Convective Loss Research Articles

Reduction of Heat Emission to Surroundings from Improved Wood Burning Stove

Apart from emissions and inefficiency, heat generation from wood stoves to the surroundings is another undesirable effect causing health repercussions especially in the small dwellings of tropical regions. The present research addresses this problem. Steady state temperature measurements on the surface of the improved wood burning stove is used to determine this loss in which chimney draft control plays an important role. Experimental results were in good agreement with that of the model simulated using the commercial computational fluid dynamics code. A modified model in which changes were introduced to reduce the radiation and convection losses from the stove to the surrounding regions was simulated. Firstly, the radiation losses from the fire was reduced by reducing the size of fuel supply port. Secondly, a waste heat recovery system was introduced which resulted in lower stove body temperature. This was done by optimizing the use of the draft produced by the chimney.Results of the modified model of the stove showed a reduction of this loss by 12.08%. Stoves currently used under the national project for rural energy development was used for this purpose. Apart from improving the stove efficiency, this development will have a positive impact on the acceptability of the improved wood stove in rural households and also help to further reduce fuel consumption. key words: Heat emission, Chimney optimization, Wood burning stove, Efficiency enhancement and Waste heat recovery.

Numerical and experimental study of a solar micro concentrating collector

Natural convection in fluid-filled enclosures driven solely by a temperature difference represents an important phenomenon due to its numerous engineering applications. Applications span diverse fields such as passive solar heating, solar collectors and the energy efficient design of buildings. In this paper, we study convection inside a rooftop concentrating collector designed to operate at temperatures up to 200°C. The absorber is contained in a sealed enclosure to minimise convective losses. The main heat losses are due to natural convection inside the enclosure and radiation heat transfer from the absorber tube. A numerical and experimental analysis of the combined laminar natural convection and surface radiation heat transfer inside the collector receiver cavity are presented. A computational fluid dynamics model for the prototype collector has been developed using ANSYS-CFX. Radiation and convection heat loss has been investigated as a function of absorber temperatures, ranging from 70°C to 200°C. Measurements of overall heat loss and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) were used to experimentally determine the heat and mass transport within the enclosure. Excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement between the CFD and experiments were achieved.

COMPARISON OF CFD SIMULATION OF HOT AND COLD FLUID MIXING IN T-PIPE BY PLACING NOZZLE AT DIFFERENT PLACES

The project deals with the computational fluid dynamics analysis of mixed flow of hot and cold water in T- pipes and it is mainly concentrated on analytical approach to the areas where Pipes (used for flow) are mostly susceptible to damage. The simulation is done on T-pipe by placing the nozzle at three different places, to know the pressure, temperature and velocity contours throughout the flow and comparison was made. These T- pipes are mostly used in nuclear reactor cooling system to reduce the heat in the nuclear reactors by mixing hot and cold water, where the mixing will takes place efficiently. And mixed flow at the outlet will take heat from the inlet also due to convective heat transfer loss; the temperature at the boundaries of the T- pipe will be reduced. The 2D model of the pipe is made by GAMBIT and analysis is to be carried out by using K-Epsilon in FLUENT software. The models are first generated using the data and then various velocity, temperature and pressure contours are to be drawn and graphed to analyze the flow through the pipe.

Numerical Simulation Study on Optimization of Solar Flat-Plate Collector

Solar flat-plate collector is an important component in solar-thermal system, and its optimization is critical for the efficiency of energy utilization. In this paper, a comparative study on the thermal performance of solar flat-plate collector was carried out by numerical simulation under the conditions of different thicknesses and materials of absorber plate. The results show that the increase of absorber plate thickness contributes to restraining convection loss. The collector efficiency levels off when the absorber plate thickness reaches a certain value. In considering thermal performance and production cost, aluminum is an optimal material for absorber plate.

Temperature-dependent 780-nm laser absorption by engineering grade aluminum, titanium, and steel alloy surfaces

The modeling of laser interaction with metals for various applications requires a knowledge of absorption coefficients for real, commercially available materials with engineering grade (unpolished, oxidized) surfaces. However, most currently available absorptivity data pertain to pure metals with polished surfaces or vacuum-deposited thin films in controlled atmospheres. A simple laboratory setup is developed for the direct calorimetric absorptivity measurements using a diode-array laser emitting at 780 nm. A scheme eliminating the effect of convective and radiative losses is implemented. The obtained absorptivity results differ considerably from existing data for polished pure metals and are essential for the development of predictive laser-material interaction models.

On the influence of rotation on thermal convection in a rotating cavity for solar receiver applications

In order to address the world's high-energy demand, a novel particle receiver concept for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants has been developed. A key feature of the concept is to exploit a receiver rotation being able to adjust the receiver outlet temperature to different load states. Within the scope of identifying the thermal receiver efficiency investigations regarding convection losses of a rotating cavity are conducted. Special attention is paid to the effect of rotation on convective flow in a cylindrical cavity with heated side walls for solar applications. Experiments with a rotating cavity in laboratory scale have clearly revealed a negligible effect of rotation on convective losses in the considered rotation speed range. Compared to the influence of receiver inclination, where the convective losses can be decreased up to 90% for downward-facing receivers, rotation affects them only by at most ±10%. Considering overall thermal losses in the receiver (including conduction and radiation losses), the effect of rotation might be even less than 1% of the incoming solar power.

Low-e confined air chambers in solar flat-plate collectors as an economic new type of rear side insulation avoiding moisture problems

Flat-plate collectors usually are insulated by a 40–60mm thick mineral wool layer. Under dry conditions, typical thermal conductivities are between 0.035 and 0.060W/mK depending on absorber temperature. Therefore, in brand-new flat-plate collectors, absorber rear side losses are in the region of 1W/(m2K). However, during operation, the rock wool can absorb humidity from ambient air and the thermal insulation deteriorates substantially. As an alternative, we show theoretically and experimentally, that if the mineral wool is removed, the emerging air chamber, if adequately confined, has acceptable insulation properties (rear side absorber losses 1.5–2.0W/(m2K)) simultaneously reducing the collector height substantially down to 20mm. This is due to wall-adhesion and inner friction preventing air from convection, while the radiation heat transfer is suppressed by low-e walls confining the air chamber. Additionally, an efficient insulation system consisting of two air chambers has been established: A cheap (below 1$/m2), thin (below 50μm) and low emissive (thermal emissivity below 0.05) film mounted parallel between absorber and rear casing shows similar insulating properties as mineral wool and is not sensitive to humidity. Especially Al-foils are well applicable. Simultaneously, the total height of flat-plate collectors can be reduced by 10–20mm. Theoretical calculations of convective and radiative rear side losses of the absorber have been done. On the base of series collectors, prototypes with rear side film insulation have been constructed and successfully tested at an outdoor test facility. The nightly stationary loss measurements and daytime efficiency measurements according to ISO 9806:2013 corroborate the theoretical modeling and the good efficiency of the insulation: For insulation thicknesses between 30 and 50mm, the film insulation shows comparable and even slightly better insulation values as conventional dry mineral wool. The long term stability of the Al-film, including mounting, has been investigated theoretically and experimentally over 2years and shows the practical applicability of the new insulating technique in flat-plate collectors.

Study of Heat Losses from Cylindrical Cavity Receiver of Solar Concentrator

In this paper heat losses from cavity receiver of solar concentrators are presented. Convective and radiative losses for specified cavity receiver are estimated by MATLAB programming and effect of the various parameters is studied. Radiation losses are analyzed for operating temperature in range of 127°C to 527 °C and aspect ratio of 0.5 to 2.5. Convective losses are investigated for operating temperature in range of 127°C to 527 °C, inclination angle from 0 to 90o, aspect ratio of 0.5 to 2.5 and wind effect for 0 to 10 m/s. Radiation losses and convective losses increases as operating temperature of cavity receiver increases. The convective losses are more for sidewise facing cavity (0o inclination) and less for downward facing cavity (90o inclination). As aspect ratio and wind velocity increases, convective loss increases.

Analysis of Spherical Cavity Receiver of Solar Concentrator for Heat Losses

In this paper, analysis of total heat losses has done by constructing an experimental set up of electrically heated spherical cavity receiver of solar concentrator. Hollow spherical cavity receiver of copper material having diameter 385mm and thickness 1.5mm is used in the experimental set up. The numerical analysis has done by using the MATLAB programming. The effect of different opening ratio (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5), different cavity inclination angles (00, 250, 500, 750, and 900) and different operating temperatures (100°C to 600°C) are studied for total heat losses for spherical cavity receiver. The maximum convective losses are found at 0 degree inclination angle of cavity while the minimum convective losses are found at 90 degree inclination angle of cavity because of decrease in convective zone of air and increase in stagnation zone of air in to the cavity. Conduction and radiation losses are independent of cavity inclination angles. The convective losses are also found to be decrease with decrease in opening ratio from 0.5 to 0.2 for different cavity surface temperatures. Experimental results of spherical cavity receiver are compared with numerical results and good agreement is found between the experimental results and numerical results.

Progress on the application of ELM control schemes to ITER scenarios from the non-active phase to DT operation

Progress in the definition of the requirements for edge localized mode (ELM) control and the application of ELM control methods both for high fusion performance DT operation and non-active low-current operation in ITER is described. Evaluation of the power fluxes for low plasma current H-modes in ITER shows that uncontrolled ELMs will not lead to damage to the tungsten (W) divertor target, unlike for high-current H-modes in which divertor damage by uncontrolled ELMs is expected. Despite the lack of divertor damage at lower currents, ELM control is found to be required in ITER under these conditions to prevent an excessive contamination of the plasma by W, which could eventually lead to an increased disruptivity. Modelling with the non-linear MHD code JOREK of the physics processes determining the flow of energy from the confined plasma onto the plasma-facing components during ELMs at the ITER scale shows that the relative contribution of conductive and convective losses is intrinsically linked to the magnitude of the ELM energy loss. Modelling of the triggering of ELMs by pellet injection for DIII-D and ITER has identified the minimum pellet size required to trigger ELMs and, from this, the required fuel throughput for the application of this technique to ITER is evaluated and shown to be compatible with the installed fuelling and tritium re-processing capabilities in ITER. The evaluation of the capabilities of the ELM control coil system in ITER for ELM suppression is carried out (in the vacuum approximation) and found to have a factor of ∼2 margin in terms of coil current to achieve its design criterion, although such a margin could be substantially reduced when plasma shielding effects are taken into account. The consequences for the spatial distribution of the power fluxes at the divertor of ELM control by three-dimensional (3D) fields are evaluated and found to lead to substantial toroidal asymmetries in zones of the divertor target away from the separatrix. Therefore, specifications for the rotation of the 3D perturbation applied for ELM control in order to avoid excessive localized erosion of the ITER divertor target are derived. It is shown that a rotation frequency in excess of 1 Hz for the whole toroidally asymmetric divertor power flux pattern is required (corresponding to n Hz frequency in the variation of currents in the coils, where n is the toroidal symmetry of the perturbation applied) in order to avoid unacceptable thermal cycling of the divertor target for the highest power fluxes and worst toroidal power flux asymmetries expected. The possible use of the in-vessel vertical stability coils for ELM control as a back-up to the main ELM control systems in ITER is described and the feasibility of its application to control ELMs in low plasma current H-modes, foreseen for initial ITER operation, is evaluated and found to be viable for plasma currents up to 5–10 MA depending on modelling assumptions.

Multiple seismic reflectors in Earth’s lowermost mantle

The modern view of Earth's lowermost mantle considers a D″ region of enhanced (seismologically inferred) heterogeneity bounded by the core-mantle boundary and an interface some 150-300 km above it, with the latter often attributed to the postperovskite phase transition (in MgSiO3). Seismic exploration of Earth's deep interior suggests, however, that this view needs modification. So-called ScS and SKKS waves, which probe the lowermost mantle from above and below, respectively, reveal multiple reflectors beneath Central America and East Asia, two areas known for subduction of oceanic plates deep into Earth's mantle. This observation is inconsistent with expectations from a thermal response of a single isochemical postperovskite transition, but some of the newly observed structures can be explained with postperovskite transitions in differentiated slab materials. Our results imply that the lowermost mantle is more complex than hitherto thought and that interfaces and compositional heterogeneity occur beyond the D″ region sensu stricto.

Performance of Electro-Thermally Driven ${\rm VO}_{2}$-Based MEMS Actuators

The integration of VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> thin films in a MEMS actuator device is presented. The structural phase transition of VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> was induced electro-thermally by resistive heaters monolithically integrated in the MEMS actuator. The drastic mechanical displacements generated by the large stress induced during the VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> thin film phase transition have been characterized for static and time-dependent current pulses to the resistive heater, for air and vacuum environments. A comprehensive and simplified finite element model is developed and validated with experimental data. It was found that the cut-off frequency of the 300 μm-long VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based MEMS actuator operated in vacuum (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3dB</sub> =29 Hz) was mostly limited by conductive heat loss through the anchor, whereas convection losses were more dominant in air (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3dB</sub> =541 Hz). The cut-off frequency is found to be strongly dependent on the dimensions of the cantilever when operated in air but far less dependent when operated in vacuum. Total deflections of 68.7 and 28.5 μm were observed for 300 and 200 μm-long MEMS cantilevers, respectively. Full actuation in air required ~ 16 times more power than in vacuum.

Numerical Study of Natural Convection Heat Loss from Cylindrical Solar Cavity Receivers

The numerical study of the natural convection loss occurring from cylindrical solar cavity receivers is reported in this communication. These cavity receivers can be used with solar dish concentrators for process heat applications at medium temperature levels. Three cylindrical cavity receivers of diameter 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m with aspect ratio equal to one and opening ratios of 1 and 0.5 are used for the analysis. Fluent CFD software is used for the analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) receiver models. In this study the receiver tubes within the cylindrical cavity are modeled as a helical coil similar to those existing in actual systems. The flow of the working fluid within the helical coil is also modeled. The simulations are performed for fluid inlet temperatures of 150°C and 250°C and for receiver inclination angles of 0 (sideways-facing cavity), 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree (vertically downward-facing receiver). It is found that the convective loss increases with increasing mean fluid temperature and decreases with, increase in receiver inclination. The convective loss is found to increase with, opening ratio. These observations are true for all cavity receivers analysed here. A Nusselt number correlation involving Rayleigh numbers, receiver inclinations, and opening ratios is proposed for the convective loss.

Experimental study of wind effects on unglazed transpired collectors

High wind velocity affects the performance of unglazed transpired collectors (UTC); indeed, wind flow on the collector’s surface reduces useful heat transferred to the collector fluid by effectuating convection losses and suction in the pores and thereby outflow from the plenum. Wind does not impinge uniformly on all points on a large area; the velocity distribution depends on wind direction and surroundings of the concerned area. The paper describes an experimental and analytical parametric study to assess the effect of wind on UTCs. Velocity measurements obtained using wind-tunnel experiments were applied to analytical models of UTC performance evaluation and were found to influence UTC performance. The assumption that a reference wind speed acts uniformly throughout the UTC area, as opposed to the more realistic non-uniform distribution, resulted in the overestimation of heat exchange effectiveness up to 50% and underestimation of convective heat transfer coefficients up to 20%. The importance of using actual velocity distribution, as opposed to an assumed uniform velocity distribution in building simulation, has been discussed.

Performance Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collector in Hot Climate

In most existing buildings cooling and heating loads lead to high primary energy consumption and, consequently, high CO2 emissions. These can be substantially decreased with suitable energy concepts using appropriate integrated renewable systems. In the present study a numerical model is developed to study the effect of different collector parameters and operating conditions on the performance of parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) in Kuwait climate. The proposed model takes into consideration the thermal interaction between absorber-envelope, and envelopeenvelope for thermal radiation losses which have been neglected in existing models. A review of the equations for convective heat transfer losses was performed as well and new equations were developed and used in the present model. The effects of heat conduction in the collector tube wall and mixed convection in the inner tube, which have been neglected in previous studies, are included in the proposed model. In addition, a case study is carried out adapting parabolic trough collectors to satisfy nominal space heating load, water heating load and cooling load of a typical Kuwaiti dwelling. Finally, the environmental impact of solar heating and cooling systems under Kuwait climate conditions is investigated. Present results indicate that convection loss from the absorber tube to supporting structures is the largest among the other losses (conduction and radiation). Also, at noon time PTSC has the smallest angle of incidence and the highest efficiency and when the annulus between the receiver surface and the glass envelope is Original Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(14): 2038-2058, 2014 2039 In vacuo, conduction and convection across the annulus are effectively eliminated. In addition, space heating load and domestic water heating load can be completely provided by PTSC. The minimum required collector area is about 82 m to supply cooling loads of a typical residential house under all climatic conditions in Kuwait. A CO2 emission reduction of about 12.3tonne/year can be achieved as a result of adapting parabolic trough solar collector to a typical Kuwaiti dwelling.

Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Vortices may have a role in optimizing the mechanical efficiency and blood mixing of the left ventricle (LV). We aimed to characterize the size, position, circulation, and kinetic energy (KE) of LV main vortex cores in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) and analyze their physiological correlates. We used digital processing of color-Doppler images to study flow evolution in 61 patients with NIDCM and 61 age-matched control subjects. Vortex features showed a characteristic biphasic temporal course during diastole. Because late filling contributed significantly to flow entrainment, vortex KE reached its maximum at the time of the peak A wave, storing 26 ± 20% of total KE delivered by inflow (range: 1-74%). Patients with NIDCM showed larger and stronger vortices than control subjects (circulation: 0.008 ± 0.007 vs. 0.006 ± 0.005 m(2)/s, respectively, P = 0.02; KE: 7 ± 8 vs. 5 ± 5 mJ/m, P = 0.04), even when corrected for LV size. This helped confining the filling jet in the dilated ventricle. The vortex Reynolds number was also higher in the NIDCM group. By multivariate analysis, vortex KE was related to the KE generated by inflow and to chamber short-axis diameter. In 21 patients studied head to head, Doppler measurements of circulation and KE closely correlated with phase-contract magnetic resonance values (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively). Thus, the biphasic nature of filling determines normal vortex physiology. Vortex formation is exaggerated in patients with NIDCM due to chamber remodeling, and enlarged vortices are helpful for ameliorating convective pressure losses and facilitating transport. These findings can be accurately studied using ultrasound.

Investigation on Convective Heat Losses from Solar Cavities under Wind Conditions

Numerical three dimensional studies of forced convective heat loss from cavity receiver of different shapes have been investigated under wind conditions. The cavity shapes used are: cylindrical, conical (frustum of a cone), cone-cylindrical (combination of frustum of cone and cylindrical shape), dome-cylindrical (combination of hemispherical and cylindrical shape) and hetro-conical. These studies are carried out for three isothermal wall temperatures (523, 723 and 923K) and five inclinations: θ = 0° (cavity aperture facing sideways), 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° (cavity aperture facing down). Besides, effects of mouth blockage (mouth blockage area 36% and 64%) on forced convective heat loss are also investigated. Three wind directions viz., head-on, side-on and back-on and wind speed of 1 to 5 m/s are considered. The ratio of convective losses occurring under wind and no-wind conditions shows minimum value θ = 0° and it increases with cavity inclination. As expected, the convective heat loss under wind conditions is higher than the no-wind case. The convective heat losses are higher for head-on wind condition for all shapes in the range (1 to 5 m/s) of wind speed considered. Among the different shapes under study, conical cavity yields the lowest convective losses for both categories of cavities (with and without mouth blockage). Under wind condition, convective losses reduce marginally with mouth blockage. Increase of mouth blockage from 36% (Dap = 0.4 m) to 64% (Dap = 0.3 m) does not significantly alter the magnitude of convective loss. The mouth blockage is found to be more effective for conical cavity where reduction in convective heat loss is observed to be 7 and 16% respectively for wind speed of 1 and 5 m/s as compared to fully open conical cavity (Dap = 0.5 m). Generalized Nusselt number correlation is proposed based on the forced convective heat loss data from cavities of different shapes and sizes with and without mouth blockage for head-on wind condition. It correlates 83% of data within ±11%, 95% of data within ±15% and 100% of data within ±21%.

Strategies Enhancing Efficiency of Cavity Receivers

Introducing solar energy into the gas turbine of Combined Cycle systems (CC) offers significant advantages over other solar power plant concepts. A promising way to introduce solar power is solar preheating of the compressor discharge air before it enters the combustor of the gas turbine using a receiver built consisting of several metallic tubes. The main challenge during the design of such a receiver is the low solar flux capability caused by the limited convective heat transfer. To ensure a sufficient efficiency, the receiver is usually located in a cavity. The heat losses by conduction through the (insulated) cavity walls can be reduced by increased insulation thickness. Heat losses by radiation and convection to ambient depend strongly on the aperture area, receiver inclination and the receiver temperature. The receiver temperatures can be reduced by increasing the cavity si ze, as the flux distribution gets more homogenous and the overall flux density is reduced. Following heat losses by radiation and convection to ambient are reduced. On the other hand additional costs for the cavity walls have to be considered. The paper deals with the comparison of two different strategies to increase the receiver efficiency of a cavity receiver used to heat the compressed air of a 4.7 MWel turbine from 330°C up to 800°C, with a mass flow of 15.9kg/s at 10 barabs. The influence on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of different receiver sizes and one design option (transparent covering of aperture) for reducing the convections losses were analyzed and compared. The thermal and hydraulic layout was done for a thermal heat of 8.4MWth and 250 mbar pressure drop using thermal finite element (FE) models considering the local heat flux distribution, heat transfer to working fluid, radiation exchange between components and ambient as well as conduction and convection losses of the cavity. As the convective losses play a significant role, CFD models were used to evaluate the convective heat losses.

Effects of RANS-type Turbulence Models on the Convective Heat Loss Computed by CFD in the Solar Two Power Tower

The effect of the choice of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) type turbulence closure on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) prediction of convective heat losses from the Solar Two central receiver is considered in this paper for a simplified receiver geometry approximated by flat panels. Computed convective losses at steady state are ∼ 2-3% (1%) of the total power absorbed by the receiver, at high (low) wind speed, depending on the turbulence model chosen. The simulation results are consistent with those of available correlations for rough cylinders, if the macroscopic roughness due to the panel edges is accounted for, as well as with the low speed experimental results, within the respective error bars.

Dome Window and Mount Design for a 5 MWth Solar Receiver

Large windows are being evaluated for use in high temperature concentrated solar receivers to reduce radiative and convective losses, maintain a differential pressure, and separate reactants from ambient air in receivers for chemical processing. The design of a 1.7 meter diameter fused silica dome window is evaluated for its ability to maintain acceptable stresses when exposed to pressure differentials and large heat loads from solar irradiation and re-radiation from inside the receiver. The dome must be ableto withstand the operational pressure differential of 0.5MPa where the efficiency of the solar receiver combined with a recuperated gas turbine is maximized, and glass temperatures upwards to 800°C may be observed. Brittle materials like glass need the tensile stresses to be reduced to maximize the reliability of the dome window. However, glass does not possess a characteristic strength and it is dependent on the flaw size. Careful attention to the dome mount must be taken to minimize tensile bending stresses that can cause a catastrophic or rapid failure while maintaining an environmental seal.The Weibull failure probability method is used to arrive at a projected lifetime of the window under a constant state of stress. This stress is used to determine the maximum design stresses allowed during operation of the solar receiver. Window heat fluxes from a Monte Carlo Ray Trace of the heliostat field and receiver re-radiation is utilized to couple the thermal mechanical effects of the window and its mount. A finite element analysis (FEA) is presented evaluating the stresses when considering the heat absorption in the window from transmitted light and re-radiation from within the solar receiver, combined with the applied pressure differential between the solar receiver and atmospheric conditions. The preliminary design of the window shape, thickness, and mounting strategy is presented.