Doses Of Controlled-release Fertilizer Research Articles

Seedling Production of Retrophyllum rospigliosii in Nurseries and Potential Reforestation Areas Using Modeling Techniques

The success of reforestation and restoration projects depends on several factors, with proper seedling management and the selection of an appropriate planting area being crucial. In Peru, the populations of Retrophyllum rospigliosii (Pilg.) C.N.Page (Ulcumano) have been decreasing due to intensive logging of one of the most valuable woods in South America’s tropical forests. There are few studies that unify the production of plants through seeds in nurseries and the identification of suitable areas to place the plants produced. Our study has two components. The first aimed to optimize the plant production process through an experiment that evaluated the effects of three doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (4.2, 8.4, and 12.6 g/L) and two container sizes (115 and 180 cc) on the morphological quality of seedlings in the nursery. The second component involved identifying potential reforestation areas using ecological niche modeling, based on climatic and edaphic variables. The results indicated that the 4.2 g/L CRF treatment for both container sizes had a significant positive effect on seedling growth. The average germination rate was 85% at 120 days. At six months after seedling transplantation, treatments of 4.2 g/L CRF in 115 cc and 180 cc containers were shown to have the best positive effect on morphological variables of seedlings, with a root collar diameter of 3.76 mm and a height of 13.25 cm. Regarding the potential niche models, an area of 6321.97 km2 with ideal conditions for reforestation with R. rospigliosii was estimated, with the departments of Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, and Cusco showing the highest potential. Based on this, it is estimated that over three million plants are needed for large-scale reforestation projects. Integrating silvicultural studies with niche models is a valuable tool for supporting reforestation and ecosystem restoration projects.

Container volume and doses of maximum technical efficiency of controlled-release fertilizer on the morphological quality of Cordia alliodora seedlings in Roraima

The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the morphological characteristics of Cordia alliodora seedlings produced as a function of container volume and controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) doses under nursery conditions in Northern Amazon. The experimental design was a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, corresponding to two container volumes (1.8 and 2.2 L) and six doses of Forth Cote® (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 g L-1 in medium sand), with five replicates. The evaluations were: height (H), stem diameter (SD), shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass, increment in stem diameter (ΔSD) and increment in height (ΔH) obtained from the data collected every fifteen days, from transplanting, encompassing the period of plant growth until the end of the experiment (three months), in addition to Dickson quality index (DQI). Container volume of 2.2 L is suitable for the formation of good-quality Cordia alliodora seedlings at 90 days after transplanting. Controlled-release fertilizer doses from 8.0 g L-1 are not indicated to obtain seedlings of this species in the northern region of Brazil, with quality, regardless of the container volume.

Shading and controlled-release fertilizer in the production of Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Seedlings

When associated an adequate shading and nutrition the seedlings to reach characteristics that allow them tosurvive in the field and increase production. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the production of Oenocarpusbataua seedlings in response to different shade environments and controlled-release fertilizer doses. Thestudy was carried out from at the Embrapa nursery located in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre state. Theexperimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replications and six plants per plot. Thetreatments were distributed according to a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, i.e., four shade environments (20%, 30%, 50%and 75%) and five CRF doses (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg m–3) mixed with the substrate. Biometric, biomass andquality variables were evaluated at 305 days after transplanting. The ANOVA was applied for the qualitativefactor and regression analysis was performed for the quantitative factor, both at 5% probability. The treatmentswere grouped by analyzing canonical variables, a multivariate statistical and realized the Pearson’s correlationbetween variables was determined through correlation networks. The shading environment and the controlledreleasefertilizer positively influenced the growth and quality of Oenocarpus bataua seedlings. The seedlings ofOenocarpus bataua have better biometric characteristics produced in a nursery with 50% shading. Oenocarpusbataua seedlings show better quality when 3.88 kg m-3 of controlled release fertilizer are used.

Production of Beauregard Sweet Potato in vertical farming under different fertilization technologies

Ipomoea batatas, popularly known as sweet potato, is a species of the Convolvulaceae family, with probable origin between Mexico and northern South America. Among the genotypes with economic potential, the biofortified cultivar Beauregard (Ipomoea batatas) stands out due to its rusticity and easy handling. Controlled-release fertilizers were mostly used in studies developed in other countries, and their study being necessary in Brazilian soil and climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the development of Beauregard biofortified cultivar, submitted to different fertilization technologies in vertical farming system. The plantlets received different doses of controlled-release fertilizer: 0.0 (control); 30; 60; 90; 120g and a dose of 40g per pit of NPK 13-13-28 of ready solubility. At 180 days, biometric and production parameter data were collected and submitted to regression analysis and variance analysis followed by the Scott-Knott test for mean separation. The application of controlled-release fertilizer showed a positive effect on the production of the studied cultivar, favoring the performance of the plants and promoting the increase especially in height, length of branches and number of leaves. The base application of controlled-release fertilizer at a dose of 30g per plant and traditional NPK fertilizer at a dose of 40g per plant promote higher yields of dry mass of shoots and root when compared to unfertilized plants in the cultivation of sweet potatoes in vertical farming.

Production of clonal seedlings of black pepper cv. Bragantina under doses of controlled-release fertilizer

Commercial substrates and their fertilization are essential for the morphophysiological, nutritional, and sanitary quality of seedlings. In this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of clonal seedlings of the black pepper cultivar Bragantina under doses of controlled-release fertilizers (CLF) in a commercial substrate. The treatments were constituted by five doses of the CLF Osmocote® 19-06-10 Mini Prill (3-4 months) (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg m-3), with four replications of 16 cuttings. The CLF Osmocote®, especially in doses close to 4.16 kg m-3, showed to be promising for the production of clonal seedlings of the black pepper cultivar Bragantina.

INPUTS OPTIMIZATION IN THE SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION OF Corymbia citriodora E Eucalyptus dunnii

Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus dunnii are species of relevant importance due to the quality of the wood and growth potential in Southern Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to identify containers and doses of controlled-release fertilizer capable of enhancing the morphophysiological quality and growth of these species in the nursery, aiming for the proper management of these inputs. The seedlings were produced in two volumes of containers (50 e 110 cm³), filled with Sphagnum peat-based substrate, mixed with different doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) NPK 15-09-12 (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 g L-1 of substrates). In addition, the morphological (height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry weight of shoot, root, and total) and physiological (chlorophyll a and b index and quantum yield of the photosystem II) attributes were evaluated. The morphological attributes proved to be suitable indicators of the quality of C. citriodora and E. dunnii seedlings, allowing to recommend the container of 50 cm³ and the doses of 9.0 g L-1 of controlled-release fertilizer for both species. At the same time, the physiological variables evaluated were not responsive to the effect of the treatments.

Remineralizer and controlled-release fertilizer increase Mimosa scabrella Benth. seedlings growth

Contextualization: M. scabrella is a native tree species of the Brazilian Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, with a high ecological importance and economic potential. Knowledge gap: There is a lack of information about the use of resources that favour the seedlings production of this species. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the most appropriate doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) combined with the addition of remineralizer for production of M. scabrella seedlings. Methodology: Seedlings were produced using four doses of CRF (0, 4, 8, and 12 kg m-3) and four doses of remineralizer (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %), in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme. At 180 days of seedling production, growth in height and stem diameter, shoot (SDB), root (RDB) and total biomass (TDB), and Dickson quality index (DQI) were evaluated. Results and conclusions: The use of remineralizer provided an increase in density and water retention capacity of substrates, as well as a reduction of macroporosity and total porosity. Combined with doses of 4 and 8 kg m-3, CRF contributed to the increase of biomass and DQI. The addition of 10 % remineralizer, associated with 4.0 kg m-3 CRF, provides adequate growth to produce M. scabrella seedlings. Above this percentage of remineralizer and CRF dose, species growth rate is reduced.

Seedling quality of Agonandra brasiliensis in response to different Osmocote® doses and recipient volumes

The objective of this work was to evaluate seedlings quality of the tree species Agonandra brasiliensis under different doses of the controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote® and recipient volumes. The experiment was set up in a factorial design for two recipient volumes (1.8 L and 2.2 L) and five CRF doses (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; and 3.0 g L-1 of substrate). Four repetitions of one plant each were used. After transplanting seedlings, stem height, stem collar diameter, and the robustness index (RI) were measured in a monthly basis during eight months. The highest seedlings growth was observed with the CRF Osmocote® dose of 2.0 g L-1 and recipients of 2.2 L. The treatment with CRF dose of 2.0 g L-1 in 240 days presented higher initial accumulated growth in height of A. brasiliensis seedlings (mean = 31.38 cm). Seedlings under the dose of 2.0 g L-1 presented 85.90% increase of stem height in relation to the control (substrate without CRF). CRF Osmocote® had positive effect on growth of A. brasiliensis seedlings. Growth was influenced by the different CRF doses and recipient volumes, both for the variables stem height and stem collar diameter and for the RI. The dose 2.0 g L-1 allowed greater accumulated growth in height and diameter in 240 days.

Controlled-Release Fertilizer and Container Volume to Produce Inga laurina Seedlings

This study evaluated the production of Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd seedlings in 110 and 280 cm3 tube containers and growing doses (0, 3, 6 and 12 kg m-3) of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (15-09-12) and their performance at 5 and 12 months after outplanting. The experiment was conducted using a randomized split-plot design, in a 2 x 4 arrangement (tube volumes x CRF doses). Stabilized sewage sludge from urban origin was used as substrate. It was assessed growth and biomass of the seedlings in nursery, as well as survival and growth after outplanting. Containers of 280 cm3 and doses between 6 to 12 kg m-3 produced seedlings in less time, with higher growth and biomass. At 12 months after outplanting, seedlings presented acceptable growth and mortality rate with doses equal or greater than 6 and 3 kg m-3 of CRF, respectively, for the 110 and 280 cm3 tube.

MINI-CUTTINGS TECHNIQUE FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF Dalbergia nigra

The usual propagation method for Dalbergia nigra is via seedings; however, the seasonal supply has a variable quantity of seeds which limits the continuous production of seedlings. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a vegetative propagation protocol via mini-cuttings technique for D. nigra from juvenile shoots obtained from seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with two geographical origins: two controlled release fertilizer doses (4.0 and 8.0 g.dm-³) and four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0; 2,000; 4,000; and 6,000 mg.Kg-1), with four replications. The mini-cuttings were removed from the tubes after 60 days of propagation in the greenhouse, and the substrate was completely removed by washing in running water to observe the roots. The survival percentage, rooting, rooting speed and variables related to mini-cuttings vigor (largest root length (RL, cm.plant-1), number of roots (NR), surface area (SA, mm2), root volume (RV, mm³) and root dry mass (RDM, g.plant-1) were measured. The results indicated that D. nigra has an aptitude for vegetative propagation by mini-cuttings with survival values and rooting greater than 70%. Geographical origins present a different set of responses for survival, rooting and vigor of mini-cuttings. Stock plant nutrition influences mini-cuttings root growth. IBA concentrations did not promote an effect on the mini-cuttings rooting percentage; however, exogenous auxin at the dose of 6,000 mg.Kg-1 provided mini-cuttings with greater vigor in their radical system. Nonetheless, further research is suggested to define the feasibility of using this regulator in the vegetative propagation of this species.

Nursery and field growths of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings produced in different containers and fertilizer doses

Studies on the early development of forest species usually only analyze their nursery growth, not taking the post planting into account. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the survival and growth under nursery and field conditions of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings produced with different container volumes and controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) doses. The treatments were composed of two containers volumes (110 and 180 cm3) with five CRF doses (0; 3; 5; 7; and 9 g L-1). At the nursery, at 150 days after sowing, the following attributes were evaluated: height (H); stem diameter (SD); shoot (SDM), root (RDM) and total dry matter (TDM); and Dickson quality index (DQI). At 360 days after the field planting, the survival, H and SD were measured. It was found interaction between factors for SD and significant effects of container volume for SDM, RDM, TDM and DQI. The maximum technical efficiency dose (MTED) of CRF in the nursery ranged from 6.50 to 9.74 g L-1. This allowed recommending the CRF dose for the fast seedling outplanting. The negative effects from base fertilization absence were identified on the seedlings field survival, yet there was no influence of the tested treatments on their growth 360 days after planting. For producing Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, it is recommended using 110 cm3 containers with a CRF dose of 3 g L-1, which provides suitable performance on the outplanting and after it. However, doses above 7 g L-1 can reduce the seedlings nursery time in about six months after sowing.

GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF Paratecoma peroba SEEDLINGS IN DIFFERENT TUBE VOLUMES AND CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZERS

Paratecoma peroba is a native forest species of great economic and ecological interest, currently at risk of extinction from selective and illegal exploitation; however, there are no established parameters for the production of seedlings of this species. The objective of this study was to analyze the growth and nutritional balance of P. peroba seedlings grown in polypropylene tubes of different sizes with variable doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). Three volumes of tubes (120, 180, and 280 cm3), four CRF doses (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg m-3), and a conventional mineral fertilizer (CF) were tested as indicated in the literature for native forest species: arranged in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates composed of 16 seedlings. After 180 days, the percentage of survival, growth variables, indices of the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system, and the average nutrient balance index of the seedlings were analyzed. Based on the total dry matter and the mean nutritional balance index, the combination of a 280 cm³ tube with a 7.5 kg m-3 CRF dose was the most effective in the production of P. peroba seedlings.

Growth and quality of Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos. seedlings as a function of controlled release fertilizer doses

Controlled-release fertilizers are great allies in the production of seedlings. However, there is a lack of studies focusing on the use of these fertilizers in native forest species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of controlled release fertilizers (CRF) on the development and quality of seedlings of Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with plastic cover for a period of 150 days. The pots were distributed in randomized blocks, using twenty plants per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four doses of CFR Osmocote ® (0, 4.1, 8.2 and 12.3 g dm -3 ) in the formulation NPK 15-09-12, with four replications. The following variables were evaluated: seedling height (H), stem diameter (SD), root length (RL), number of leaf pairs (NLP), leaf area (LA), shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), H/SD ratio, Dickson's quality index (DQI) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD). All evaluated parameters responded significantly to the increasing doses of the CRF. The best responses were found for the doses between 8.5 to 9.5 g dm -3 , considering the evaluated experimental conditions.

CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER IN THE ROOTING AND PERFORMANCE OF CLONES OF Paratecoma peroba

Paratecoma peroba is a native forest species of great economic and ecological interest, currently at risk of extinction. In addition to the difficulty of finding adult individuals of this species, plant production is limited, so the use of mini-cuttings can facilitate the spread of P. peroba. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyse the effect of different doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on rooting, growth, photosynthetic metabolism and nutritional balance of P. peroba clones propagated by mini-cuttings. Five doses of CRF (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg.m-3) were tested, arranged in a completely randomized design with 12 repetitions and each repetition consisted of eight clones. Evaluations were carried out in the three stages of clones production: 1) Survival at 60 days in a greenhouse, 2) Rooting at 105 days in a shade house; and 3) Evaluation Productivity index, morphological variables, physiological metabolism, and nutritional through macronutrient contents, diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) indices and the average nutritional balance index of clones at 120 days in the area of hardening. There was no influence of CRF on survival and rooting of mini-cuttings. The CRF favoured a higher productivity index, vegetative growth and physiological activity of the clones. The 6 kg.m-3 dose was sufficient to obtain nutritionally balanced clones.

CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER IN THE GROWTH OF Dalbergia nigra SEEDLINGS

For the realization of forest restoration projects, it is essential to produce native seedlings in quantity, also necessary that they present greater vegetative vigor and good nutritional status. In this context, the objective of this work was to analyze the growth and nutrition of phosphorus of Dalbergia nigra seedlings from two sources cultivated with doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in a factorial scheme 2 x 4, referring to lots of two seed sources of D. nigra (Viçosa, MG and Linhares, ES) and four doses of CRF (0, 2, 4 and 8 kg m-3), with four replications and 126 seedlings per plot. At 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing, the seedlings were collected to measure the variables related to growth and nutrition. D. nigra seedlings from Linhares (ES) show better growth and dry matter production. It is recommended to dose 7.46 kg m-3 of controlled-release fertilizer for seedlings from Linhares (ES) and the dose 5.99 kg m-3 for those coming from Viçosa (MG), aiming to maximize the growth of production of seedlings of D. nigra. Increasing doses of controlled-release fertilizer allow greater accumulation of P in shoot shoots of D. nigra.

Different environments and doses of controlled-release fertilizer in peach rootstocks production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different environments and doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on the initial growth of peach rootstocks [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] cv. Capdeboscq. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 4 factorial design, four replications and five plants per plot. The treatments were the combination of two cultivation environments (on open-air benches and greenhouse benches) and four doses of CRF (0, 2, 4 and 8 g L-1 of substrate), in the 19-06-10 NPK formulation. Ninety days after their transplanting, the variables plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, plant height and stem diameter ratio were evaluated in addition to the Dickson Quality Index. All morphological variables evaluated presented a quadratic positive response to the increase of the applied fertilizer until the dosage of maximum technical efficiency (around 6,2 g L-1). The maintenance of the plants in greenhouse benches and the incorporation of 4 g L-1 CRF to the substrate ensures greater efficiency in the input use, reducing the amount of time necessary for peach trees cv. Capdeboscq to achieve their grafting point and to be used as rootstocks.

Controlled-Release Fertilizer in the Production of Seedlings of Anonna cacans Warm

The use of controlled-release fertilizers is a promising alternative for supplying nutrients during the initial growth of nursery seedlings. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on initial growth and nutritional status in seedlings of Anonna cacans Warm. The seeds were originally sown in a seedbed and then, after initial seedling development, were transplanted into polyethylene bags containing a substrate of washed medium sand, to which different doses of CRF had been added before transplanting. The experimental design was completely randomised, with four treatments, five doses of Osmocote® NPK 19-06-10 formulation (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g L-1 of substrate), with four replications, each replication comprising three seedlings (one in each container). Increases in root-collar diameter and plant height were determined throughout the experimental period (6 months) from data collected every 30 days after transplanting. At the end of the experiment the following were evaluated: height, root-collar diameter, N concentration, chlorophyll index, chlorophyll concentration (a, b and total) and leaf area. Root-collar diameter and height showed a positive linear response to increases in the fertilizer dose. From a 4 g L-1 dose of CRF, the nutrient supply added to the substrate of medium sand optimises the initial phase of plant growth and guarantees the adequate nutritional status of Anonna cacans, and can be suggested as a viable technique for use in forest nurseries, and one which results in efficient use of the input material and avoids fertilizer wastage.

Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth of Campomanesia aurea seedlings

Abstract Campomanesia aurea is a sub-shrub species native to the Pampa Biome, popularly known as “guabirobinha-do-campo”. It has an ornamental potential for use in pots or gardens due to its small size, irregular shape, intense flowering and aroma. One of the main factors for production is an adequate use of fertilizers and balanced fertilizations. The objective was to evaluate the growth of seedlings and nutrient leaf accumulation of C. aurea submitted to doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF). C. aurea seedlings were transplanted to containers containing composted pinus bark and CRF doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g L−1. Height, chlorophyll index, number of stems, base diameter, leaf area, Dickson Quality Index, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and nutrient leaf accumulation were evaluated. For height, base diameter and number of stems, the point of maximum response was at the concentration 6.8, 6.6 and 6.9 g L−1 CRF, respectively. For shoot dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll, we verified increase up to the concentration 8.1, 7.8 and 8.0 g L−1, respectively. There was a positive quadratic behavior for most nutrients, with the exception of Cu and Mn, which linearly increased with the increase of fertilizer dose. The application of CRF on C. aurea seedlings between 7 and 8 g L−1 substrate promoted an increase on the main growth characteristics of ornamental importance and provides superior results on nutrient leaf content.

GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF Balfourodendron riedelianum SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY AND IN THE FIELD

The present study aimed to determine the effect of different container volumes and doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the morphophysiological aspects of Balfourodendron riedelianum seedlings in the nursery and verify if these responses were replicated in the field. For the production of seedlings in nursery, three container volumes (180 and 280 cm³ polypropylene tubes and 500 cm³ plastic bags) and four doses of CRF (0, 4, 8, and 12 g L-1 of substrate) were tested, and the seedlings were grown for 240 days. At the end of the nursery period, the following parameters were measured: height (H); stem diameter (SD); dry mass of shoot, root, and total; root length; leaf area; and chlorophyll fluorescence. The H/SD ratio and the Dickson Quality Index were calculated. The same treatments were evaluated in the field at 540 days after planting. Survival, height, and diameter increase, aerial dry mass, leaf area, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll index (a, b and total) were measured. Basic fertilization using CRF had a positive influence on the production of B. riedelianum seedlings. It is recommended to use a 180 cm³ tube and a dose of 12 g L-1 CRF for the production of seedlings. The results obtained in the nursery for the production of seedlings were confirmed to occur in the field.

Tamanho de sementes e fertilizante de liberação controlada na produção de mudas de Schizolobium parahyba [(Vell.) S.F. Blake)

Este trabalho testou a influência do tamanho da semente e de doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada na emergência e no crescimento de mudas de Schizolobium parahyba. As sementes foram previamente classificadas em três intervalos de classes com base no comprimento da semente: pequenas, médias e grandes. A semeadura ocorreu em tubetes de 120 cm3 preenchidos com substrato comercial e fertilizados com 3, 5 e 8 g.L-1 de fertilizante de liberação controlada. Aos sete e 21 dias da semeadura, determinaram-se a porcentagem de emergência e o vigor das mudas, respectivamente. O tempo de crescimento das mudas foi de 18 semanas após a semeadura. Ao final, foram mensurados os parâmetros de qualidade das mudas. Sementes pequenas tiveram menor velocidade e porcentagem de emergência, enquanto sementes classificadas como médias e grandes não diferiram significativamente entre si. Caso haja classificação de sementes de S. parahyba, a dose de fertilizante deverá ser planejada de acordo com o tamanho da semente, do contrário uma dose de 5 g.L-1 promoverá uma uniformidade no tamanho, com o ônus de perda de potencial de crescimento e de qualidade de mudas oriundas de sementes de maiores dimensões.