Controlled Drug Research Articles

Glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid loaded cyclodextrin MOFs with enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects for accelerating diabetic wound healing

A water stable cyclodextrin MOF (Cu-SD) was synthesized with γ-cyclodextrin derivative as organic ligand and Cu2+ as metal center to co-crystallizely load glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Cu-SD has a high drug loading capacity for GL (499.91 μg/mg) and GA (112.37 μg/mg), and the drug-loaded materials had a controlled release in different meadiums. In addition, Cu-SD and its drug loaded materials demonstrated better inhibiting α-glucosidase activity than the control drug acarbose. Furthermore, Cu-SD presented excellent antibacterial activity, and the antibacterial activity was significantly enhanced after GA and GL being encapsulated by Cu-SD. Moreover, both free and drug-loaded materials had good anti-inflammatory activities, and the anti-inflammatory effects of GL@Cu-SD and GA@Cu-SD were superior to those of their corresponding free drugs. Cu-SD, GL@Cu-SD and GA@Cu-SD demonstrated good biocompatibility and were applied to treat the wounds of diabetic rats. The experimental results showed that GL@Cu-SD and GA@Cu-SD had good promoting effects on the recovery of chronic diabetic wounds by suppressing wound inflammation.

Preparation Evaluation of Microspheres of Nateglinide for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Oral controlled drug conveyance frameworks, being the most broadly used type of supported drug conveyance frameworks because of the intrinsic benefits of oral organization, offer both consistent and variable arrival of medications. These frameworks display a trademark example of medication discharge wherein the medication fixation stays inside the helpful window for a lengthy timeframe, guaranteeing supported restorative activity. Besides, they are normally utilized as a solitary dose structure. The current review means to create and assess supported discharge microspheres of Nateglinide utilizing Ascophyllum, a characteristic polymer, alongside HypromelloseK15 and Deacetylated chitin. The ionotropic gelation procedure has been utilized for the arrangement of these medication stacked microspheres. The improvement of such conveyance frameworks assumes an essential part in upgrading drug viability and patient consistence, as they offer a few benefits like better bioavailability, decreased dosing recurrence, and limited secondary effects. These frameworks likewise give a way to defeat difficulties related with regular medication conveyance strategies, like unfortunate medication strength, low solvency, and enzymatic debasement. By figuring out supported discharge microspheres, a controlled arrival of the medication can be accomplished, prompting delayed restorative impacts and worked on quiet results. Moreover, the decision of regular polymers in this study is worthwhile as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and show great medication discharge qualities. The utilization of Ascophyllum, HypromelloseK15, and Deacetylated chitin together in the plan considers enhancement of medication discharge profiles and further developed drug exemplification productivity. Through fastidious readiness and exhaustive examination, this exploration attempt plans to add to the improvement of effective oral conveyance frameworks that can meet the restorative requirements of patients, giving maintained and designated drug discharge for constant sicknesses.

Exploring the potential of Scabiosa columbaria in Alzheimer's disease treatment: An in silico approach

ObjectivesAlzheimer's disease (AD) is posing an increasing global threat and currently lacks effective treatments. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring phytochemicals in Scabiosa columbaria (S. columbaria) as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1), and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) in AD. S. columbaria contains various bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, linalool, and catechins, which are known for their detoxification properties, capacity to resist and manage harmful moisture buildup, and therapeutic roles in COVID-19. Several studies have also shown that S. columbaria extract has strong antioxidant activity, and may potentially decrease neuroinflammation in AD. Therefore, this study investigated the interactions between S. columbaria phytochemicals and key enzymes associated with AD, thus providing opportunities for the development of new therapeutic candidates. MethodsA total of 27 phytochemicals were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against AChE, BACE1, and TACE with YASARA Structure. ADMET profiles and toxicity were assessed. The top candidate compounds underwent 100 ns MD simulations. ResultsAll ligands met Lipinski's rule and showed low toxicity. Catechins, compared with the known drug galantamine, showed higher inhibitory activity and interacted with additional active sites on AChE, thus suggesting potentially higher efficacy. Moreover, chlorogenic acid showed stronger inhibitory activity against TACE than the control drug (aryl-sulfonamide), thereby suggesting a different mechanism of action. MD simulation revealed that the formed complexes had good stability. However, further exploration is necessary. ConclusionS. columbaria derivative compounds are promising drug candidates because of their properties, including the affinity of chlorogenic acid toward TACE and hydrogen bond enhancing ligand–receptor interactions. MD simulation indicated stable ligand–protein complexes, and the radius of gyration and MM-PBSA calculations revealed favorable binding and interaction energies. Our findings demonstrate the identified compounds' potential for further drug development.

Nanotechnology: Current Developments, Applications and Patents for Non-invasive Topical Cosmetics and Dermatological Therapeutic Delivery

: Nanotechnology exhibits the advancement in the field of invention, by improving the potency of the formulation through the delivery of inventive solutions. To resolve several limita-tions related to conventional formulations, nanotechnology applications are increasing in the cosmetics and dermatological area. Cosmetic and dermatological preparations are considered a thriving branch of the body care arena and their usage has increased dramatically through the past years. Scientists are designing innovative delivery mechanisms and emerging innovations that are presently being utilized in the development of cosmetics. Inventive nanocarriers such as nio-somes, liposomes, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanospheres, and nanostructured (lipid) carriers have substituted the use of traditional drug delivery. These innova-tive nanocarriers have the convenience of better skin permeation, sustained and controlled drug delivery, precise location, higher stability, and greater incorporated capability. Since the usage of cosmetics has increased, the usual delivery system has been substituted by modern delivery ap-proaches. The introduction of newer advancements and novel drug delivery systems make cos-metics and cosmeceuticals more popular with increased market share. This review article on nan-otechnology employed in cosmetics and dermatology emphasizes the numerous innovative nanocarriers designed for cosmetic and dermatologic drug delivery, their negative and positive aspects, and their toxicity.

Atlas Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents Inhibit Neointimal Hyperplasia in Sheep Modeling.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Many patients with CAD require mechanical revascularization. However, restenosis after minimally invasive interventions is a major problem for these patients. Fortunately, the controlled drug delivery properties of drug-eluting stents seem to be able to overcome this problem. In this study, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of Atlas Drug-eluting Coronary Stents coated with poly (lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) were evaluated. This study included 20 non-atherosclerotic female sheep divided into 4 groups that included 4 study and 1 control animal randomly assigned to each group. Animals in the study groups were stented with Atlas Drug-eluting Coronary Stents, and the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated. Sirolimus was shown to have a statistically important effect on the vascular endothelium. With time, the decrease in sirolimus in blood samples was statistically significant. Two animals died after implantation; however no clinically significant side effects were observed in the others. The results in this study showed a significant reduction in neointimal hyperplasia after experimental implantation of Atlas Drug-eluting Coronary Stents coated with PLGA polymer. Pharmacokinetic studies also showed that the stent did not release a significant amount of sirolimus after 28 days.

HYDROPHILIC MATRIX TABLETS AS ORAL CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN 20TH CENTURY: A REVIEW

Matrix systems are easy to formulate compared to other controlled release dosage forms. The manufacture of matrix tablets involves the direct compression of blend of drug, retardant material and additives to form a tablet in which drug is embedded in a matrix core of the retardant. Alternatively, retardant-drug blends may be granulated prior to compression. Of the three classes of retardant material used to formulate matrix tablets, polymers that form hydrophilic matrices are attracting the attention of pharmaceutical technologists. These polymers include Methyl cellulose (MC), Hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), Hydroxy popyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbomers, chitosan, plant gums etc. The hydrophilic matrix-formers alone or in combination with other excipients form gels in situ on coming in contact with biological fluids which control the drug release. The present review gives a detailed account on the factors to be considered in the design of hydrophilic matrix systems, formulation of hydrophilic matrix tablets, in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods and advances in the design of hydrophilic matrix tablets. This review further focuses on the development of oral controlled drug delivery systems using hydrophilic matrix carriers in 20th century.

Identification of Novel Drug Compound for the Mutated Protein (PKBB-Protein Kinase B, Beta) Responsible for Endometrial Cancer Using Advanced Insilico Drug Designing Technique

Currently, one of the most important health problems affecting individuals worldwide is endometrial cancer. Numerous studies have been conducted by oncologists in an effort to create preventive medications that will lower the cancer's death rate. Using 3D Insilico drug docking techniques, we investigate the potential interactions between the mutant target protein, PKBB-Protein Kinase B, Beta, and the anti-cancer pharmaceutical (control drug), Mercaptopurine, and the proposed de novo drug derivative. To perform drug docking procedures, the translated amino acid sequence and three-dimensional chemical compound were acquired from the NCBI database. The most sophisticated 3D molecular imaging instruments were used to conduct post-docking studies. The de novo medicine directly blocks amino acid mutational sites, as the results of the docking investigation clearly showed (PKBB). The suggested de novo drug has a higher binding score than the control medication, mercaptopurine. Using molecular dynamics techniques, a three-dimensional image of the H-bond contact force between PKBB and the de novo drug is produced. Therefore, we deduce that the suggested anti-cancer de novo drug may aid in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Thus, we suggest the de novo medicine, which lessens discomfort while reducing the signs and symptoms of malignancy.

Efficacy and safety of a Unani polyherbal formulation with Telmisartan in Stage-2 essential hypertension: An open-label, randomized, standard controlled clinical study

BackgroundDespite several initiatives, research, and advancement, the prevalence of essential hypertension keeps on increasing globally and its adverse impacts remain a public health concern. AimTo assess the efficacy and safety of a Unani polyherbal formulation in patients of Stage-2 hypertension. MethodsAn open-label, randomized, standard controlled clinical study was conducted in the Department of Moalejat, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, during 2021–2022.Both male and female patients, aged 18–65 years with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and ≤180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and ≤120 mmHg, were enrolled in the study. Test group patients were treated with Unani Polyherbal formulation (1100 mg daily in two divided doses in a capsule form) while control group patients were given Tablet Telmisartan (40 mg) once daily for 3 weeks. ResultsA total of 60 patients of Stage-2 hypertension (30 in test group and 30 in control group) completed the study, out of them 24 patients in the test group and 25 patients in the control group achieved the target Blood Pressure of 120/80 (±10) mmHg. The mean Blood Pressure of test and control group patients at the end of the study was calculated as 132.86/90.06 mmHg and 131.09/91.92 respectively. ConclusionThe test drug (Unani polyherbal formulation) was well tolerated and found as safe and efficacious as the control drug (Telmisartan).

The Safety of Calcium Channel Blockers in Controlling Blood Pressure During Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Random Controlled Trials

Background: Intraoperative hypertension is a very common critical condition in cardiac surgery, which may lead to myocardial ischemia, affect the smooth progress of the operation, and even lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, it is necessary to manage perioperative hypertension in cardiac surgery. At present, there are various types of drugs for hypertension control in clinical practice, and it is necessary to select vasoactive drugs suitable for cardiac surgery. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed (Medline), Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases to compare the safety of calcium channel blockers and other antihypertensive drugs in controlling hypertension during cardiac surgery, with the search ending in July 2024. For continuous variables, we utilized combined weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval to assess both efficacy and safety. Results: A total of six randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 1886 patients. There was no significant difference in mortality between calcium channel blockers and other vasodilators (RR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.45,1.26, P =0.28; I2=0%, P=0.75). Also, there was no significant difference in the incidence of atrial fibrillation (RR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.94,1.26, P=0.26; I2=13%, P=0.33). In addition, there were no significant differences in the incidence of myocardial infarction (RR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.41,1.39, P=0.37; I2=0%, P=0.55) and renal insufficiency (RR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.65,1.31, P=0.66; I2=40%, P=0.19) between the two groups. Finally, there was no significant difference in the incidence of total adverse events between the two groups (RR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.87,1.27, P=0.60; I2=0%, P=0.68). Conclusion: Compared with other vasodilators, there is no significant difference in the safety of calcium channel blockers in controlling blood pressure in cardiac surgery.

Exploring the environmental contamination toxicity and potential carcinogenic pathways of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): An integrated network toxicology and molecular docking strategy

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential carcinogenic toxicity and mechanisms of PFAS in thyroid, renal, and testicular cancers base on network toxicology and molecular docking techniques. Structural modeling was performed to predict relevant toxicity information, and compounds and cancer-related targets were screened in multiple databases. The interaction of PFAS with three cancers and their key protein targets were explored by combining protein network analysis, enrichment analysis and molecular docking techniques. PFOA, PFOS, and PFHXS exhibited significant carcinogenic and cytotoxic effects. These compounds may induce cancer by mediating active oxygen metabolism and the transduction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway through genes such as ALB, mTOR, MDM2, and ERBB2. Furthermore, the underlying toxic mechanisms may be linked to the pathways in cancer, chemical carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species/receptor activation, and the FoxO signaling pathway. The results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the effects of these environmental pollutants on genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways in living organisms. It revealed their toxicity mechanisms in inducing thyroid, renal, and testicular cancers, and provided a solid theoretical foundation for designing new environmental control strategies and drug screening initiatives. Additionally, the integrated application of network toxicology and molecular docking technology can enhance our understanding of the toxicity and mechanisms of unknown environmental pollutants, which is beneficial for protecting the environment and human health.

Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Studies of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Tethered Sulfa-Azo Derivatives via Hydrazono-Methyl Bridge

A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole linked to sulfa-azo derivatives via hydrazono-methyl bridge were synthesized via the reaction of methyl ((E)-(sulfa-derivatives)diazenyl) benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioates 1a-e with ethyl ester and acetyl hydrazonyl halides 2a-d. The chemical structures of the newly 1,3,4-thiadiazoles 3a-t have been clarified considring their elemental and spectral analysis. Antimicrobial activity of the newly 1,3,4-thiadiazoles was determined for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, as well as Aspergillus niger using the cup agar plate diffusion method. Out of the twenty compounds, compounds 3j, 3k, 3l, and 3s with isoxazole sulfonamides were selected for MIC assay. Compound 3j was equipotent with neomycin control drug against all tested strains, while compound 3k was 4-fold higher than neomycin against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans with MIC values of 9.77, 19.53, and 19.53 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 3l was equipotent with neomycin against S. aureus and C. albicans, while it was 2-fold higher than neomycin against E. coli with MIC of 39.06 μg/mL. For 3s, it was less potent than neomycin against all tested microbs with 2-fold and 4-fold less potent. Further scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation has been studied to reveal the disruption effect of the selected potent antimicrobial compound (3k) on the intact cells of tested microbs S. aureus, E. coli in addition to C. albicans. Results showed that 3k exhibited a noticeable effect on destroying microbial cell walls. Furthermore, molecular docking study has been done to assess the binding behavior of two most effective compounds 3k and 3l with the target crystal structure of dihydropteroate synthase (PDB: 6CLV for S. aureus) and (PDB: 5U14 for E. coli). Compound 3k was shown to be able to form stable complexes with both target enzymes of dihydropteroate synthase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.

Facile fabrication of a thermal/pH responsive IPN hydrogel drug carrier based on cellulose and chitosan through simultaneous dual-click strategy

Herein, an interpenetrating network hydrogel (IPN-Gel) based on cellulose and chitosan was synthesized via simultaneous amino-anhydride and azide–alkyne click reaction in water in one pot. The samples were characterized by various analytical methods including FTIR, SEM, XRD, XPS, 1H NMR and so forth. The fabrication conditions were optimized by single factor experiments with water uptake (WU) and gel mass fraction (GMF) as two indexes. The WU and GMF of the IPN-Gel prepared under optimized conditions were 1192.37 % and 74.00 %, respectively. Its WU descended with the ascension in temperature, and first descended and then gradually ascended with the ascension in pH, confirming that the IPN-Gel had thermal/pH dual responsiveness. Using 5-Fu as a model drug, the release behavior of 5-Fu in IPN-Gel was explored. Its release behavior could be regulated by changing temperature and pH values, and it followed the Korsmeyer Peppas model. The viability of 4 T1 cells and HUVEC cells exceeded 80 % after 48 h of incubation at a high concentration of 200 μg/mL IPN-Gel, and hemolytic percentage was below the allowed limit of 5 %. The study provides a new strategy for the preparation of the IPN-Gel with biocompatibility, swelling reversibility and controllable drug release.

Residual swin transformer for classifying the types of cotton pests in complex background.

Cotton pests have a major impact on cotton quality and yield during cotton production and cultivation. With the rapid development of agricultural intelligence, the accurate classification of cotton pests is a key factor in realizing the precise application of medicines by utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), large application devices and other equipment. In this study, a cotton insect pest classification model based on improved Swin Transformer is proposed. The model introduces the residual module, skip connection, into Swin Transformer to improve the problem that pest features are easily confused in complex backgrounds leading to poor classification accuracy, and to enhance the recognition of cotton pests. In this study, 2705 leaf images of cotton insect pests (including three insect pests, cotton aphids, cotton mirids and cotton leaf mites) were collected in the field, and after image preprocessing and data augmentation operations, model training was performed. The test results proved that the accuracy of the improved model compared to the original model increased from 94.6% to 97.4%, and the prediction time for a single image was 0.00434s. The improved Swin Transformer model was compared with seven kinds of classification models (VGG11, VGG11-bn, Resnet18, MobilenetV2, VIT, Swin Transformer small, and Swin Transformer base), and the model accuracy was increased respectively by 0.5%, 4.7%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 6.3%, 7.9%, 8.0%. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the improved Swin Transformer model significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of cotton pest detection compared with other classification models, and can be deployed on edge devices such as utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), thus providing an important technological support and theoretical basis for cotton pest control and precision drug application.

Development of phytotherapeutic nanoformulation containing Gypsophila eriocalyx and its evaluation as a candidate formulation for osteoporosis treatment on human bone marrow stem cells.

Osteoporosis, one of the common bone diseases, manifests itself as a decrease in bone mass. Recently, the use of medicinal plants in the search for effective and low-toxicity therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis has become a trending topic. In this study, we aim to prepare a controlled drug carrier system loaded with Gypsophila eriocalyx to determine its potential for anti-osteoporosis applications. Gypsophila eriocalyx extract (GEE) was prepared, and components were determined. The molecular interactions of the components with Cathepsin K (CatK), which is used as a target in drug development against osteoporosis, were revealed by in silico molecular docking and MD methods. ADMET profiles were also examined. GEE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized. The nanoparticles' morphology, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, release profile, average size, polydispersity index, and zeta potentials were determined. The cytotoxic effects of GEE and GEE-loaded CNPs on the L929 and osteogenic proliferation profiles on human bone marrow stem cells (hBMC) were examined. The MD analysis revealed no breaks or atomic changes in the dynamic system, and the docking analysis confirmed the continued interaction of identical residues. It was determined that the GEE-loaded CNP formulation was produced successfully, had no toxic effect on the L929, and had an osteogenic proliferation effect on hBMC. In line with the in vitro and in silico results obtained, it was evaluated that GEE-loaded CNPs can be used as a controlled drug release system as a candidate formulation with phytotherapeutic properties for osteoporosis treatment.q1.

Computational exploration of bioactive compounds from Albizia procera: Molecular docking, dynamics, and pharmacokinetics for AchE and BchE inhibition in Alzheimer's disease treatment

Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inadequate and primarily target inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BchE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. This study focused on identifying potential anti-AD compounds from the leaf extract of Albizia procera using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and computational approaches. Ethanol seed extract analysis revealed 10 phytoconstituents, which were evaluated for their binding affinities using Autodock Vina and Desmond software against AD-related targets (PDB IDs: 4PQE, 2WJO, and 2POA). Five compounds, along with the control drug, showed significant docking energies. Subsequent in silico ADMET analysis assessed parameters such as intestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability, gastrointestinal absorption, carcinogenicity, and acute oral toxicity. The results extract showed notable affinity for BchE and acetylcholinesterase targets. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations supported the involvement of hydrogen bonding with ASP207 and GLY75 residues in binding these ligands, demonstrating that disrupting these forces causes destabilization. A ligand plot study also presented a two-dimensional plot of these interactions. The docking results indicate that 7-Oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptan-2-one could be a promising agent for the treatment of AD because of its higher stability with respect to the two best ligands among all compounds tested. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that the compounds present in the leaf extract of A. procera have potential as targets linked to AD and may be helpful for the development of new drugs. Therefore, these data draw a focus on non-synthetic compounds during drug discovery and could possibly provide approaches for exploring existing therapies for AD.

Synthesis, crystals structures, DFT, and anticancer activities of polycyclic heterocyclic quinones

In this work, we synthesized six polycyclic heterocyclic quinones (PHQs) and one unexpected product (compound 6). We verified all of their structures by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS and obtained four crystal structures of the seven products. At first, we compared the crystal structures with crystal structures similar to those reported in the literature and explained their differences by conjugative effect, hyperconjugative effect, and electrostatic effect. Then, we compared the crystal structure of compound 6 with the calculated structure of compound 6. The natural bond orbital analysis showed that the calculated structure formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds, whereas the crystal structure formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds but not intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The main reason for this difference was not due to the atomic charge or the interatomic distance, but rather the energy levels of the orbitals of the lone-pair electrons. In crystal structures, the intermolecular interactions contained many weak interactions, and we used the hydrogen atom substitution (HAS) method to divide the total intermolecular interactions as several independent weak interactions and to calculate their energies. The HAS method was often successful if the substituted group did not have a strong effect on the electronic structure of the entire molecule, and we found examples in the calculations of energies of weak interactions of crystal structure of compound 6 and compound 3a. An unsuccessful example of the HAS method was the substitution of C = O group with CH2 group to eliminate the O…H-N hydrogen bond interaction from the total interaction. According to the HAS method, our calculations showed that the strength order of the weak interactions was as follows: π-π stacking > hydrogen bond > n-π stacking > σ-π stacking. For the hydrogen bond, the strength order was as follows: C = O…H-N > CCl…H-N > C-F…H-N. For n-π stacking interaction, the strength order was as follows: Cl-π > N-π > F-π. Finally, we selected five synthesized PHQs to test anticancer activities and some of them showed better anticancer activities than the positive control drugs.

Eco-friendly nanotechnology in rheumatoid arthritis: ANFIS-XGBoost enhanced layered nanomaterials

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints, which can lead to joint damage and disability over time. Nanotechnology in RA treatment involves using nano-scale materials to improve drug delivery efficiency, specifically targeting inflamed tissues and minimizing side effects. The study aims to develop and optimize a new class of eco-friendly and highly effective layered nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of RA. The study's primary objective is to develop and optimize a new class of layered nanomaterials that are both eco-friendly and highly effective in the targeted delivery of medications for treating RA. Also, by employing a combination of Adaptive Neuron-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning models, the study aims to precisely control nanomaterials synthesis, structural characteristics, and release mechanisms, ensuring delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs directly to the affected joints with minimal side effects. The in vitro evaluations demonstrated a sustained and controlled drug release, with an Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) of 85% and a Loading Capacity (LC) of 10%. In vivo studies in a murine arthritis model showed a 60% reduction in inflammation markers and a 50% improvement in mobility, with no significant toxicity observed in major organs. The machine learning models exhibited high predictive accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.667, a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.867, and an R2 value of 0.934. The nanomaterials also demonstrated a specificity rate of 87.443%, effectively targeting inflamed tissues with minimal off-target effects. These findings highlight the potential of this novel approach to significantly enhance RA treatment by improving drug delivery precision and minimizing systemic side effects.

Hydrogel for slow-release drug delivery in wound treatment

Abstract When skin comes into direct contact with the outside environment, it becomes extremely prone to injury and external factors can make wounds difficult to heal. Traditional medical dressings often cause secondary injury and are poorly resistant to infection. Hydrogels offer a promising alternative to overcome these difficulties. In this study, chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GEL)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels were developed by chemical cross-linking and loaded with the drug kitasamycin (KM) for testing. The hydrogels’ in vitro drug release and wound-healing properties were assessed. For 48 h, the drug release from the hydrogel in vitro persisted, which was significantly longer than the release time of the KM solution. Antimicrobial activity tests showed that the loaded KM hydrogel maintained its bacteriostatic ability at the same concentration as the KM solution, and during in vitro bacteriostatic inhibition, the duration of bacteriostatic inhibition of the KM hydrogel was significantly prolonged compared to that of the KM solution. This confirms the controlled release capability of the hydrogel. In addition, the hydrogel reduced the wound size in mice by 96 % and histopathological tests showed complete re-epithelialization of the wound. The prepared hydrogels successfully demonstrated their potential ability to control drug release and promote skin wound healing.

Development of Biocompatible Coatings with PVA/Gelatin Hydrogel Films on Vancomycin-Loaded Titania Nanotubes for Controllable Drug Release.

This study investigates the utilization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin hydrogel films cross-linked with glutaraldehyde as a novel material to coat the surface of vancomycin-loaded titania nanotubes (TNTs), with a focus on enhancing biocompatibility and achieving controlled vancomycin release. Hydrogel films have emerged as promising candidates in tissue engineering and drug-delivery systems due to their versatile properties. The development of these hydrogel films involved varying the proportions of PVA, gelatin, and glutaraldehyde to achieve the desired properties, including the gel fraction, swelling behavior, biocompatibility, and biodegradation. Among the formulations tested, the hydrogel with a PVA-to-gelatin ratio of 25:75 and 0.2% glutaraldehyde was selected to coat vancomycin-loaded TNTs. The coated TNTs demonstrated slower release of vancomycin compared with the uncoated TNTs. In addition, the coated TNTs demonstrated the ability to promote osteogenesis, as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium accumulation. The vancomycin-loaded TNTs coated with hydrogel film demonstrated effectiveness against both E. coli and S. aureus. These findings highlight the potential benefits and therapeutic applications of using hydrogel films to coat implant materials, offering efficient drug delivery and controlled release. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of alternative materials for medical applications, thereby advancing the field of biomaterials and drug delivery systems.

Nano-Bio Interfaces: Pioneering Targeted Approaches for Disease Treatment and Prevention

Nanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal force in biomedical research, offering groundbreaking solutions for disease treatment and prevention through the integration of nanoscience with biology. This review explores the multifaceted applications of nano-bio interfaces in revolutionizing therapeutic interventions and public health strategies. At the forefront of innovation, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems demonstrate unparalleled precision and efficacy in targeted drug delivery, minimizing systemic toxicity and maximizing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the development of multifunctional nanoparticles capable of simultaneous drug delivery and diagnostic imaging enables real-time monitoring of treatment responses, heralding a new era of personalized medicine. Nano-bio interfaces also play a crucial role in advancing vaccine development and immunotherapies, with nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms offering enhanced antigen delivery and immune stimulation for robust and durable immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer. In the realm of disease prevention, antimicrobial nanomaterials provide effective strategies for infection control, while nanovaccines and prophylactic drug delivery systems offer tailored solutions for mitigating the spread of infectious agents. Through a comprehensive exploration of these pioneering approaches, this review, we believe, highlights the transformative potential of nano-bio interfaces in reshaping the landscape of disease treatment and prevention.