Controversial Approach Research Articles

The dominant model of meat production and consumption as a socially acute question for activist education

Public debate often centers on issues that affect our lives and which reflect interests of various social groups and scientific communities, leading to controversies about what we may call socially acute questions (SAQs). In this paper we focus on two SAQs linked to the dominant model of meat production and consumption in Western countries, namely its impact on the environment and the health problems associated with high-meat diets. Given the importance of education in relation to these SAQs, our main objectives here were to examine the extent to which a Cartography of Controversy (CoC) approach is a useful tool for exploring and visualizing the views and ideas of preservice teachers about the controversies associated with this model of meat production and consumption, and to compare their initial maps with our own, one that is informed by a more detailed socio-epistemological analysis. As a complement to this inquiry, we also present the SAQ–Eating Meat project, the aim of which is to encourage citizens to reflect on how food production and consumption may impact health and the environment, and then to take action toward change. In comparison with our own map, those produced by students did not reflect the full complexity of the controversies surrounding the dominant model of meat production and consumption, and some actants were missing. The results nevertheless suggest that a CoC approach is a useful way of engaging students with SAQs and that it offers them a framework in which to extend their inquiry and knowledge, providing a platform from which they may move toward taking action for change.

Interprofessional Team Conflict Resolution: A Critical Literature Review.

Although concern related to conflicts within health care teams has been discussed in the literature, most studies have focused on individuals' personal conflict management style identification or on managers resolving workplace conflicts between parties. The purpose of this review was to identify significant components in the field of conflict with particular attention to conceptual findings that may be integrated into understanding interprofessional health care team conflict and its resolution. A critical review of the conflict literature across many fields was undertaken using the method identified by Grant and Booth, incorporating literature-search, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis. This critical review explored existing models and schools of thought to provide an overview of how conflict is conceptualized, its focus on interpersonal and workplace issues, team conflict application and training in team conflict resolution, and finally a summary of this review's contribution to interprofessional health care team conflict and its resolution. Team conflict is comprised of three forms-relationship, task, and process. When team building occurs that incorporates training in the use of an adapted constructive controversy approach, there is a greater opportunity to enhance the quality of a cooperative approach to patients' care planning. Training in team conflict resolution is needed as a key ingredient to ensure all team members can enhance the effectiveness and quality of interprofessional client-centered collaborative practice. This benefits not only the health providers in the team, but also their clients/patients who are recipients of their shared teamwork.

Prophylactic Anti-Seizure Medication Use in Newly Diagnosed Brain Tumor Patients (P3-13.002)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To evaluate the use of prophylactic anti-seizure medications (ASM) in seizure-naïve patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors <h3>Background:</h3> Many physicians continue to prescribe ASM to seizure-naïve brain tumor patients, even though treatment guidelines recommend against such practice. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> In this retrospective observational study, electronic medical records from the TriNetX Dataworks – USA Network were used to identify patients with a record of brain tumor diagnosis and no evidence of seizure diagnosis from 2012 to 2017. Patients who were prescribed a prophylactic ASM were propensity-score (PS) matched with those who were not at a 1:1 ratio on age, sex, race, ethnicity, tumor types, comorbidities, prescription medications, and procedures. Prophylactic ASM use was defined as the prescription of ≥1 ASM from 30 days before the first brain tumor diagnosis and up to 30 days afterwards. Hazard ratios for seizure development and mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The first brain tumor diagnosis date was considered the index date, and patients were followed up to 5 years from their first prescription record, death, or whichever occurred first. <h3>Results:</h3> Of the 117,834 seizure-naïve patients who were newly diagnosed with brain tumor, 18,963 (16.1%) were prescribed a prophylactic ASM. Of the 14,238 patients in each PS-matched cohort, 778 of those on prophylaxis (5.5%) and 452 of those not on prophylaxis (3.0%) developed a seizure during the follow-up period (Hazard Ratio: 2.3 [95% CI: 2.0, 2.6]). Mortality hazard was 1.1 times (95% CI: 1.1, 1.2) higher in those on prophylactic ASM. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Seizure-naïve patients with brain tumor who were prescribed a prophylactic ASM had a higher hazard of developing a seizure compared with those who were not. Unobserved risk factors that were not controlled for may explain the apparent analysis results. Clinical trials are warranted to further examine this controversial disease management approach. <b>Disclosure:</b> Miss Jang has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Eisai Inc.. Miss Jang has received research support from Eisai Inc.. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Vivacitas Oncology. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Servier. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Sapience. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for NuVox Therapeutics. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Cordance Medical. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for ONO Pharmaceutical. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Blue Earth Diagnostics. The institution of Dr. Peters has received research support from Novocure. The institution of Dr. Peters has received research support from Biomimetix. The institution of Dr. Peters has received research support from Servier. The institution of Dr. Peters has received research support from Varian. The institution of Dr. Peters has received research support from Sapience. Dr. Peters has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Educational Lecturer with Eisai. Dr. Ngo has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Eisai Inc.. An immediate family member of Dr. Morita-Sherman has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Forrester Research. Dr. Morita-Sherman has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Eisai Inc.. An immediate family member of Dr. Morita-Sherman has stock in Forrester Research. The institution of Dr. Morita-Sherman has received research support from Cleveland Clinic.

Narrowing the Gap in the Access to Justice for Child Victims in Postconflict Societies: An Analysis Stemming from the Construction of Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy

ABSTRACT∞ A controversial approach characterizes international law and policy on children affected by armed conflict: it is much more concerned with child soldiers’ victimization than with their victims’ situation. This approach leads to (1) the prioritization of the former over the child victims of their crimes before judicial and non-judicial mechanisms and (2) a significant disparity in how international law and policy respond to the victimization of war-affected children in the presence of those categorized as ‘child soldiers.’ To narrow this gap, this article explores the potential of defining child soldiers as victims who victimize during trials. It does so by discussing the practice observed in local juvenile courts in the North and South Kivu provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Plant and animal protein for muscle mass and strength gains: a systematic review

Background: Controversial approaches to studying the effect of proteins of various origins on the functional parameters of human skeletal muscles have led to the erroneous opinion that plant-based protein is a lesser stimulator of muscle mass growth and muscle strength than animal protein. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to actually evaluate the effects of plant and animal protein intake on muscle mass and strength through studies comparing protein supplements.Methods: Literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Research Gate and the database of the Russian State Library. Studies were considered both in English and in Russian, over the past 20 years, filtered by date: from July 2002 to July 2022. Inclusion Criteria: Participants are healthy men and women over 18 years of age; taking protein supplements from plant products (soy, wheat, pea, rice, etc.); comparison with a group taking protein supplements from animal products (whey, beef, egg, etc.); studies assessed lean and/or muscle mass and assessed participants' muscle strength before and after supplementation; randomized controlled trial.Results: A total of 970 studies were found. After initial screening for title and abstract, 938 studies were excluded. Of the 32 publications selected, 5 duplicates were excluded, and after a secondary selection, 18 studies that did not meet the PICOS criteria were excluded. As a result of the search and selection, the review included 9 publications.Conclusions: Athletes and active individuals who prefer to consume plant-based protein products may not be inferior in terms of muscle strength and muscle mass to those athletes who prefer animal-based protein products. To further explore this topic, more randomized controlled trials should be conducted, taking into account the requirements for standardization and with a large number of participants.Registration: PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022345245

UMA ANÁLISE DO PROCESSO DE ELABORAÇÃO DE PERGUNTAS PRODUZIDAS POR LICENCIANDOS EM QUÍMICA A PARTIR DA LITERATURA DE DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING QUESTIONS PRODUCED BY CHEMISTRY STUDENTS IN A TEACHING PROGRAM BASED ON SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION LITERATURE. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the use of scientific dissemination literature (SDL) in the process of formulating questions developed by chemistry students in a Teaching Program in Chemistry. To this end, the book entitled The Disappearing Spoon was analyzed in terms of categories referring to format and content, while the 18 questions produced by these students about the chapters read were analyzed in terms of presupposition and request. The investigation was carried out with 16 undergraduates who were taking a theoretical course on “Introduction to Chemistry”, as part of the Teaching Program in Chemistry. According to the analysis carried out, some particularities of format, such as the scarcity of visual resources, the autonomous structure of the chapters and the language, may have influenced the elaborated presentations. It is interesting to note that almost half of the questions produced were of an investigative nature, demonstrating the potential of SDL to stimulate high cognitive skills. In addition, the questions with investigative requests were mostly opinion questions, which may have been motivated by characteristics of the text read, such as the content with a controversial approach used by the author, when reporting on some aspects of scientific activity.

Improving Students' Critical Thinking Skills through an Ethnomathematically Controversial Problem-Based Multimodal Approach

Improving Students' Critical Thinking Skills through an Ethnomathematically Controversial Problem-Based Multimodal Approach

“Case Study” method and its application in teaching “Business English” for international law specialty

Although case study methods remain a controversial approach to data collection, they are widely recognised in many social science studies especially when in-depth explanations of a social behaviour are sought after. This article, therefore, discusses several aspects of case studies as a research method. The purpose of the article is to study of the case study method that can be applied in modern teaching at universities, which is aimed at formation of individual readiness for effective cross-cultural interaction and professional comtetitiveness at the global labour market. In particular, the main tasks of the ongoing study are to: firstly, single out the main features, advantages and limitations of the case study method; secondly, demonstrate by means of samples of three Business English case studies and legal case introduction that can be useful in shaping professional competencies of modern university students during the studying process. The outcomes of the ongoing research have witnessed that case study method has the strengths and weaknesses of both forms of inquiry. Weaknesses are: firstly, the case studies involve analysis of small data sets, that may lead the researcher to gain some insights about trends in relevant industries; secondly, the data is “real life” in the sense that some objects have been chosen as the source of the data, however, the studies involve “small-in” data. Strengths are: firstly, the case study method involves detailed, holistic investigation; secondly, the data can be collected over a period of time, and it is contextual.

A History of Romanian Contemporary Literature: Impact and Reception

At the beginning of 2021, Mihai Iovănel published Istoria literaturii române contemporane – 1990-2020, the first Romanian history of literature that scrutinizes the post-communist period. Another novelty brought by this book is that it proposes an ideological approach to the literary field, with a strong (post)Marxist bias, in accordance and synchronicity with the global trend in the humanistic field, but not very popular in the Romanian cultural space. No wonder it was, perhaps, the most commented upon literary study of the past years, and most of the reviewers and critics focused on this controversial approach towards contemporary literature, favouring or rejecting its validity. This paper tries to establish the influence of Iovănelʼs ideological approach on the interpretation of contemporary literature and the aesthetic validity of his work. At the same time, it deals with the impact this book had in academic and literary circles, surveying the recent opinions and judgments on the book and the interplay of ideological/aesthetic arguments of the reviewers. The analysis shows that, more often than not, the reviewersʼ ideological positioning is relevant and influential upon their judgments, even if they manage to preserve their scientific objectivity. The paper also stresses the importance of this pioneering work and the shift in perspective it proposes, together with its limits (sometimes accepted by the author), and it establishes its relevance as a starting point for similar studies in the future.

School-based harm reduction with adolescents: a pilot study

A pilot study of Safety First: Real Drug Education for Teens showed significant results pre to post curriculum with high school freshmen. Negative outcomes of drug education are linked to a failure to engage students because of developmentally inappropriate materials that include activities that have no relevance to real experiences of young people. The few harm reduction studies showed increased student drug related knowledge. Students were less likely to consume substances, and less likely to consume to harmful levels. More studies are necessary to evidence harm reduction efficacy in the classroom. The goal of this study was to measure harm reduction knowledge and behaviors, including drug policy advocacy, before and after Safety First. Data were analyzed using McNemar’s test, ANOVA, linear regression, t-tests and thematic coding. Survey results, corroborated by the qualitative findings, showed a significant increase (p < .05) in high school freshmen harm reduction knowledge and behaviors in relationship to substance use pre to post Safety First. This increase related to a decrease in overall substance use. Harm reduction is often perceived as a controversial approach to substance use. These findings have implications for further study of what could be a promising harm reduction-based substance use intervention with teens.

Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroglossal Duct Cyst and Thyroid Gland with Hashimoto

The ectopic thyroid gland is a rare condition. In most cases, ectopic thyroid tissue is the only functioning thyroid tissue, but it may rarely be associated with a normal thyroid gland. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma within a thyroglossal duct cyst is a very rare entity, with controversial individual approaches. This encouraged us to present the case of a 31-year- old woman, with papillary thyroid carcinoma in the thyroid gland and in the thyroid ectopic tissue within the thyroglossal duct. After suspicion of thyroid malignancy in the ultrasonography of the neck, FNA-biopsy was performed on the thyroid nodule and the thyroglossal duct cyst. Since the pathological exam revealed a papillary carcinoma in the eutopic and ectopic thyroid tissues, the Sistrunk procedure and total thyroidectomy were done, followed by radioiodine ablation.

Importance, Tools, and Challenges of Protecting Trees

Trees are the most important landscape architects of our planet, not only in forests but also in countless other ecosystems, including human-fabricated habitats. Due to their significance in the majority of terrestrial ecosystems, trees play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and providing food and habitat for countless microorganisms, fungi, climbers, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Trees are also indispensable for the development of human societies and are important for our survival today and in the future. Trees therefore have an inestimable scientific, economic, social, cultural, and aesthetic value. In addition, they were and are playing an essential role in myths, rituals, and cultures of nearly all indigenous and modern societies. Despite these facts, the protection of trees is insufficient, both globally due to climate change and deforestation, but also locally, for example in the big cities through deterioration of soils or improper care. In industrialized countries, only recently has the need for targeted protection efforts for tree species or even for individual trees been recognized. Our review starts with the differentiation and definitions of forests and trees. Furthermore, we present the main categories and subcategories of trees, each of them possessing different functions in their ecosystems and for human societies and thus needing specific legal protection measures. The second part of our review presents the most important tools for improving the protection of trees. On the one hand, there exist a series of international initiatives, conventions, and agreements, and on the other hand, there are numerous legal tools, such as red lists, lists of protected species, and legislation for the protection of monument and habitat trees. The main challenge of the 21st century is to find a solution to make the development and growth of modern human societies compatible with the protection of natural resources such as forests. The large number of tree species, as well as the large proportion of threatened tree species, makes this problem even larger. Finally, the most recent and controversial approach of attributing trees the rights as legal persons is discussed.

Pandemic policy assessment by artificial intelligence

Mobility-control policy is a controversial nonpharmacological approach to pandemic control due to its restriction on people’s liberty and economic impacts. Due to the computational complexity of mobility control, it is challenging to assess or compare alternative policies. Here, we develop a pandemic policy assessment system that employs artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate and analyze mobility-control policies. The system includes three components: (1) a general simulation framework that models different policies to comparable network-flow control problems; (2) a reinforcement-learning (RL) oracle to explore the upper-bound execution results of policies; and (3) comprehensive protocols for converting the RL results to policy-assessment measures, including execution complexity, effectiveness, cost and benefit, and risk. We applied the system to real-world metropolitan data and evaluated three popular policies: city lockdown, community quarantine, and route management. For each policy, we generated mobility-pandemic trade-off frontiers. The results manifest that the smartest policies, such as route management, have high execution complexity but limited additional gain from mobility retention. In contrast, a moderate-level intelligent policy such as community quarantine has acceptable execution complexity but can effectively suppress infections and largely mitigate mobility interventions. The frontiers also show one or two turning points, reflecting the safe threshold of mobility retention when considering policy-execution errors. In addition, we simulated different policy environments and found inspirations for the current policy debates on the zero-COVID policy, vaccination policy, and relaxing restrictions.

Subtitling quality assessment from a relevance-theoretic perspective

Abstract Assessing the quality of translation is never straightforward and rarely objective. Context, audience, text type, function and lexis are only some of the criteria that need to be taken into account. In the case of constrained intersemiotic translation, subtitling being a prime example thereof, determining universal criteria for assessment is particularly testing. Often referred to as “necessary evil”, audiovisual translation (AVT) needs to avoid distracting the audience, while aiding their comprehension of the audiovisual message. This is particularly the case for additive AVT, for instance subtitling, where the translation does not replace the original, but coexists with it. Relevance Theory, a controversial but flexible approach to communication, may provide a viable framework for gauging subtitling quality. The interplay between relevance, communicative intention and processing effort can help explain the rationale behind the process of decision-making in the practice of AVT. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the application of Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory to interlingual subtitling, followed by an analysis of selected examples from a large corpus of mostly English-language movies, series and documentaries streamed on Netflix with Polish subtitles. Though the corpus is Polish-centred, the research conclusions are intended to be universal enough to apply regardless of the language pair.

Quantification of immunosuppressants from one 3.2 mm dried blood spot by a novel cold-induced phase separation based LC-MS/MS method

Dried blood spots (DBS) have been regarded as a promising alternative for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of immunosuppressants (ISDs) for over fifteen years. Nonetheless, there are still three main issues impeding its preference: (i) the requirement of relatively large disc; (ii) the controversial and intricate desorption approaches; (iii) the lack of feasible extraction strategies. For improvement, this work described a new LC-MS/MS method realizing quantification of four ISDs from one piece of 3.2 mm DBS. During sample pretreatment, a modified approach (infiltrating the DBS in pure water before adding acetonitrile and zinc sulfate as protein-precipitators) was developed to completely dissociate the targets from filter paper. Afterward, effective enrichment and purification of the targets were achieved by using cold-induced phase separation technique. Benefiting from these novelties, the method exhibited satisfying throughput (15 min for sample preparation), applicability (consuming only one 3.2 mm disc), reliability (82.3–107.8% for accuracy and <14.3% for precision) and sensitivity (lower limit of quantification of 0.5, 7.6, 0.7 and 0.8 ng mL−1 for tacrolimus, cyclosporine A, everolimus and sirolimus, respectively). Without hematocrit correction, the method showed favorable interchangeability to the certified whole blood method through analyzing 120 paired clinical samples. By taking ±20% of the mean as the limit of acceptance for cross validation, over 90% of the detection met the criterion. It can be expected the developed method is able to further promote the popularization of DBS-based TDM for ISDs in practice.

The Power of South African Courts to Order Scientific Tests to Determine the Paternity of a Child: Highlighting the Existing Gaps

Legislative reticence on the issue of compelling an unwilling or uncooperative parent and child to submit themselves for scientific test to determine the paternity of a child has sparked plenty of controversial approaches by the judiciary of South Africa: the designated authority as upper guardian of all children in the Republic. While the notion of ‘best interest of the child’ is factored in when making this determination, some courts have held that they lack such a power to make an order of that nature. Others have entertained the view that it might not be in the best interest of the child, especially when it is likely that the results of the test may prove that the alleged father is not the biological father and financial obligations may cease in this regard. In the view of another high court, discovery of the truth is also in the best interest of the child and as such the court may order such scientific tests as may be necessary. This article explores the legislative silence on the issue of ordering scientific tests. It examines the different cases in which various high courts took a different reasoning, at the end of which inconsistencies, controversies and uncertainties became the unfortunate outcome. In order to resolve this legal puzzle, especially at a time when the integrity of mothers seems to be questionable, and considering the huge financial implication it may have on those who have to pay financial support for children, the high courts may need to provide more consistency in their approach to the issue of ordering parents and children to undertake scientific tests to establish paternity. In addition, legislative reform may be needed to lay this dilemma to eternal rest.

Regarding further prospects in innovation of the rule-making legislative basis

In Ukraine, the idea of systematization and unification of regulations, due to which positive law arises and is formed, has been discussed and defended for a long time. At the same time, to date, attempts in Ukraine to pass a law on rule-making have not been finalized. With the introduction of the draft Law on Legislative Activity in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and subsequent voting on it by parliamentarians in the first reading, the issue of further prospects for innovation of the legislative basis of rule-making was raised again.An analysis of the constitutional provisions on rule-making in Ukraine has been presented. The European experience of constitutionalization of rule-making has been analyzed and the need to list the list of sources of law in the basic legal act of the state and to define the basic provisions on rule-making has been emphasized. It has been emphasized that the European experience of constitutionalization of rule-making / law-making indicates that the constitution as the basic law should answer the question of whether the state should have a law on normative acts and rule-making or need a broader approach reflected in law-making.In Ukraine, the fundamental position of legal science needs to be constitutionalized, that by-laws cannot contain primary norms of law, especially since the European experience indicates the need for such a step. By-laws must be adopted on the basis of and in compliance with the provisions of the law. Attention is drawn to the fact that the basic concepts and constructions of the draft Law of Ukraine “On Law-making”, such as law-making and principles of law-making, need significant refinement, as they are based on controversial conceptual approaches.

Laparoscopic vs open Ladd\u2019s procedure for malrotation in neonates and infants: a propensity score matching analysis

BackgroundLaparoscopic Ladd’s procedure for malrotation in children is still a controversial approach. Although some retrospective studies have compared the outcomes of the two types of procedure with inconsistency outcomes. Currently, there are few large-scale studies on laparoscopic treatment in malrotation with neonates and infants. We did a study based on propensity score matching to compare the effects of the two kinds of approach in neonates and infants. To investigate the therapeutic effect of laparoscopy and open Ladd’s procedure by the propensity score-matching (PSM) to enhance the validity of the comparison.MethodsA total series of 143 cases of intestinal malrotation without intestinal necrosis was included in the study during the 8 years from January 2012 to January 2020, including 68 cases of open Ladd’s procedure and 75 cases of laparoscopic Ladd’s procedure including five cases of transfer laparotomy. By a propensity score 1:1 matching, 62 patients were stratified for each group.Results and conclusionThere was no significant difference in volvulus degree, weight and gender between the two groups (p > 0.05). Laparoscopic surgery took more time than open surgery (105.9 min vs 70.6 min, p < 0.05), but it had less hospital stay (12.4 days vs 14.6 days, p < 0.05) or less incision infection (0 vs 6, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups at the time of first defecation, blood loss, time of full feeding and reoperation (p > 0.05). The cosmetic effect of laparoscopic surgery is better than that of open surgery. Laparoscopic Ladd’s procedure is a safe approach. It can reduce the length of hospital stay and incision infection, but the operation time was extended, the other complications are similar compared with open procedure for intestinal malrotation in neonates and infants.

Limits of (Im)Mortality - Reflections on the Right to Die in the Context of the Transhumanist Vision of the Future Human

Contemporary breakthrough discoveries of biological sciences and the ongoing technological revolution make the problem of the border of human life and the ways of its designing sound today in a completely new light. The aim of the paper is primarily to identify problems that arise on the legal grounds in connection with the latest discoveries of science. There is doubt as to whether dynamically developing social movements, such as transhumanism, do not require rethinking, in a completely new context, the right to death, subject to the huge complexity of this issue. The paper points out that in the light of immortality projects, there is the need to regulate the right to death in a manner significantly different from the already existing and still controversial approaches. The considerations carried out in the article are futurological and legal in nature, but it was mainly about a panoramic overview of legal problems related to biotechnological progress and projects of extending human life, including up to eternity.

ՍՈՑԻԱԼԱԿԱՆ ԻՐԱՎՈՒՆՔՆԵՐԻ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱԴՐԱԿԱՆ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՈՒՄ/THE ISSUE OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF SOCIAL RIGHTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA/ ПРОБЛЕМА КОНСТИТУЦИОННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРАВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ АРМЕНИЯ

Based on the existing theories in the science of comparative constitutional law, as well as judicial practice formed at the international and domestic levels, this article discusses the issue of constitutionalization of social rights. Despite the controversial approaches and disagreements, the studies show that there are a number of acceptable structures of constitutional regulations regarding the protection of social rights. Analyzing the strong and weak forms of judicial constitutional review, the author outlines the importance of weak or dialogic judicial remedies for social rights. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the four most discussed types of weak legal protection. Based on the studies, the author suggests that the social rights included in Chapter 3 of the RA Constitution, fixed as legislative guarantees and political goals, should be provided with a special regime of protection, based on weak judicial constitutional review. The author believes that the "reasonableness measure" or mixed (weak-strong, hybrid) constitutional review models can be considered as options for weak control, depending on the political problems faced by the State.