Delay Control Research Articles

2023 American College of Rheumatology and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline for the Optimal Timing of Elective Hip or Knee Arthroplasty for Patients With Symptomatic Moderate-to-Severe Osteoarthritis or Advanced Symptomatic Osteonecrosis With Secondary Arthritis for Whom Nonoperative Therapy Is Ineffective

ObjectiveTo develop evidence-based consensus recommendations for the optimal timing of hip and knee arthroplasty to improve patient-important outcomes including, but not limited to, pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year for patients with symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis of the hip or knee who have previously attempted nonoperative therapy, and for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective, and who have chosen to undergo elective hip or knee arthroplasty (collectively referred to as TJA). MethodsWe developed 13 clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, outcomes (PICO) questions. After a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the quality of evidence (high, moderate, low, or very low), and evidence tables were created. A Voting Panel, including 13 physicians and patients, discussed the PICO questions until consensus was achieved on the direction (for/against) and strength (strong/conditional) of the recommendations. ResultsThe panel conditionally recommended against delaying TJA to pursue additional nonoperative treatment including physical therapy, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ambulatory aids, and intraarticular injections. It conditionally recommended delaying TJA for nicotine reduction or cessation. The panel conditionally recommended delay for better glycemic control for patients who have diabetes mellitus, although no specific measure or level was identified. There was consensus that obesity by itself was not a reason for delay, but that weight loss should be strongly encouraged, and the increase in operative risk should be discussed. The panel conditionally recommended against delay in patients who have severe deformity or bone loss, or in patients who have a neuropathic joint. Evidence for all recommendations was graded as low or very low quality. ConclusionThis guideline provides evidence-based recommendations regarding the optimal timing of TJA in patients who have symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective to improve patient-important outcomes, including pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year. We acknowledge that the evidence is of low quality primarily due to indirectness and hope future research will allow for further refinement of the recommendations.

2023 American College of Rheumatology and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline for the Optimal Timing of Elective Hip or Knee Arthroplasty for Patients With Symptomatic Moderate-to-Severe Osteoarthritis or Advanced Symptomatic Osteonecrosis With Secondary Arthritis for Whom Nonoperative Therapy Is Ineffective.

To develop evidence-based consensus recommendations for the optimal timing of hip and knee arthroplasty to improve patient-important outcomes including, but not limited to, pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year for patients with symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis of the hip or knee who have previously attempted nonoperative therapy, and for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective, and who have chosen to undergo elective hip or knee arthroplasty (collectively referred to as TJA). We developed 13 clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, outcomes (PICO) questions. After a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the quality of evidence (high, moderate, low, or very low), and evidence tables were created. A Voting Panel, including 13 physicians and patients, discussed the PICO questions until consensus was achieved on the direction (for/against) and strength (strong/conditional) of the recommendations. The panel conditionally recommended against delaying TJA to pursue additional nonoperative treatment including physical therapy, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ambulatory aids, and intraarticular injections. It conditionally recommended delaying TJA for nicotine reduction or cessation. The panel conditionally recommended delay for better glycemic control for patients who have diabetes mellitus, although no specific measure or level was identified. There was consensus that obesity by itself was not a reason for delay, but that weight loss should be strongly encouraged, and the increase in operative risk should be discussed. The panel conditionally recommended against delay in patients who have severe deformity or bone loss, or in patients who have a neuropathic joint. Evidence for all recommendations was graded as low or very low quality. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations regarding the optimal timing of TJA in patients who have symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective to improve patient-important outcomes, including pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year. We acknowledge that the evidence is of low quality primarily due to indirectness and hope future research will allow for further refinement of the recommendations.

2023 American College of Rheumatology and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline for the Optimal Timing of Elective Hip or Knee Arthroplasty for Patients With Symptomatic Moderate-to-Severe Osteoarthritis or Advanced Symptomatic Osteonecrosis With Secondary Arthritis for Whom Nonoperative Therapy Is Ineffective.

To develop evidence-based consensus recommendations for the optimal timing of hip and knee arthroplasty to improve patient-important outcomes including, but not limited to, pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year for patients with symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis of the hip or knee who have previously attempted nonoperative therapy, and for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective, and who have chosen to undergo elective hip or knee arthroplasty (collectively referred to as TJA). We developed 13 clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, outcomes (PICO) questions. After a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the quality of evidence (high, moderate, low, or very low), and evidence tables were created. A Voting Panel, including 13 physicians and patients, discussed the PICO questions until consensus was achieved on the direction (for/against) and strength (strong/conditional) of the recommendations. The panel conditionally recommended against delaying TJA to pursue additional nonoperative treatment including physical therapy, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ambulatory aids, and intraarticular injections. It conditionally recommended delaying TJA for nicotine reduction or cessation. The panel conditionally recommended delay for better glycemic control for patients who have diabetes mellitus, although no specific measure or level was identified. There was consensus that obesity by itself was not a reason for delay, but that weight loss should be strongly encouraged, and the increase in operative risk should be discussed. The panel conditionally recommended against delay in patients who have severe deformity or bone loss, or in patients who have a neuropathic joint. Evidence for all recommendations was graded as low or very low quality. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations regarding the optimal timing of TJA in patients who have symptomatic and radiographic moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis or advanced symptomatic osteonecrosis with secondary arthritis for whom nonoperative therapy was ineffective to improve patient-important outcomes, including pain, function, infection, hospitalization, and death at 1 year. We acknowledge that the evidence is of low quality primarily due to indirectness and hope future research will allow for further refinement of the recommendations.

Quadrant Roadway Intersections: Tradeoffs between Control Delay Savings and Extra Travel Time

A quadrant roadway intersection (QRI) reduces congestion relative to a four-phase intersection. (Note: this study relates to traffic systems where vehicles drive on the right-hand side of the road.) It does this by removing left-turn traffic from the main intersection, resulting in a two-phase signal. Nevertheless, there is a lack of clear understanding of the tradeoffs between savings in control delay versus extra travel time experienced by the rerouted movements. This research compared the operational performance of five QRI designs with the counterpart conventional intersection (CI) under various traffic demand scenarios via TransModeler microsimulation modeling. Three measures-of-effectiveness (MOEs) were employed: time-in-system (TIS), control delay, and intersection capacity utilization. Simulation results show that all QRI designs outperform CI design for all three MOEs under all demand scenarios. QRIs with direct left-turn design have a smaller average TIS than those with loop left-turn design, indicating that savings in control delays did not offset the extra travel times. Under a relatively low demand condition, a single QRI design can generally balance the tradeoffs between control delay and extra travel time. Under a high demand scenario, a dual or full QRI with direct left-turns is preferred, since it reroutes or partially reroutes left- and right-turn traffic to secondary intersections, thus the main intersection has a lower capacity utilization and can accommodate more through-traffic demands than CI, single QRI, and dual or full QRIs with loop left-turns.

Traffic Circulation Efficiency of Elliptical Roundabouts

This paper investigates the impact of geometry of central island of roundabout on operational performance in terms of delay and capacity measures. A roundabout with an elliptical central island having major and minor axes of 63 and 44m respectively was selected as a case study. Using SIDRA Intersection software two simulation models are developed while considering two geometric shapes of central island; one with an elliptical shape and the other with a circular shape. The peak traffic volume of each approach was assigned to both models as a preliminary simulation then twelve scenarios were generated by assigning identical lane volumes starting from a value that gave level of service A and increasing gradually to level of service F. In each scenario 100% of the volume assigned to an approach while the other was assigned with 75% of it and this process was reversed for every run. The results revealed that at high degree of saturation, the elliptical roundabout generally possessed a higher performance especially in term of delay and capacity compared to the circular roundabout. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out through running eight more simulation scenarios to examine the impacts of heavy vehicle percentage (HV%) on the roundabout operational performance. The (HV %) started from 2% and increased to 12% with alternate approach virtual volume, and the results showed that performance of the elliptical roundabout was higher than the circular roundabout. However it was more susceptible to increase of HV% in term of control delay and capacity.

Disturbance supression improved discrete sliding mode fast current tracking control of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak fast control power supply

SummaryThe output current of the fast control power supply for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) excites the load coil. Magnetic field can be quickly generated by the fast output current to control the balance of plasma vertical displacement. In order to improve the output current speed of EAST fast control power supply and its ability to resist external disturbance, an improved discrete integral sliding mode control method combining gray prediction and variable gain sliding mode observer is proposed. A sliding mode disturbance observer is used to observe the total disturbance on the load side, and feedforward compensation control is performed on the total disturbance. To further suppress chattering and accelerate convergence speed, a high‐order term is added to the traditional discrete exponential reach law, and a gain adaptive observer is designed to adaptively adjust the observer gain based on the observed current error and the tracking current error. In the current sampling process, an improved gray prediction structure is added, and the original current sequence of gray prediction is improved based on the principle of new information priority, improving the accuracy of predicted current, compensating for the inherent delay in digital control, and further improving the output current response speed. Simulation and experimental verification show that the proposed disturbance suppression improved discrete integral sliding mode fast current tracking control strategy has faster output current response speed and strong antidisturbance performance.

Margins of postural stability in Parkinson's disease: an application of control theory.

Introduction: Postural instability is a restrictive feature in Parkinson's disease (PD), usually assessed by clinical or laboratory tests. However, the exact quantification of postural stability, using stability theorems that take into account human dynamics, is still lacking. We investigated the feasibility of control theory and the Nyquist stability criterion-gain margin (GM) and phase margin (PM)-in discriminating postural instability in PD, as well as the effects of a balance-training program. Methods: Center-of-pressure (COP) data of 40 PD patients before and after a 4-week balance-training program, and 20 healthy control subjects (HCs) (Study1) as well as COP data of 20 other PD patients at four time points during a 6-week balance-training program (Study2), collected in two earlier studies, were used. COP was recorded in four tasks, two on a rigid surface and two on foam, both with eyes open and eyes closed. A postural control model (an inverted pendulum with a Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and time delay) was fitted to the COP data to subject-specifically identify the model parameters thereby calculating |GM| and PM for each subject in each task. Results: PD patients had a smaller margin of stability (|GM| and PM) compared with HCs. Particularly, patients, unlike HCs, showed a drastic drop in PM on foam. Clinical outcomes and margins of stability improved in patients after balance training. |GM| improved early in week 4, followed by a plateau during the rest of the training. In contrast, PM improved late (week 6) in a relatively continuous-progression form. Conclusion: Using fundamental stability theorems is a promising technique for the standardized quantification of postural stability in various tasks.

High‐frequency resonance in HVDC and wind systems: Root causes and solutions

AbstractThis paper presents methods to model and solve high‐frequency resonance problems in HVDC and wind power systems. Control and digital PWM delays are identified as a common root cause for such resonances. A systematic method to include such delays in small‐signal sequence impedance models is presented. The developed models are fully validated and used to characterize the effects of delay on system stability. In addition to full models that can predict the associated impedance and negative damping behaviour accurately, simplified approximate models are also presented to gain insights. The method is applied to type‐III and type‐IV turbines as well as HVDC converters based on modular multilevel converters (MMC). In addition to resonance of MMC and wind turbines with overhead transmission lines, the paper also identifies several other modes of high‐frequency resonance, including resonance between wind turbines and MMC HVDC converters, among different wind turbines, and between MMC HVDC converters and cables. Different methods to damp high‐frequency resonances are also discussed and demonstrated.

Light-by-light polarization control using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with retardance spectrum shaping

The spectral broadening of a nonlinear polarization retarder based on the polarization dependent interactions of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering is proposed and demonstrated. Through phase-to-retardance conversion, it is shown that polarization can not only be controlled in a bandwidth wider than the natural Brillouin response, but it can also be tailored to provide a certain retardance profile. Broadening is achieved through the engineering of Brillouin phase frequency response via feedback pump regulation, unlike previous schemes based on amplitude and time delay control. Retardance broadening from 51 MHz (natural SBS interaction) to 0.9 GHz along with retardance flattening is demonstrated. This technique contributes to expand optical signal processing tools and opens new possibilities in all-optical switching and routing of data signals as well as in the field of microwave photonics.

The joint action of glyphosate, clethodim, and imazethapyr to control cogongrass (Imperata cylinderica L. Beauv) in the margin of the irrigation canals (A case study using two different approaches)

Cogongrass (Imperata cylinderica L. Beauv) is a cosmopolitan invasive weed which may impact the ecological and economic integrity of our agro-ecosystems. In order to the optimum control of cogongrass and prevent the production of possible herbicide-resistant species, the use of glyphosate with selective herbicides can be considered as an important strategie in modern weed management programs. Therefore, two field experiments were performed to determine the joint action of glyphosate, clethodim, and imazethapyr using the additive dose model (ADM) as a reference model, based on a randomized complete block factorial design with 50 treatments and three replications on the margin of the irrigation canals in North Khuzestan Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in 2021–2022. The treatments included five pure and mixed doses of the herbicides at five mixing ratios as 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. The results showed that the different responses of herbicides binary mixtures were affected by various factors, such as the weed species and the physicochemical incompatibilities of the herbicide formulation. According to the results, the mixture of glyphosate:clethodim, followed the Hewlett model and synergized cogongrass control. While, the concentration addition (CA) model had a better fit for glyphosate:imazethapyr, i.e. showed additive effect. According to the visual observations, the herbicides used doses were reduced at the 4-6-leaf stage of cogongrass. The mixture of glyphosate:clethodim controlled about 90% of cogongrass at different ratios, while more than 81% control of cogongrass was achieved by mixing glyphosate:imazethapyr. Therefore, it concluded that we could combin glyphosate:clethodim and/or imazethapyr to control cogongrass without causing any antagonistic effect on each other's efficiency. On the other hand, the combonation of glyphosate, clethodim, and imazethapyr allows long-term control of broad-range cogongrass and delays in the resistance in the margin of irrigation canals.

Delay sensitive data transmission optimization for energy harvesting relay satellite networks

Relay satellite network has become a promising architecture to provide rapid-response data offloading services for delay-sensitive space data. However, stochastic resources and dynamic inter-satellite contacts bring plenty of difficulties under delay constraints, which affects the transmission efficiency directly. In this paper, we first systematically analyze the data transmission process with delay guarantees and formulate a long-term stochastic optimization problem without a priori statistical knowledge. To tackle this problem, we first transform it into several sub-problems using a queue-stability-related technology. Then, we propose a transmission optimization with delay guarantees algorithm to maximize the system utility by optimizing resource allocation and channel assignment. Furthermore, we provide performance analysis to prove that the proposed algorithm can achieve long-term stability and approach near-optimal system utility. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for system utility maximization and delay control.

Improved Learning-Automata-Based Clustering Method for Controlled Placement Problem in SDN

Clustering, an unsupervised machine learning technique, plays a crucial role in partitioning unlabeled data into meaningful groups. K-means, known for its simplicity, has gained popularity as a clustering method. However, both K-means and the LAC algorithm, which utilize learning automata, are sensitive to the selection of initial points. To overcome this limitation, we propose an enhanced LAC algorithm based on the K-Harmonic means approach. We evaluate its performance on seven datasets and demonstrate its superiority over other representative algorithms. Moreover, we tailor this algorithm to address the controller placement problem in software-defined networks, a critical field in this context. To optimize relevant parameters such as switch–controller delay, intercontroller delay, and load balancing, we leverage learning automata. In our comparative analysis conducted in Python, we benchmark our algorithm against spectral, K-means, and LAC algorithms on four different network topologies. The results unequivocally show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the others, achieving a significant improvement ranging from 3 to 11 percent. This research contributes to the advancement of clustering techniques and their practical application in software-defined networks.

A 25‐Gb/s/pin ground‐referenced signaling transceiver with a DC‐coupled equalizer for on‐package communication

SummaryThis paper proposes a wireline serial link transceiver for on‐package die‐to‐die links based on 12‐nm fin field‐effect transistor (FinFET) technology. The link is crucial for improving the computational performance of larger systems built from chiplets. To achieve high pin/energy efficiency and prevent traditional single‐ended signaling disadvantages, the transceiver adopts single‐ended ground‐reference signaling (GRS) to transfer information. To precompensate for the frequency‐dependent loss, retain the advantages of GRS, and avoid the disadvantages of traditional AC‐coupled equalizer, the transmitter in the transceiver adopts a DC‐coupled switched‐capacitor charge pump equalizer that can transmit GRS and its equilibrium value can be adjusted according to the channel attenuation. This paper proposes a method for timing de‐skew using digital control delay lines to eliminate the timing skew between data and the clock. In addition, this paper presents a duty cycle corrector to avoid duty cycle distortion, with an adjustment range of 44.5% to 52% and a power dissipation of only 30 W. The transceiver has an area of 1.016 0.676 mm2, including one clock lane link and four data lane links. At a nominal 0.8‐V power supply voltage, the aggregate eye‐opening of the measured 25 Gb/s data on an organic substrate channel with an attenuation of −2.2 dB over 6 mm is 0.675 UI, with a bit error rate (BER) of less than 10−12 and an energy efficiency of 1.01 pJ/bit.

Using IIR Filter in Fractional Order Phase Lead Compensation PIMR-RC for Grid-Tied Inverters

Phase lead compensation precision dramatically affects the performance of repetitive controller (RC). Integer order phase lead compensation of proportional integral multi-resonant type RC (PIMR-RC) with low sampling frequency cannot meet the need of fine phase compensation. In addition, the digital control delay affects the actual modeling of the system, and then influences the precision phase compensation. To finely compensate the phase lag of the PIMR-RC system, this paper proposes a fine fractional order phase lead compensation PIMR-RC (FL-PIMR-RC) scheme based on a novel phase lead infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Its comprehensive synthesis is systematically detailed, including actual modeling considering 1.5-period digital control delay, IIR fractional lead filter design, stability analysis, and parameter optimization. Finally, experiments on a 2 kW prototype grid-tied inverter are successfully carried out to verify the solution.

Impact Analysis of Traffic Factors on Urban Bus Bunching

Due to the mixed right-of-way and varying traffic conditions, urban bus operations are often subject to random delays and eventually bus bunching, undermining the schedule reliability. The existing studies have proposed different models to emulate bus bunching and control strategies to mitigate bus bunching, yet few of them considered the effect of the three important traffic factors: intersections with signal coordination, varying traffic volume, and passenger demand. To fill in the research gap, we first define the stop-level frequency of bus bunching events for a bus route in this study. We proceed to present a simulation-based approach to quantify the impact of the three traffic factors on bus bunching. Numerical experiments based on different scenarios are carried out to reveal the cause–effect relationship between these factors and bus bunching events. Contributors to bus bunching are evaluated, and the effect of control delays is examined through statistical measurements. Finally, a real-world case study based on bus route 51 in Singapore is performed, and some insights are provided to alleviate the bus bunching phenomenon.

Hidden Markov model‐based asynchronous exponential stabilization for stochastic Markovian jump systems with incomplete controller mode information

AbstractIn this paper, the exponential stability of a kind of It Markovian jump system is studied. Specifically, the exponential stability is ensured by designing an asynchronous delayed‐feedback controller, whose modes are inconsistent with those of the original system. We have built the necessary new relationship between controller modes and system modes, which can facilitate the stability analysis and also make the famous existing ones special cases of the proposed one. Moreover, practically ubiquitous controller delays, which occur between the sensors and controllers, to the detriment of the system stability, are taken into account, and their maximum values are provided in a theoretic way. In this way, the exponential stability can be well ensured against controller delays. With an eye to practical applications, the transition rates of the considered system and the designed asynchronous controller are assumed to be uncertain, and they can be well dealt with by using a new approach with lower conservatism. Furthermore, a practical example and some comparative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiorities of the obtained conclusion.

Upstream-gating merge-control for maximising network capacity: With an application to urban traffic management

This paper considers a simple network with a merge and a downstream bottleneck, which corresponds to a very congested part of the City of York road network - Gillygate. We focus on “upstream-gating” control strategies which hold traffic back at traffic signals just ahead of the merge to prevent the formation of a queue at a downstream bottleneck; and we also consider different ways of further, additionally, controlling the two inflows to the merge. We show, by considering the simple network, that if the added upstream merge-control uses only flows to control the two approaches to the merge then equilibrium may not exist. For example, with the “zipper” rule (which equalises the two inflows at the merge) an equilibrium cannot exist for certain feasible demands on this network. On the other hand, we show that adding upstream merge-control which equalises the two delays felt at the merge allows an equilibrium for all feasible demands on this network, and so maximises the network capacity, notwithstanding the upstream gating. This suggests that, in general, delays should probably be used to control merges and downstream queues, rather than only flows, if network capacity is to be maximised. This observation may help the design of good control strategies, using both flows and delays, for upstream-gating designed to remove or reduce queues at specific downstream locations. The equilibrium analysis in our example is supported by (i) a dynamic analysis allowing for the dynamic growth of queues in the example network and (ii) real-life results of upstream-gating applied to Gillygate in York (UK) which provided motivation for this paper. The analysis here makes reasonable allowance for the spatial extent of queues but does not consider within-cycle or cycle-to-cycle queueing dynamics.

Design of a Self-Organizing Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Location and Energy Information

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high latency, variable topology, limited battery, low processing power and so on. These new features pose many challenges to the design of self-organizing routing protocol for UWSNs. This paper focuses on the application of Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in UWSNs. In order to solve the problems of packet collision and excessive energy consumption associated with the flooding-based routing discovery method and the periodic hello packet routing maintenance mechanism of AODV, a routing discovery and maintenance method based on location and energy information is proposed, and it is referred to as the route-focusing AODV (RFAODV) routing protocol. In the RFAODV protocol, the routing discovery process is focused on a few nodes through forwarding area control and dynamic delay adjustment. In addition, feedback from a media access control layer and residual energy control are used for routing maintenance. We implement the RFAODV and evaluate its performance according to the sea trial data as parameters in the NS-2. The simulation results show that compared with the other protocols, RFAODV improves the routing discovery success ratio by at least 18%, increases the packet transmission ratio by at least 4%, reduces the protocol overhead by at least 15% and reduces the energy consumption by at least 5% under various simulation scenarios. RFAODV is suitable for large-scale, high-load and dynamic networks underwater wireless sensor networks.

Aggregation Dispatch and Control Strategies for Multi-Type Loads in Industrial Parks

With the continuous expansion of renewable energy construction, the power system requires a larger-scale flexible dispatchable and controllable resource for power balance. Fully tapping into the power regulation capability of multi-type loads in industrial parks, making them a low-cost flexible dispatchable and controllable resource, is an effective approach to establish power regulation capability at scale in the new power system. However, the control characteristics of multi-type loads in industrial parks vary greatly, and their control delay characteristics, response speed, and sustainable response time are all different. Traditional dispatch and control methods cannot achieve precise control of the massive and multi-type loads in industrial parks. Therefore, this paper establishes unified models for the control characteristics of multi-type loads in industrial parks, quantitatively characterizes their control delay characteristics, start–stop characteristics, and control response speed. Based on this, the aggregated dispatch and control model and dispatch and control strategy for multi-type loads in industrial parks are developed, which provide a predictive control rate for individual loads considering the delay and segmented response characteristics to achieve precise aggregation control of multi-type loads in industrial parks. Simulation results show that the aggregated dispatch and control model and its aggregated dispatch and control strategy achieve precise control of multi-type loads in industrial parks. Flexible dispatchable and controllable loads can provide low-cost power regulation capability for the new power system.

End-Cloud Collaboration Navigation Planning Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Used in Small Areas.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) collaboration has become the main means of indoor and outdoor regional search, railway patrol, and other tasks, and navigation planning is one of the key, albeit difficult, technologies. The purpose of UAV navigation planning is to plan reasonable trajectories for UAVs to avoid obstacles and reach the task area. Essentially, it is a complex optimization problem that requires the use of navigation planning algorithms to search for path-point solutions that meet the requirements under the guide of objective functions and constraints. At present, there are autonomous navigation modes of UAVs relying on airborne sensors and navigation control modes of UAVs relying on ground control stations (GCSs). However, due to the limitation of airborne processor computing power, and background command and control communication delay, a navigation planning method that takes into account accuracy and timeliness is needed. First, the navigation planning architecture of UAVs of end-cloud collaboration was designed. Then, the background cloud navigation planning algorithm of UAVs was designed based on the improved particle swarm optimization (PSO). Next, the navigation control algorithm of the UAV terminals was designed based on the multi-objective hybrid swarm intelligent optimization algorithm. Finally, the computer simulation and actual indoor-environment flight test based on small rotor UAVs were designed and conducted. The results showed that the proposed method is correct and feasible, and can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of navigation planning of UAVs.