Controlled Release Mechanism Research Articles

Enhanced Apigenin Dissolution and Effectiveness Using Glycyrrhizin Spray-Dried Solid Dispersions Filled in 3D-Printed Tablets.

This study aimed to prepare glycyrrhizin-apigenin spray-dried solid dispersions and develop PVA filament-based 3D printlets to enhance the dissolution and therapeutic effects of apigenin (APN); three formulations (APN1-APN3) were proportioned from 1:1 to 1:3. A physicochemical analysis was conducted, which revealed process yields of 80.5-91% and APN content within 98.0-102.0%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the structural preservation of APN, while Powder-XRD analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated its transformation from a crystalline to an amorphous form. APN2 exhibited improved flow properties, a lower Angle of Repose, and Carr's Index, enhancing compressibility, with the Hausner Ratio confirming favorable flow properties for pharmaceutical applications. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated superior performance with APN2, releasing up to 94.65% of the drug and revealing controlled release mechanisms with a lower mean dissolution time of 71.80 min and a higher dissolution efficiency of 19.2% compared to the marketed APN formulation. This signified enhanced dissolution and improved therapeutic onset. APN2 exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity; superior cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells (HCT-116), with a lower IC50 than APN pure; and increased antimicrobial activity. A stability study confirmed the consistency of APN2 after 90 days, as per ICH, with an f2 value of 70.59 for both test and reference formulations, ensuring reliable pharmaceutical development. This research underscores the potential of glycyrrhizin-apigenin solid dispersions for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, particularly highlighting the superior physicochemical properties, dissolution behavior, biological activities, and stability of APN2, while the development of a 3D printlet shell offers promise for enhanced drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes in colon cancer treatment, displaying advanced formulation and processing techniques.

Application of Encapsulation Strategies for Probiotics: From Individual Loading to Co-Encapsulation.

Consumers are increasingly showing a preference for foods whose nutritional and therapeutic value has been enhanced. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and their existence is associated with a number of positive effects in humans, as there are many and well-documented studies related to gut microbiota balance, the regulation of the immune system, and the maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Hence, probiotics are widely preferred by consumers, causing an increase in the corresponding food sector. As a consequence of this preference, food industries and those involved in food production are strongly interested in the occurrence of probiotics in food, as they have proven beneficial effects on human health when they exist in appropriate quantities. Encapsulation technology is a promising technique that aims to preserve probiotics by integrating them with other materials in order to ensure and improve their effectiveness. Encapsulated probiotics also show increased stability and survival in various stages related to their processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. This review focuses on the applications of encapsulation technology in probiotics in sustainable food production, including controlled release mechanisms and encapsulation techniques.

Water-resistant and pyknotic recyclable waste-cotton-derived bio-polyurethane-coated controlled-release fertilizer: Improved longevity, mechanism and application

Reasonably utilize the recyclable waste-cotton resource to develop the bio-polyurethane coatings had aroused more and more environmental interests recently. However, the terrible water resistance and porousness of the waste-cotton-derived bio-polyurethane coating caused the rapid nutrients release. In this work, the water-resistant and pyknotic cotton-fibre-derived coated-ureas (WPCUs) were fabricated with the recyclable low-cost waste-cotton-derived materials. The dramatically enhanced pyknotic and water-resistant characteristics of the WPCUs coatings can be obtained by the three-dimensional computerized tomography (2.33 to 1.19 %) and the water contact angle. The enhanced elasticity and the decreased water absorption were also vital to enhance the controlled-release performance. The accompanying controlled-release performance of the WPCUs was obviously improved (<2 h to 58.43 days). The modified WPCU75–10 with 4.0 % coating content exhibits the excellent controlled-release performance compared to the unmodified WPCU0–0. The controlled release mechanism can be clarified: The air column inside of the “small and few” micropores in the WPCUs coating only allow the gaseous water molecules to slowly penetrate and dissolve the inner urea cores (rather than liquid water). The obviously increased oilseed rape yield (128.75 %) showed the dependable agricultural application of the WPCUs. This work provides the resultful approach to develop the eco-friendly recyclable waste-plant-derived controlled-release fertilizers.

Advances in Transdermal Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Wound Management: Biomaterial-Based Approaches and Future Perspectives.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), distinguished by their cationic and amphiphilic nature, represent a critical frontier in the battle against antimicrobial resistance due to their potent antimicrobial activity and a broad spectrum of action. However, the clinical translation of AMPs faces hurdles, including their susceptibility to degradation, limited bioavailability, and the need for targeted delivery. Transdermal delivery has immense potential for optimizing AMP administration for wound management. Leveraging the skin's accessibility and barrier properties, transdermal delivery offers a noninvasive approach that can circumvent systemic side effects and ensure sustained release. Biomaterial-based delivery systems, encompassing nanofibers, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and liposomes, have emerged as key players in enhancing the efficacy of transdermal AMP delivery. These biomaterial carriers not only shield AMPs from enzymatic degradation but also provide controlled release mechanisms, thereby elevating stability and bioavailability. The synergistic interaction between the transdermal approach and biomaterial-facilitated formulations presents a promising strategy to overcome the multifaceted challenges associated with AMP delivery. Integrating advanced technologies and personalized medicine, this convergence allows the reimagining of wound care. This review amalgamates insights to propose a pathway where AMPs, transdermal delivery, and biomaterial innovation harmonize for effective wound management.

Construction of self-assembled nano cellulose crystals/chitosan nanobubbles composite hydrogel with improved gallic acid release property

Hydrogels are of great significance in the field of bioactive delivery. This study designed the self-assembly of gallic acid-loaded nano cellulose crystals/chitosan (NC/CS) hydrogels via Nano bubbles (NBs). NC/CS NBs 4:2 hydrogels improved the mechanical properties compared to those without NBs. The hardness of NC/CS (4:2) NBs hydrogels was greatly enhanced by 1.15 ± 0.05. The water-holding and swelling behavior can be tuned at different ratios. NC/CS NBs (4:2) showed the electrostatic interaction analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and XPS. SEM results displayed smoother and smaller pores along dense networks promoted by NBs. The antioxidant activity of hydrogels was increased by adding NBs (P < 0.05). In vitro and vivo release activity of gallic acid was higher in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) at 4:2, depicting the controlled release mechanism. Thus, current work revealed that NBs and low concentrations of NC can be self-assembled with chitosan chains, producing a highly compact hydrogel structure.

Oilfield sustained-release tracers based on different binding forms and their controlled-release mechanism

The problem of water breakthrough in horizontal wells is serious, so it is urgent to use sustained release tracers predict and monitor the time and position of horizontal wells. In this paper, the physically bonded epoxy resin-based slow-release tracer and the chemically bonded isocyanate-linked sustained release tracer were prepared using sulfosalicylic acid as the core material. The release and key characteristics of the two sustained-release tracers at different temperatures and salinities were discussed by observing the morphological changes and release curves. The results showed that both the sustained release rate and cumulative release were positively correlated with temperature and salinity, and the epoxy resin-based sustained release tracer had obvious burst release phenomenon due to physical blending. Isocyanate-linked slow-release tracers greatly reduce burst release. The cumulative release of the isocyanate-linked slow-release tracer at 85 °C is about 1%, while the cumulative release of the epoxy resin-based slow-release tracer is about 3%. Obviously, the chemical combination is better than the physical combination. At the same time, the possible controlled release mechanism was confirmed, and the controlled release mechanism of the epoxy resin sustained-release tracer was mainly tracer diffusion. The controlled release mechanism of the isocyanate slow-release tracer is the synergistic effect of polymer degradation and tracer diffusion, and its explanation is helpful for the sustained release tracer system required for horizontal well effect monitoring.

Release Kinetic Models and Release Mechanisms of Controlled-Release and Slow-Release Fertilizers

Release Kinetic Models and Release Mechanisms of Controlled-Release and Slow-Release Fertilizers

Tri-Layer Core-Shell Fibers from Coaxial Electrospinning for a Modified Release of Metronidazole.

Polymers are the backbone of drug delivery. Electrospinning has greatly enriched the strategies that have been explored for developing novel drug delivery systems using polymers during the past two decades. In this study, four different kinds of polymers, i.e., the water-soluble polymer poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), the insoluble polymer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), the insoluble polymer Eudragit RL100 (ERL100) and the pH-sensitive polymer Eudragit S100 (ES100) were successfully converted into types of tri-layer tri-polymer core-shell fibers through bi-fluid coaxial electrospinning. During the coaxial process, the model drug metronidazole (MTD) was loaded into the shell working fluid, which was an emulsion. The micro-formation mechanism of the tri-layer core-shell fibers from the coaxial emulsion electrospinning was proposed. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope evaluations verified the linear morphology of the resultant fibers and their obvious tri-layer multiple-chamber structures. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that the drug MTD presented in the fibers in an amorphous state and was compatible with the three polymeric matrices. In vitro dissolution tests verified that the three kinds of polymer could act in a synergistic manner for a prolonged sustained-release profile of MTD in the gut. The drug controlled-release mechanisms were suggested in detail. The protocols reported here pioneer a new route for creating a tri-layer core-shell structure from both aqueous and organic solvents, and a new strategy for developing advanced drug delivery systems with sophisticated drug controlled-release profiles.

Synthesis of heparin-and-poloxamer P407-based nanogel carrying PTX for orientating in treatment of breast cancer

In this study, nanogels based on the conjugation of heparin and poloxamer P407 (HR-P407) with different grafting ratios were successfully synthesised. The structural properties of products were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The morphology and size of nanoparticles were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, which showed that particle size distribution was from 144 nm to 214 nm. The HR-P407 nanogel systems were biocompatible and non-toxic to healthy cells. While free PTX displayed rapid and potent cytotoxic effects, PTX released from HR-P407 (1:10)/PTX demonstrated a gradual and sustained cytotoxicity. This controlled release mechanism allowed prolonged drug exposure, reducing acute toxicity and enhancing cytotoxicity over time. The results suggest that the synthesised nanogels can be used as an effective hydrophobic anticancer drug carrier system.

Konjac gum and maltodextrin compound tablets as carriers of IgY for sustained release in stomach

Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is a biologically active ingredient with high immunogenicity; however, its instability in the acidic environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract limits its application in oral formulations. In the present work, an encapsulation system based on maltodextrin (MD) and konjac gum (KGM) was developed as a protective carrier for IgY for targeted release to retain stability. A simulated gastric model was used to compare the release characteristics of the different formulations, and to explore the optimal release mode. To better understand the controlled release mechanism of MD and KGM composite tablets, the release curve, macrostructure, microstructure, and water mobility were analysed. Results indicated that the sustained release of IgY from MD and KGM composite tablets was mainly driven by Fick diffusion and dissolution. As the concentration of KGM increased, the release rate of IgY from the tablets decreased, and the release mechanism gradually changed from diffusion to erosion. The dense cross-linkage between MD and KGM helped prevent tablet disintegration, and slowed down the release of IgY. In addition, the dissolved KGM formed a film on the tablet surface to control the erosion rate. It can be concluded that the optimal formulation of an IgY-loaded tablet was a mass fraction of 50% MD, 30% KGM, and 20% IgY. The present work provided a practical method to protect the biologically active ingredients from acidic destruction in the stomach during oral treatment.

Nano fertilizers: Revolutionizing Agriculture for Sustainable Crop Growth

Nanofertilizers, a cutting-edge advancement in agricultural technology, have garnered considerable attention for their potential to revolutionize crop production and promote sustainable farming practices. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of nanofertilizers, focusing on their design, properties, applications, and environmental implications. By encapsulating nutrients within nano-sized carriers, nano fertilizers offer controlled release mechanisms that optimize nutrient delivery to plants while minimizing environmental impact. The unique properties of nanofertilizers, including their small size and high surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitate enhanced nutrient absorption and utilization by crops. Moreover, nano fertilizers can be tailored to respond to specific environmental cues, further enhancing their efficacy in diverse agroecosystems. However, the widespread adoption of nano fertilizers raises concerns regarding their potential risks and unintended consequences, necessitating careful evaluation of their environmental fate and toxicity. Through a balanced assessment of opportunities and challenges, this paper underscores the transformative potential of nanofertilizers in promoting sustainable crop growth and advancing global food security goals.

Recent Trends in Valorization of Food Industry Waste and By-Products: Encapsulation and In Vitro Release of Bioactive Compounds.

Food by-products and waste are a boundless source of bioactives, nutraceuticals, and naturally occurring substances that are good for human health. In fact, a lot of by-products and wastes are generated by several food businesses. Therefore, waste management and by-product utilization are the most important aspects of the food sector. According to various studies, many bioactive compounds such as phenolics, carotenoids, and proteins can be recovered as feed stock from various industries' by-products and wastes using potential technologies. As a result, current trends are shifting attention to the sustainable valorisation of food sector waste management and by-products utilization. Thus, the circular economy principles have been applied to the field of food science. The aim of the circular economy is to ensure environmental protection and promote economic development while minimizing the environmental impact of food production. All of these aspects of the circular economy, at present, have become a challenging area of research for by-product valorisation as well. Hence, this review aims to highlight the emerging trends in the efficient utilization of food industry waste and by-products by focusing on innovative encapsulation techniques and controlled release mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from food industry waste and by-products. This review also aims to suggest future research directions, and addresses regulatory and toxicity considerations, by fostering knowledge dissemination and encouraging eco-friendly approaches within the food industry. This review reveals the role of encapsulation strategies for the effective utilization of bioactive compounds extracted from food industry waste and by-products. However, further research is needed to address regulatory and toxicity considerations of encapsulated bioactive compounds and health-related concerns.

Controlled release mechanism of thymol loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles for active packaging films

In order to overcome the poor water solubility and instability of thymol to enhance its bioavailability, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs: SBA-15, SBA-16 and MCM-41) with different pore structures were developed using solution-gel method to carry and release thymol. The N2 adsorption-desorption test showed thymol-loaded MSNPs contained significantly low surface areas, pore sizes and pore volumes. When the ratio of thymol to MSNPs was 3:1, the loading capacity (LC) of MSNPs reached the highest (SBA-15: 35.20%, SBA-16: 30.84%, and MCM-41: 44.23%). The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and microstructure characterization confirmed that thymol encapsulation process was successful. TGA results showed that the encapsulation of MSNPs improved thymol stability. The zeta-potential results confirmed that thymol loading increased the intermolecular repulsion of thymol-loaded MSNPs, which was beneficial to its dispersibility in the film. Additionally, thymol release experiment revealed a sustainable release behavior of thymol for MSNPs within 10 d. The release mechanism was adjusted according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, which showed thymol obeyed Fickian diffusion process. Notably, both thymol-loaded MSNPs and thymol-loaded MSNPs/potato starch films showed a remarkable antimicrobial efficiency against S. aureus. Therefore, thymol-loaded MSNPs provide feasible guidelines for the development of active packaging films and the on-demand release of active substances.

Double-modified biopolymer-coatings based on recyclable poplar-catkin: Efficient performance, controlled-release mechanism and rice application

Reasonably utilizing the renewable poplar-catkin resources (>20 million ha worldwide) to develop the biopolymer to replace non-renewable petrochemical coatings has attracted increasing environmental interest. However, the terrible water repellency, the poor compactness, and the accompanying terrible controlled release quality of the poplar-catkin-derived biopolymer coating cannot satisfy the long-term requirements of the crops. In this work, the water-repellent and compact biopolymer-coatings based on the recyclable poplar-catkin were developed with a nontoxic modifying agent, simple technology, and low-cost raw materials. The enhanced water repellency and the improved compactness of the WCPUs coating can be confirmed by the three-dimensional computerized tomography (3.46 to 0.50 %). Therefore, the nutrient controlled-release longevities of the WCPUs were dramatically improved and the nutrient controlled-release prediction models were established. The increased elasticity (716 to 77.3 MPa) of the WCPUs coating was also important to enhance the controlled-release performance. The controlled-release mechanism was also clarified: The air columns inside of the tiny micropores prevent the liquid water from entering the coating and only allow the water molecules through the coating in vapor form. The significantly improved rice yield (57.23 %) showed the reliable application effect of the WCPUs. This work provides an efficient strategy to improve the recognition degree from the farmers and promotes the development of low-cost and eco-friendly bio-derived controlled-release fertilizers.

Densified and water-repellent biodegradable starch/PBAT composite films-packaged fertilizers: Prediction model, controlled-release mechanism and rice application

Despite the non-biodegradable petrochemical polymers-coated controlled-release fertilizers have revolutionarily promoted the agricultural production, more researches should be devoted to developing the biodegradable starch films-packaged controlled-release fertilizers. To inform the development of the starch films-packaged controlled-release fertilizers, the water-repellent ability and the controlled-release characteristic of the starch films need to be enhanced. Here, the densified starch/PBAT composite films-packaged controlled-release fertilizers (DSCFs) with the excellent water tolerance, the superior controlled-release performance and the low film materials content (1–2 %) were fabricated using the simple and solvent-free process. The significantly reduced water vapor transmissions (1-fold) and the enhanced nutrient release longevities (20–100 days) can be flexibly regulated by adjusting the PBAT contents and the film thicknesses. To fast predict the nutrient release longevity, the prediction model between the longer nutrient release longevity at 25 °C water and the accelerated longevity at 40 °C water was established by the response surface methodology. The controlled-release mechanism was clarified by the three-dimensional computerized tomography scanning technology: The smaller and lesser micropores and the densified cross-linked network of the starch/PBAT films with the increasing PBAT content can effectively resist the water into and the dissolved nutrient out of the DSCFs films, hence improving the controlled-release characteristic. Furthermore, the starch/PBAT films can be biodegraded in the soil environment to reduce the residual film contamination. The dramatically increased rice yield (71.75 %) showed the reliable practical application value of the DSCFs. The development of the biodegradable DSCFs was benefit to foster the end-user confidence in the low-film-content controlled-release fertilizers.

Exploring the potential use of aluminium nitride nanoparticles in the delivery of flutamide anticancer drug

Aluminium nitride (ALN) is a widely studied material due to its unique physicochemical properties. In drug delivery, AlN is also important, because it is biocompatible and can be well-tolerated by living organisms. AlN nanoparticles can be utilized in controlled release mechanisms to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we present a simple and cost-effective method to synthesize aluminium nitride nanoparticles, which were then characterized using various analytical techniques including SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, and XRD. For this purpose, an equimolar ratio of aluminium chloride hexahydrate was treated with urea and, subsequently, addition of ammonia afforded a viscous gel and detailed thermal treatments in the required time led to the desired ALN nano-powder. Next, we investigated the potential of the fabricated ALN nanostructure for delivering of flutamide, a potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in women. This study showed ∼67% drug loading and proved that release of flutamide is significantly influenced by both pH and release time. Therefore, the drug release was gradual under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 28% release); whereas, the release rate was significantly accelerated in pH 6.0 (73% release) within 48 h. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular toxicity assay was conducted on human OVCAR-3 cancer cells to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ALN nanoparticles. The results of MTT assay confirmed that this material can be considered as a promising nano-vehicle for delivering of flutamide.

Tailored Drug Delivery Platforms: Stimulus-Responsive Core-Shell Structured Nanocarriers.

Core-shell structured nanocarriers have come into the scientific spotlight in recent years due to their intriguing properties and wide applications in materials chemistry, biology, and biomedicine. Tailored core-shell structures to achieve desired performance have emerged as a research frontier in the development of smart drug delivery system. However, systematic reviews on the design and loading/release mechanisms of stimulus-responsive core-shell structured nanocarriers are uncommon. This review starts with the categories of core-shell structured nanocarriers with different means of drug payload, and then highlights the controlled release mechanism realized through stimulus-response processes triggered under different environments. Finally, some multifaceted perspectives on the design of core-shell structured materials as drug carriers are addressed.This work aims to provide new enlightenments and prospects in the drug delivery field for further developing advanced and smart nanocarriers.

Electrosprayed Core (Cellulose Acetate)-Shell (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) Nanoparticles for Smart Acetaminophen Delivery.

Smart drug delivery, through which the drug molecules are delivered according to the requests of human biological rhythms or by maximizing drug therapeutic effects, is highly desired in pharmaceutics. Many biomacromolecules have been exploited for this application in the past few decades, both in industry and laboratories. Biphasic release, with an intentional pulsatile release and a following extended release stage, represents a typical smart drug delivery approach, which aims to provide fast therapeutic action and a long time period of effective blood drug concentration to the patients. In this study, based on the use of a well-known biomacromolecule, i.e., cellulose acetate (CA), as the drug (acetaminophen, ATP)-based sustained release carrier, a modified coaxial electrospraying process was developed to fabricate a new kind of core-shell nanoparticle. The nanoparticles were able to furnish a pulsatile release of ATP due to the shell polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The time cost for a release of 30% was 0.32 h, whereas the core-shell particles were able to provide a 30.84-h sustained release of the 90% loaded ATP. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope results verified in terms of their round surface morphologies and the obvious core-shell double-chamber structures. ATP presented in both the core and shell sections in an amorphous state owing to its fine compatibility with CA and PVP. The controlled release mechanisms of ATP were suggested. The disclosed biomacromolecule-based process-structure-performance relationship can shed light on how to develop new sorts of advanced nano drug delivery systems.

Microencapsulation of organic pomegranate peel extract for a food circular economy: Effects of wall materials on powder functional attributes, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property against foodborne pathogens

In the present study, the potential of maltodextrin (MT), gum Arabic (GA), and waxy starch (WS) as wall materials for producing functional pomegranate peel extract powder (PPEP) was explored. Utilizing in vitro methodologies, this study aims to investigate the impact of different wall materials on the quality and properties of encapsulated PPEP. The organic pomegranate peel extracts, produced using 70% ethanol, were encapsulated using 10% (1:10, w/v) of the different wall materials before freeze-drying. The resulting PPEPs were characterized based on their technofunctional, physicochemical, morphological, crystallinity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The GA-encapsulated PPEP demonstrated a FRAP activity of 9 mM TE/100 g DM, which is 1.4-fold higher than the 6.40 mM TE/100 g DM observed in WS-encapsulated PPEP. Similarly, GA-encapsulated PPEP showed a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 11.21 mM TE/100 g DM, 10.7–12.6% higher than WS-encapsulated PPEP. Metabolites, including ellagic acid, punicalin α, punicalin β, and punicalagin α, were significantly higher in MT-encapsulated powder. These results establish the potential of PPEP as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for food preservation, with GA and MT as favorable wall materials. Future work will explore the synergistic effects of blending GA and MT as wall materials and assess controlled release mechanisms.

Smart, degradable, and eco-friendly carboxymethyl cellulose-CaII hydrogel-like networks gated MIL-101(FeIII) nanoherbicides for paraquat delivery

Nanopesticides have been selected as one of the top 10 chemical innovations for enhancing the efficacy and safety of agrochemicals. Herein, smart, degradable, and eco-friendly metal−organic framework MIL-101(FeIII) nanoherbicides coated with carboxymethyl cellulose-CaII (CMC-CaII) cross-linking hydrogel-like networks are synthesized via a simple strategy. The coating of the CMC-CaII hydrogel-like gatekeepers is oriented by the coordination unsaturated FeIII clusters on the surfaces of the MIL-101(FeIII) nanocarriers to form a dense film network to prevent paraquat (PQ) leakage. Based on the stimuli factors (acid/basic pH, GSH, phosphates, and EDTA) of physiological and natural environments of target plants, the nanoherbicides are combined with five stimuli-responsive properties to attain the various controlled release of packaged PQ by the disassembly of the gatekeepers and/or the degradation of the MOF skeleton structure. More importantly, based on the stimuli-responsive controlled release mechanisms, the eco-friendly nanocarriers are ultimately degraded against bioaccumulation in plants or soil. The coating of natural CMC could promote the spreading of PQ owing to improvement of wettability for aqueous droplets of nanoherbicides on hydrophobic foliage. The PQ trapped in nanocarriers can effectively prevent PQ degradation, which showed that cumulative degradation rate is ca. 2.6 times lower than that of technical PQ under UV irradiation. The prepared nanoherbicides loaded with PQ show good control efficacy against weeds by controlling the release of PQ; good safety on seed germination (germination rate 97.32–99.67 %), seedling emergence (emergence rate 95.53–99.67 %), and are beneficial for the growth of wheat seedling (increase rate of plant height 1.89–6.97 % and 0.54–5.67 % after 7 and 15 days of seedling emergence, respectively) in the greenhouse; good biosafety for honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), which shows that lethal rates were 2.04 and 2.55 times lower than technical PQ for incubation 24 and 48 h, respectively. The nanoherbicides have potential applications in the field for PQ green agriculture.