Controversial Category Research Articles

Prognostic Relevance of Gradient and Flow Status in Severe Aortic Stenosis.

Background: Severe aortic stenosis (AS) may present with different flow, gradient and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) patterns. Paradoxical low-flow low-gradient (PLF-LG) severe AS has a specific clinical profile, but its prognosis and management remain controversial. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of different AS patterns in the incidence of major clinical events. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all the consecutive patients diagnosed with severe AS at our tertiary hospital centre in 2021. Echocardiographic measurements were carefully reviewed, and patients were classified following current guidelines into four categories: high gradient (HG), concordant low-flow low-gradient (CLF-LG), paradoxical low-flow low-gradient (PLF-LG) and normal-flow low-gradient (NF-LG). The baseline characteristics and clinical events (heart failure admission, intervention and death) at 1-year follow-up were collected from medical records. The association between categories and events was established using Student's t test or ANOVA as required. Results: 205 patients with severe AS were included in the study (81 ± 10 years old, 52.7% female). Category distribution was as follows: HG (138, 67.3%), PLF-LG (34, 19.8%), CLF-LG (21, 10.2%) and NF-LG (12, 5.9%). During the follow-up, 24.8% were admitted due to heart failure, 68.3% received valve replacement (51.7% TAVR) and 22% died. Severe tricuspid regurgitation was more frequent in patients with PLF-LG than in HG AS (14.7% vs. 2.2%; p < 0.01). Despite no differences in intervention rate, more patients with PLF-LG (32.4% vs. 15.9%; p = 0.049) died during the evolution. Conclusions: The PLF-LG pattern was the second most common pattern of severe AS in our cohort, and it was related to a higher mortality with no differences in intervention rate. Thus, this controversial category, rather than being underestimated, should be followed closely and considered for early intervention.

Attitudes towards natural wines among Spanish winemakers: Relationship with environmental awareness

There is an important movement in the wine industry towards the production of alternative and more sustainable wines. Natural wine (NW) is a controversial category of alternative wines, which needs to be further explored. Given the role of technical experts as opinion leaders, the present work aims to explore the attitudes of Spanish winemakers towards NW and their relationship with their overall environmental awareness. Therefore, 307 Spanish winemakers completed a questionnaire to evaluate: (1) their attitudes towards NW by scoring their agreement with 31 statements, (2) their ecological awareness by evaluating 11 items, (3) their frequency of consumption and interest towards NW, and (4) their sociodemographic profile and general information about wine production. PCA with varimax rotation calculated on 28 of the 31 statements related to their attitudes showed six independent dimensions. Further hierarchical cluster analysis calculated with the six dimensions showed five clusters of wine experts with different attitudes towards NW. Results show that there is a major negative attitude towards the flavour of NW, their ageing capacity and their quality-price ratio, but a positive one in terms of economic impact for the wine industry. Aspects related to the role of NW in tradition, social identity, ecology, health, artisanal production and economic feasibility mark differential attitudes. Interestingly, the dimension related to winemakerś attitude towards tradition, social identity, and ecology of NW was positively correlated with their overall ecological awareness and thus their life style. This paper sheds light in the understanding of the behaviour of Spanish winemakers regarding ecological transition and provides tools for policymaking regarding NW certification.

Revisiting the Controversial Category of Expository Philosophical Writing in Filipino Philosophy

Revisiting the Controversial Category of Expository Philosophical Writing in Filipino Philosophy

Времената на конклузива в плана на неминалото

The conclusive (inferential) is one of the controversial categories in Bulgarian, the most obvious being the disagreements on its the temporal paradigm, and at the center of this dispute stands the question of the existence of conclusive forms in the present and future tense plan. This work examines uses of the conclusive (inferential) forms in these tenses in order to explore and describe their specificities and to demonstrate that, although often admirative, such forms do exist. The first part of the work presents the accepted views on the semantics of the conclusive, the second part offers some analysis of examples, containing conclusive present and future, and in the last part, brief conclusions are drawn.

Some remarks onh-anticipation in Ancient Greek

AbstractThis paper investigates the phonological tendency of Ancient Greek to anticipate word-internal aspiration to a word-initial segment (vowel, voiceless stop, or /w/). Special attention is paid to the relationship of this tendency with hiatus resolution. A close look at the philological data shows that several processes ofh-anticipation should be distinguished: in particular, various kinds of perceptually-driven leftward migration of aspiration (sporadically lexicalized) must be kept apart from a later synchronic rule that movedhto the new onset when two syllabic nuclei coalesced. The hypothesis that the latter phenomenon could accompany not only vowel coalescence but other types of hiatus resolution as well, including elision and glide-formation, may provide explanation for some hitherto obscure cases. The results of this study also have implications for the theoretical discussion of sporadicity in sound change, as they could provide further evidence for the controversial category of phonetically-conditioned sound change with probabilistic conditioning.

The analysis of space category in economic studies

Space is one of the key and controversial (in terms of content) categories in economics. It is assumed that the methodological basis of spatial development concept, and, correspondingly, the very concept of space itself are classical (mercantilism) and neoclassical (price theory) theories. However, until now the understanding of its nature and its role in creating and transforming modern socio-economic relations remains a debatable issue. The key method of analysis in this work is semantic analysis. The Authors attempt, on the one hand, to reveal a retrospective transformation of space concept, and on the other, to identify the key theoretical and methodological approaches to this phenomenon in modern research. The analysis results in a number of valuable findings. First, the authors identify a synthetic nature of concept evolution, which consists in a specific absorption of previously proposed models and space describing provisions. Secondly, the authors identify the main approaches to space study, for which the determining criterion is the nature of socio-economic relations formed by economic agents, and the processes that these agents implement in various spaces. Thirdly, the authors prove that modern concept of socio-economic space allows for a broader description of interactions of economic agents in translocation aspect. Thus, the scientific significance of the research consists in expanding knowledge approaches to defining the category of space, as well as its analysis in modern economic research.

Unity in diversity and the EU Member States’ regulations on the rights of the LGBT people

The aim of this article is to analyse the differences in the regulation of LGBT rights in the Member States of the European Union. The evolution of legal provisions in individual Member States is compared. The considerations also include the date of accession to the European Community / European Union and the regulations adopted by states for the LGBT community. These issues should be considered as important, taking into account the Copenhagen criteria that a given country has to meet when joining the EU. The question was asked in this research is whether and at what pace the regulations on same-sex partnerships corresponded in individual countries with the introduction of other postulates concerning the LGBT community. Attention was paid to the issue related to the date of accession of the Member States to the European Union. In the context of the sensitive social and political discourse in Poland regarding the consequences of such regulations, the regulations in the countries that joined the EU in 2004 with Poland were analysed. The main hypothesis is that the adoption of same-sex marriage regulations in the EU is not a necessary consequence of previously legalising same-sex partnerships. The introduction to the analysis is the presentation of the Copenhagen criteria, i.e., the guidelines that open the way to joining the structures of the European Union, as well as the international postulates of the LGBT community. Considering the dynamics of introduced regulations in Europe and in the world, and at the same time, treating them in Poland in controversial categories, the most discussed topics were selected. These topics include same-sex partnerships and marriage, and the adoption of children by same-sex couples.

Introduction: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies.

The study of science popularization in dictatorships, such as Franco's regime, offers a useful window through which to review definitions of controversial categories such as "popular science" and the "public sphere." It also adds a new analytical perspective to the historiography of dictatorships and their totalitarian nature. Moreover, studying science popularization in these regimes provides new tools for a critical analysis of key contemporary concepts such as nationalism, internationalism, democracy, and technocracy.

Defining “Conversos” in Fifteenth-Century Castile: The Making of a Controversial Category

This article recovers a fifteenth-century debate over the meaning of the category “conversos.” Departing from the standard account, in which “conversos” is seen as a neutral category designating Jewish ancestry, we demonstrate that in fifteenth-century Castile, the question of “who is a converso?” had a much less certain answer. Rather than a consistent view of how Jewish converts and their descendants should be classified, contemporary discourses reveal a myriad of options and a deep sense of consciousness about the implications of terminological choices. Drawing on a large range of historical sources, we analyze this terminological struggle, while paying special attention to the debates that followed the revolt of Toledo of 1449. We examine the arguments made by those who sought—or resisted—labeling the descendants of Jews as “conversos” or “neophytes.” Furthermore, we explain how debates over such labels were linked to broader interpretations of the meaning of conversion from Judaism to Christianity. Finally, we demonstrate that although the descent-based interpretation of “conversos” eventually prevailed, the problem of classifying Christians of Jewish descent continued to haunt political discourses well into the reign of Isabel I and Fernando II (1474–1504).

Argentina’s Energy Governance in the 21st Century: Unraveling its Central Issues

For the Social Sciences in general, the notion of governance represents a polysemic and controversial category whose content depends on the used conceptual approach. However, in the field of natural resources, specifically energy, governance is understood as an analytical tool that, by focusing on the decision-making process, makes it possible to examine, through cases, the exercise of State authority, the rules of the game and public-private interactions in the energy sector. This paper analyzes the energy governance process of Argentina during Cristina Fernández (2007-2015) and Mauricio Macri (2015-2019) administrations. Due to their political-ideological differences, ruptures and continuities are traced with a view to addressing the political-economic dimension of energy management as a topic of the public agenda, whose implications are presented both domestically and in foreign policy decisions.

Sub-classification of borderline changes into diffuse or focal and its impact on long-term renal transplant outcomes

BackgroundBorderline changes (BL) with stable renal function is a controversial category in renal transplantation, given its contradictory outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of BL in patients with stable renal function classified as focal and diffuse according to the extent of tubulitis. MethodsPatients with no history of rejection with a surveillance graft biopsy at 3 or 12 months showing BL (n = 40), acute cellular rejection (n = 20) or normal biopsies (n = 20), were included in this study. Biopsies with BL were divided into diffuse BL (BLD) and focal BL (BLF) according to the extent of tubulitis. Because of the low frequency of subclinical ACR (ACRND) (n = 12), biopsies with ACR and graft dysfunction (ACRD) (n = 8) were also included. A composite outcome that included the presence of rejection in subsequent biopsies, graft loss, patient death, decrease in GFR ≥30% or presence of de novo DSA (dnDSA) during the first year of follow-up was evaluated. ResultsThe primary composite outcome occurred in five patients of each of the Normal, BLF and ACRND, eight patients with BLD and six patients with ACRD (p = 0.105). A trend towards more rejection episodes was observed in the ACRND and ACRD. Also, a shorter time to rejection in the BLD, ACRND and ACRD groups compared to BLF and Normal groups (p = 0.039) was observed. During the first year of follow-up, no patient in the ACRND group developed dnDSA, compared to 15–25% in the other groups. The median time of dnDSA development in the BLF group was 45 months, and in the BLD group was 10 months (p = 0.020). ConclusionClassifying BL biopsies with stable renal function into focal and diffuse categories, is a simple and feasible strategy that helps to differentiate between BLD with a phenotype that shows a trend towards worse outcomes, and BLF that behaves more similar to normal biopsies.

Administrative procedural legal capacity and capacity of foreigners and stateless persons: concept and essence

Participants in the administrative process are its participants. However, in order to be a subject of administrative proceedings, its participants must have administrative procedural capacity and legal capacity, while the legal status and procedural status of foreigners and stateless persons, the scope and content of functions and tasks of these persons may differ significantly from other participants in administrative proceedings. Given that administrative procedural capacity and legal capacity are the most important features of the administrative process, this controversial category still attracts the attention of scholars. In accordance with the provisions of Art. 26 of the Constitution of Ukraine, foreigners and stateless persons legally staying in Ukraine enjoy the same rights and freedoms, as well as bear the same obligations as citizens of Ukraine – except as provided by the Constitution, laws or international treaties of Ukraine. This provision is generally consistent with Art. 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, according to which everyone should have all the rights and freedoms proclaimed by this Declaration.Since the right to go to court is regulated by the Constitution, laws of Ukraine, as well as international acts, the above provides legal guarantees of legal capacity. In order for a foreigner and a stateless person to be a subject of an administrative proceeding, he or she must have legal capacity. A characteristic feature of administrative procedural capacity is that it has not only rights but also responsibilities.The legal basis for the emergence of administrative procedural legal relations is the administrative procedural capacity and legal capacity of foreigners, stateless persons as participants in court proceedings. This issue is regulated by Chapter 4. «Participants in the trial» of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, and Art. 44 of the Code defines the procedural rights and obligations of the participants in the administrative case.

Evidencialidade/mediatividade, modalidade epistémica e (inter)subjetividade

Evidentiality or, following the French linguistic tradition, “mediativity” is a complex and controversial category, with an already extensive body of literature devoted to other languages and a few studies focusing on Portuguese. As a conceptual category, abstracting away from its linguistic means of expression, which is to some extent present in languages such as Portuguese that lack a specific grammatical system for its codification, evidentiality/mediativity raises two main issues which are yet to be addressed: the first question concerns the definition of its status as a grammatical, semantic or discursive category and of its conceptual basis, traditionally characterized as referring to the source of information for the propositional content of the utterance, while the second touches upon its demarcation with respect to the conceptual category of epistemic modality. The aim of this study is to provide an answer to both questions from a cognitive-functional, usage-based perspective, on the basis of two grammaticalized evidential/mediative markers of Portuguese, namely the compound form of the future and the verb parecer ‘seem’ followed by a non-finite verb or a finite clause. We sustain the view that evidentiality provides an indication about the source and reliability of the information, and that reliability does not necessarily involve degrees of epistemic speaker commitment or degrees of (un)certainty. While the reportative evidential uses of the compound form of the future in Modern European Portuguese, typical of news reports, and of parecer provide evidence for the relative independence of evidentiality in relation to epistemic modality, the inferential evidential uses of the compound future and of parecer reveal a close link, and even a partial overlap, between evidentiality and epistemic modality. Both reportative and inferential uses of these evidential markers contribute to the speaker’s epistemic control in the discourse and speaker’s intersubjective alignment. While the inferential uses of the compound future and of parecer stemmed from diachronic cognitive and pragmatic-discursive processes of subjectification, the reportative uses of these evidential markers resulted from diachronic cognitive and pragmatic-discursive processes of intersubjectification.

Роль и доказательственное значение сведений, полученных в результате проведения психофизиологического исследования в российском уголовном судопроизводстве

The use of scientific and technical means in the framework of the disclosure and investigation of a criminal case is focused on obtaining the information necessary for its investigation. Conducting psychophysiological studies using a polygraph is one of the controversial categories in criminal proceedings in Russia. The article analyzes the legal basis for the use of a polygraph, judicial practice on the issue of attributing the conclusions of a polygraph examiner to sources of evidence, the opinions of process scientists.

Believing in dissociative amnesia relates to claiming it: a survey of people’s experiences and beliefs about dissociative amnesia

ABSTRACT Dissociative amnesia is one of the most controversial categories in the field of psychiatry and clinical psychology. Self-reports of dissociative amnesia in the general population, and beliefs about this topic, have so far not been subjected to empirical scrutiny. Here, we surveyed a sample from the general population (N = 1017), revealing that about a tenth (n = 102) claimed to have experienced dissociative amnesia. Some claims pertained to amnesia for traumatic autobiographical experiences (e.g., sexual assault), while other claims reflected memory loss for experiences that can be regarded as non-traumatic or non-stressful (e.g., dissociative amnesia for an anniversary). Importantly, many participants believed in the existence of dissociative amnesia, and those who claimed dissociative amnesia indicated even more belief in this phenomenon than the rest of the sample. Finally, many participants indicated to have at least once claimed to have feigned memory loss in their life, and that they experienced some form of forgetting when trying to retrieve events for which they lied upon. Overall, our findings suggest that claiming dissociative amnesia goes hand in hand with believing in dissociative amnesia.

Discourse Markers of French: Multifaceted Look at a Controversial Category

In this paper, we discuss the question of discourse markers (DM) – a category conceived differently by theoretical and applied linguistic approaches. Unlike in applied approaches, in which DMs are considered desemantized/grammaticalized lexical units devoid of their own semantics and therefore of status in the language, we consider DMs to constitute a full-fledged category of language, having its own semantics and distribution, both of which play a crucial role in the construction of discourse (Paillard 2011, 2012; Franckel 2008, 2019). This hypothesis has been developed in theoretical linguistics and has seen little evidence from a perspective of the acquisition and didactics of foreign languages. Based on cross-analysis of linguistic theories (Benveniste 1974; Ducrot 1980; Hopper &amp; Traugott 1993; Culioli 1990,1999; Franckel &amp; Paillard 2008) and on distributional analysis of data of the spoken corpora, we show that the absence of specific linguistic status for DMs has repercussions at the didactic and acquisition levels: DMs are generally approached in an ad hoc manner, all functions combined, which leads on the one hand to gaps in the acquisition of French and, on the other hand, to the ambiguity of criteria for evaluation. Therefore, at the level of applied linguistics, we suggest the integration of DMs in the learning path as a full category, an integration that must be carried out on several axes – semantic, syntax and prosodic – and be based on an authentic oral corpora of the spoken language. At the theoretical level, we use transversal analysis in order to give yet another argument in favor of a semantical-enunciative approach to discursive markers.

Atypia and Follicular Lesions of Undetermined Significance in Subsequent Biopsy Result: What Clinicians Need to Know.

Atypia and follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is the most controversial category of The Bethesda System. The risk of malignancy (ROM) in this group is estimated as 5–15%, however, the occurrence of two or more subsequent biopsy results with AUS/FLUS diagnosis makes these clinical situations more complex. We evaluated the ROM and prognostic value of aggressive ultrasound (US) features in 342 patients with thyroid nodules (TNs) with subsequent biopsy results of AUS/FLUS. We assessed US features and compared them with the final histopathological diagnosis. Overall, 121 (35.4%) individuals after first AUS/FLUS diagnosis underwent surgery and 221 (64.6%) patients had repeated biopsies. The ROM after first, second, and third biopsies with subsequent AUS/FLUS diagnosis were 7.4%, 18.5%, and 38.4% respectively. We demonstrated significantly higher rates of occurrence of aggressive US features in patients with malignancy (p < 0.0001). The age <55 years old was also a significant risk factor for TC (p = 0.044). Significant associations were found between aggressive US features and malignancy in patients after first diagnosis of AUS/FLUS (p < 0.05). The juxtaposition of US features with the number of biopsy repetitions of TN with consecutive AUS/FLUS diagnoses may simplify the decision-making process in surgical management. Two or three consecutive biopsy results with AUS/FLUS diagnosis increases the ROM.

Patient outcomes following surgical management of thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda category III (AUS/FLUS).

The Bethesda classification system for reporting thyroid cytopathology is the standard for interpreting fine needle aspirate (FNA). Because of its heterogeneity and inconsistent reporting, atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), known as Bethesda category III, is the most controversial category. Thyroid nodules that fall within Bethesda categories III-IV have an overall risk of malignancy of between 15 and 40%. The aim of this study was to determine the malignancy rate in Bethesda III nodules. A retrospective study was performed for 1166 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for multinodular goitre (MNG) or solitary nodular goitre (SNG) in our institution between June 2010 and May 2020. Data retrieved included demographic characteristics of the patients, FNB cytology, thyroid function test results, type of thyroidectomy, and final histology results. During the study period, 29.5% (344/1166) of patients with an FNA categorized as AUS/FLUS underwent thyroid surgery. Of these 344 patients, 190 were diagnosed with MNG and 154 with SNG. Incidental malignancy was found in 35 of 190 cases of MNG (18.42%) and 31 of 154 cases of SNG (20.13%). The most common malignant tumour type in either category was the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The current study demonstrates that patients with a FNA categorized as AUS/FLUS may have a higher risk of malignancy than traditionally believed. Reconsideration may be necessary to guidelines that recommend observation or repeat FNA in this category of patients.

TO THE QUESTION ABOUT CORRELATION OF ABUSE OF A RIGHT AND OBLIGATIONS FROM INJURY

Abuse of law is an interesting and controversial category in the doctrine of civil law. The article notes that the history of this category originates in the law of ancient Rome, where the issues of abuse of law were considered by Roman lawyers in relation to specific cases. The grounds for classifying the abuse of a rights on various grounds are indicated. The article deals with the correlation between the categories of «abuse of a right» and obligations from injury, analyze the grounds of tort responsibility and responsibility for abuse of a right in various forms was carried out (actions bypassing the law with an illegal purpose, as well as other deliberately unfair exercise of civil rights). It was revealed that these categories are not identical and the rules on non-contractual liability in case of abuse of law begin to work in a subsidiary regime

Dependent taxis: Semantic features and methods of expression in english

The article discusses the results of a study of ways of expressing dependent taxis in English language. Taxis, being a highly controversial category, express the meaning of simultaneity - the multi-temporality of conjugate actions performed in an integral time period. The dependent taxi is expressed both lexically and grammatically (morphological and syntactic means). The semantics of the dependent taxis are conveyed by both analytical and synthetic grammatical methods.