourist cities is conducive to further enhancing the accessibility of traffic travel and forming a new industry development pattern of deep integration of traffic and tourism. The results show that: (1) Private transport accessibility is significantly better than public transport accessibility, and the strong economic strength of large cities such as Peking, Shanghai, and Nanjing support a wider coverage of public transport compared with cities such as Qinhuangdao, Dalian, Ningbo, etc. Even for the middle-income and high-income groups of the large cities, the advantage of the broader travelling cost of public transport is still significant. (2) The average values of the fluctuation coefficients of travel time of public transport in tourist cities are all smaller than those of private transport, and public transport is less sensitive to traffic congestion, making it a more reliable choice for tourist travel. The higher number of public transport grids with more anomalous fluctuations and much larger fluctuations than private transport grids suggests that there is an urgent need to strengthen the standardisation of public transport services in the corresponding areas. (3) Urban tourism development has been moving from single-line to network development, and the impact of urban transport on urban–regional tourism development has been manifested in the place fission effect, corridor diffusion effect, and regional equilibrium effect. In general, our findings have been useful in understanding the accessibility characteristics of the “last kilometre” in tourist cities, optimizing the efficiency of inter-regional and intra-city transport connections, constructing a fast and convenient travel transport system, improving the accessibility of transport trips, and forming a new development pattern for the deep integration of transport and tourism.