Control Scale Research Articles

Intrapersonal psychological empowerment: Assessing measurement invariance of the Brief Sociopolitical Control Scale for youth between LGBQ+ and non-LGBQ+ youth of color.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, and Questioning+ (LGBQ+) Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) youth experience significant stigmatization and injustice compared to their non-LGBQ+ BIPOC peers. Empowerment, civic engagement, and social connection are protective factors that reduce negative psychological outcomes for these youth. Despite this, validated measures to assess empowerment among LGBQ+ BIPOC youth are scarce. This study evaluated the applicability of the newly revised Brief Sociopolitical Control Scale for Youth (BSPCS-Y) through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to examine configural, metric, and scalar invariances between LGBQ+ and non-LGBQ+ BIPOC youth (N = 1789). Convergent validity was assessed with psychological sense of community and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results indicated a good model fit for the abbreviated BSPCS-Y, with no significant group differences in metric and scalar invariances. Subscales for leadership competence and policy control were positively associated with psychological sense of community and negatively associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, with stronger effects of psychological sense of community observed in non-LGBQ+ BIPOC youth and more robust associations with reduced depression and anxiety among LGBQ+ BIPOC youth. These findings support the BSPCS-Y as a valid tool for measuring empowerment in diverse BIPOC youth populations.

Understanding factors contributing to vaccination underutilization among Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Israel: A cross-sectional study.

This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to the underutilization of childhood and school-age immunizations among parents within the Jewish Ultra-Orthodox community in Israel. It identifies socio-demographic, attitudinal, and belief-related risk factors that affect vaccination decisions. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 369 Jewish Orthodox parents in Israel, using structured questionnaires distributed through various community channels. Data on socio-demographic variables, vaccination status, and intentions were collected. Attitudinal assessments included the VAX Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. The proportion of fully vaccinated children was 46.3% for childhood diseases and 64.2% for school-age vaccinations. Flu vaccination rates were significantly lower, with only 19.2% of parents and 15.2% of children receiving flu shots. Key factors contributing to vaccine underutilization include large family size, lower socioeconomic and educational levels, reliance on the internet for health information, and the absence of media technology at home. Geographical disparities were notable, especially in the Jerusalem District, which demonstrated lower vaccination uptake, and among different Orthodox streams, with the Modern stream showing higher vaccination rates compared to the Lithuanian, Sephardic, and Hasidic streams. The VAX scale and Health-Related Locus of Control measures revealed that attitudinal factors significantly impacted vaccination decisions, such as mistrust in vaccine benefits, preference for natural immunity, and reliance on religious beliefs. To address vaccination disparities, targeted interventions should consider cultural and logistical barriers, engaging community leaders and offering culturally sensitive education to improve uptake within the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community.

P-256. Development of Novel Clutter and Cleanliness Scales for Infection Prevention and Control in U.S. Home Healthcare Settings

Abstract Background In the U.S., homebound older adults often have multiple chronic conditions thereby increasing their infection risk. For those receiving home health care (HHC), environmental hazards in the home can not only exacerbate infection risk but can also impede effective infection prevention and control (IPC) practices for HHC clinicians, patients and their caregivers. Timely and accurate assessment of environmental risks are crucial. Yet, no tools exist specifically for HHC clinicians to assess infection risk factors in the home environment. To fill this gap, we developed scales to measure clutter and cleanliness in HHC patients’ homes. The clutter and cleanliness rating scale. Methods First, we reviewed existing clutter and cleanliness scales, noting that most validated scales focused on hoarding. We adapted these scales and developed observational items focused on IPC in the home environment. During pilot testing with 15 HHC patients and caregivers from an urban HHC agency, we used a uniform rating scale for both clutter and cleanliness items, which posed challenges due to variable home environments and interviewer biases. Following pilot testing, we refined the scales based on interviewer feedback. To improve coding consistency, interviewers received training using a procedural manual and completed a home observation quiz with example pictures. Results Our revised observational items now have distinct rating scales for cleanliness and clutter. Clutter is rated on percentages of free space to reduce subjectivity, and cleanliness is rated on a scale of visible clean to not clean (Table 1). Even with refinement, there was still difficulty achieving consistent ratings among interviewers, specifically with the middle scale points (mostly and moderately clean; some and moderate clutter). However, after scale revisions and interviewer trainings, home observation quiz responses among interviewers achieved at least 80% consistency. Conclusion Our scales represent the first observational items designed to assess home cleanliness and clutter for IPC purposes. If widely adopted, these scales could enable HHC clinicians to effectively assess environmental hazards, informing patient/caregiver educational needs and enhancing patient safety by reducing infection risks. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Comparing the effectiveness of mindfulness parenting training and compassion-based parenting on the affective control of mothers with children with learning disorder

Introduction: The hard trainability of children with learning disorders has caused unpleasant emotional experiences to be one of the problems of the mothers of these children in interacting with them. Aim: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness parenting training and compassion-based parenting on the affective control of mothers with children with learning disabilities. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included the mothers of children with learning disorders in Gorgan city in 2022-2023 who had been referred to two government learning disorders centers (Shekofe and Dana in Gorgan city). 75 mothers were convenience Sampling selected and randomly divided into three groups (25 people in each group). The research tool included the Affective control scale of Williams et al. (1997). The experimental groups received the intervention in 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. A mixed variance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the group of mindfulness parenting training and compassion-based parenting had a significant effect on affective control (P<0.001) and the effectiveness of compassion-based parenting was higher (P<0.05). The results of the test stages also showed that the post-test and follow-up compared to the pre-test showed a significant and stable decrease (P<0.001), but the follow-up stage had a significant increase compared to the post-test (P=0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that compassion-based parenting is more effective in improving the emotional control of mothers with children with learning disabilities

Stigma and voice-related life impact among transgender and gender diverse adults

Introduction Experiences of stigma negatively affect the mental and physical health of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adults, but less is known about how it may impact voice, an important aspect of gender embodiment. This study investigated the relation between gender minority stressors and voice-related life impact and examined potential moderating effects of identity pride, community connection, resilient coping, and perceived control. Methods TGD adults (N = 313) completed an online survey between June and November 2022. Participants completed gender-specific voice questionnaire(s), the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) measure, the Brief Resilient Coping Scale, and the voice-related Present Perceived Control Scale. Simple linear regressions were conducted between gender minority stressors and voice-related life impact questionnaires, and multiple linear regressions with an interaction term were used for moderation analyses. Results Experiences of gender minority stress were associated with voice-related life impact, most consistently for non-affirmation and internalized transphobia. Identity pride was protective against non-affirmation on voice-related life impact for trans women and trans men. Resilient coping was protective against internalized transphobia on voice-related life impact for trans men and exacerbated the association between non-affirmation and voice-related life impact for trans women. Community connectedness and perceived control were not moderators. Conclusion Experiences of stigma were associated with how TGD adults perceived their voice functioning and how their voices impacted their life. Experiences of oppression should be explored in the context of gender-affirming voice care as an important factor in voice functioning and voice-related goals.

The relationship among perceived parental psychological control, socially prescribed perfectionism, fear of failure, and performance of adolescent athletes

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to verify the sequential mediation effect of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) and Fear of Failure (FF) in the relationship between perceived Parental Psychological Control (PPC) and the performance of Korean adolescent athletes. 208 Korean adolescent athletes completed the questionnaire including the Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism in the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and set of 8 questions for perceived performance. The collected data were analysed through descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis using IBM SPSS (Statistics 25.0 and Amos 23.0, IBM Corp., USA). The results indicated a positive association between PPC and SPP, which was subsequently related to FF and athletes’ performance. The 95% confidence intervals confirmed the significance of the sequential mediating effect of SPP and FF in the relationship between PPC and perceived performance, aligning with the hypothesised sequential mediation model. These findings underscore the crucial role parents play in the performance of adolescent athletes, as predicted by SPP and FF, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms that underlie such parental influence.

Relationship between trait mindfulness and physical activity among emerging adults: The mediating roles of exercise-related cognitive errors and trait self-control.

Exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) is a significant factor that can negatively influence physical activity (PA) engagement among emerging adults, whereas mindfulness interventions may be beneficial for promoting PA. Against this background, we investigated the potential association between trait mindfulness and PA levels among emerging adults and determined whether trait self-control and ECEs serve as mediators. 328 Chinese participants (61.3% female, mean age=20.65, SD=2.21) completed a series of questionnaires, including demographics, the Five Dimension Mindfulness Questionnaire short form (FFMQ-SF), the Exercise Cognitive Bias Questionnaire (E-CEQ), the Brief Self Control Scale (BSCS), and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). A structural equation model was used to investigate the potential relationships between trait mindfulness and PA levels, considering trait self-control and ECEs as mediators. Trait self-control (Indirect 1; B=0.09, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.16) and ECEs (Indirect 3; B=0.02, 95%CI: 0.00, 0.04) mediates the relationship between trait mindfulness and PA levels, respectively, when considered as independent mediators. In addition, also in a dual-mediation model ECEs and trait self-control (Indirect 2; B=0.02, 95%CI [0.00, 0.06]) mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and PA. This study provides evidence that trait self-control and ECEs are mediators of the relationship between trait mindfulness and PA levels, providing a new direction for further research aiming to reduce ECEs and improve PA levels among emerging adults.

The Influencing Factors of Self-evaluation in Adolescents: A Structural Equation Modeling

Background: Self-evaluation, as an expression of self-concept, becomes increasingly complex in adolescence. Parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status were the three main determining factors of adolescents’ self-evaluation. We aimed to tested associations through a systematic approach. Methods: Data were from the 2014 Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The association of parental bonding (measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument), personality traits (the Responsibility Scale), and psychological status (the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) with self-evaluation measured in three domains (the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Nowicki- Strickland Locus of Control Scale for children and the Self-Discipline Scale) were tested by the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Results: A total of 892 Chinese adolescents were included. Significant positive correlations were found among self-evaluation, parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status. The overall (direct and indirect) effect of parental bonding on adolescents’ self-evaluation was 0.49. Personality traits and psychological status were directly associated with adolescents’ self-evaluation. Conclusion: The use of SEM offered a detailed analysis of the correlations between parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status and a systematic approach to investigate their direct and indirect effects on adolescents’ self-evaluation. The three factors directly associated with adolescents’ self-evaluation and parental bonding indirectly affected adolescents’ self-evaluation that was mediated by both personality traits and psychological status.

대학(원)생의 단절 및 거절 도식이 섭식통제상실에 미치는 영향: 외모 거부민감성과 섭식관련 인지왜곡의 매개효과

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the dual mediating effect of appearance-based rejection sensitivity and cognitive distortion in the path from disconnection and rejection schema to loss of control eating Methods A total 410 adults completed self-report questionnaires: Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form, Eating Loss of Control Scale, Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity Scale, The Mizes Anorectic Cognition Scale. The collected data were analyzed SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS macro v3.4. Correlation analysis was performed to identify the relationships between variables, and each mediation model was verified using PROCESS macro Model 4, and then the sequential mediation model was verified using PROCESS macro Model 6. Results The result of this study were as follow: First, all variables had a significant positive correlation with each other. Second, the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and loss of control eating was full dual medicated by appearance-based rejection sensitivity and cognitive distortion. Conclusions This result indicate that the disconnection and rejection schema not only directly impact on the loss of control over eating but also increase appearance-based rejection sensitivity and cognition distortion. However, the direct path from disconnection and rejection schema to loss of control eating is not significant. This implies that the medicating factors of appearance-based rejection sensitivity and cognitive distortions are substantial enough to eliminate the direct effects of disconnection and rejection schema on loss of control eating.

The Impact of Dialysis Duration on Multidimensional Health Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Dialysis patients face multidimensional challenges that affect their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the association between dialysis duration and various physical, cognitive, and psychosocial parameters, including fatigue, pain, sexual satisfaction, bowel control, vision, cognitive deficits, mental health, social support, quality of life, and life satisfaction, while incorporating sociodemographic data for greater context. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using validated instruments such as the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Pain Effect Scale (PES), Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS), Bowel Control Scale (BWCS), Impact of Visual Impairment Scale (IVIS), Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS), WHOQOL-BREF, and Cantril Ladder. Associations between dialysis duration and these parameters were analyzed. Correlations between current and future life satisfaction were also examined. Results: Dialysis duration significantly affected sexual satisfaction, with scores worsening over time (p = 0.029). Cognitive deficits in planning and organization exhibited a near-significant trend (p = 0.072). Patients with low current life satisfaction anticipated significant future declines (p = 0.001). However, no significant associations were observed between dialysis duration and fatigue, pain, bowel control, vision, mental health, social support, overall quality of life, or life satisfaction. Conclusions: Prolonged dialysis negatively influences sexual satisfaction and may impact specific cognitive domains. The relationship between current and expected life satisfaction highlights the importance of addressing psychological health in this population. While other parameters remained unaffected, individualized care strategies focusing on sexual, cognitive, and psychological support could improve outcomes. Future research should focus on exploring these relationships further and developing targeted interventions to address vulnerable areas, such as sexual, cognitive, and psychological health.

Enhancing Self-Control and Peer Attachment: Counseling Strategies for Reducing Juvenile Delinquency in Islamic Boarding School

This study examines the influence of self-control and peer attachment on juvenile delinquency among students at an Islamic boarding school. Islamic boarding schools, or pesantren, are unique educational institutions in Indonesia that emphasize both religious education and moral development. However, the strict discipline and regulations within pesantren often lead to instances of deviant behavior among adolescent students, who are particularly vulnerable during this transitional life stage. The study involved 219 students, with data collected using the Peer Attachment Scale and the Brief Self Control Scale (BSCS). The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that both self-control and peer attachment significantly impact juvenile delinquency, with peer attachment showing a stronger influence. Specifically, higher levels of self-control were associated with lower delinquency rates, while positive peer attachment was found to reduce delinquent behaviors. The findings suggest that targeted interventions in pesantren should focus on enhancing self-regulation skills and fostering positive peer relationships to mitigate delinquency. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of continuous supervision and collaboration between counselors, parents, and school authorities to create a supportive environment that promotes moral and character development. These insights provide a foundation for improving guidance and counseling strategies in pesantren, aiming to cultivate a more disciplined and ethically grounded student body.

From prediction to explanation: Is the relationship between youth psychopathy traits and continued offending in adulthood mediated by social environment?

Studies that focus on whether psychopathy statistically predicts reoffending are not informative of the process that connects the putative cause (psychopathy) to the expected outcome (offending). Understanding the causal mechanisms responsible for the relationship between psychopathy and offending has received minimal empirical attention even though fourth-generation risk assessment protocols and treatment strategies regularly require a specific focus on psychopathy. Theory can help guide an improved understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between psychopathy and offending. Cumulative disadvantage theories anticipate that the relationship between psychopathy and reoffending is mediated by a person's social environment. Propensity theories anticipate that psychopathy is a common cause of both a person's negative social environment and reoffending. These two theoretical perspectives were compared using longitudinal data covering the transition from adolescence to adulthood among 490 male and female participants from the Incarcerated Serious and Violent Young Offender Study. Psychopathy was measured in adolescence using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Social environment was measured in adulthood using an informal social control scale from the Community Risk Needs Assessment. Conviction frequency was measured over a 3-year period after the Community Risk Needs Assessment rating. Bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals indicated that informal social control partially mediated the relationship between Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version scores and conviction frequency. The mediating effect was robust to unobserved confounders. Findings supported the philosophy of risk management and intervention strategies that target a person's social environment when aiming to reduce reoffending for persons with psychopathy traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Health locus of control and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional descriptive study.

To know the level of health locus of control (HLC) and investigate the factors associated with HLC among community-dwelling older adults. A total of 470 older adults completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, the Activities of Daily Living Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Lubben Social Network Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to explore the factors associated with HLC. Gender, marital status, income and the number of chronic diseases were associated with internal HLC; age, educational level, income, activities of daily living and social networks were associated with powerful others HLC; social networks were associated with chance HLC (P < 0.05). As modifiable factors, physical function and social support are essential for improving HLC in older adults and interventional programs aiming at changing them could help older adults maintain acceptable levels of HLC.

Audio-Visual Distraction- A Non-Pharmacological Approach to Alleviate Pain in Pediatric Vaccine Administration: An Observational Study

Introduction: The routine vaccine injections are one of the most common and painful procedures during childhood specifically in infancy. In order to improve the effectivity of pain reduction during routine vaccination OPD this study was done to analyse the effectiveness of audio-visual gadgets as a distraction tool for pain reduction in infants during the vaccination procedure. Methods: A comparative observational study conducted at a tertiary healthcare center vaccination out patient department. Children aged 1 month to 2 years receiving the vaccine were included in the study. The study group was exposed to audio-visual clip while the control group received the vaccine as per routine vaccination protocol. The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Controllability Scale score was used to assess the behavioural reactions to pain which assesses five behavioural areas. The study protocol was approved by the Institute Ethics Committee (Reference number: BJGMC/IEC/1122238-238).Results: The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Controllability Scale score were studied among two groups, it was observed that the pain score and every component of the score had a statistically significant lower mean score in audio-visual group as compared to the control group. Mean pain score in the audio-visual group was 6.31±0.79 as compared to 9.57±0.65 in the control group with the p value of 0.001.Conclusions: A lower pain score in response to vaccination with an audio-visual distraction indicates that it can be regularly used to reduce pain during the vaccination procedure and can be used during different painful procedures.

Relationship Between Locus Of Control, Paranormal Beliefs, And Magical Ideation Among Young Adults Of Pakistan

Objective: Para normality, often seen as violating fundamental scientific principles, includes beliefs in phenomena such as spirits, extrasensory perception, and fortune telling. These extraordinary beliefs are linked to belief. Locus of control (LOC), which refers to an individual's perception of control as internal or external, is a well-studied concept. This study aimed to explore the relationship between locus of control, paranormal beliefs, and magical ideation in early adulthood, and to examine how individual differences affect these variables. Methods: A sample of 142 college and university students aged 18-25 were selected using a convenience sampling technique through social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp, due to COVID-19 and quarantine restrictions. The Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale (MLOCS), Paranormal Belief Scale, and Magical Ideation Scale were utilized for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS (26 version) Results: Descriptive analysis for demographic variables and correlation analysis showed that locus of control positively correlated with internal LOC (ILOC), external LOC (ELOC), and paranormal beliefs, but negatively with magical ideation. Specifically, ILOC was positively correlated with paranormal beliefs and negatively with magical ideation, while ELOC showed the same pattern. Paranormal beliefs were negatively correlated with magical ideation. An independent sample t-test revealed no significant gender differences. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex relationships between religiosity, locus of control, and superstitious beliefs. Although there may be a link between religiosity and superstitious belief, this connection is not straightforward. A limitation of the study is the reliance on a convenience sample from social media, which may not be fully representative of the broader population. Keywords: Locus of Control, Paranormal-Beliefs, Magical Thinking, Superstitions, Religiosity, Social Media, Quarantine.

Self‐management training with online intervention process for young adults with chronic conditions: Effects on self‐management, emotion regulation, and occupational balance: A randomized controlled study

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the effects of online self‐management training on self‐management, emotion regulation, and occupational balance in young adults with chronic diseases. Young people participated in this cluster randomized controlled trial (n = 72; mean age, 20.80 ± 2.65 years). Eight sessions of self‐management training were applied in the study group (SG; n = 37), and one session was applied in the control group (CG; n = 35). To evaluate the training, all participants completed the Self Management‐Self Control Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CERQ), and Occupational Balance Questionnaire at the beginning and end of the training. We performed an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In cases where ANCOVA assumptions could not be met, the efficacy of the intervention was determined using the mixed design/split‐plot analysis of variance. Compared to the CG, SG showed a significant increase in self‐management skills. For the CERQ variable, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the study and control group mean differences after the intervention. Occupational balance remained similar between the groups. The self‐management training can have a positive impact on the development of their self‐management, particularly in chronic conditions.

The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs and Meaning in Life in Adolescent Suicidal Ideation.

Suicidal ideation and behavior are critical psychological crises among children and adolescents, posing significant concerns for their mental health and safety. This cross-sectional study investigated the factors and underlying psychological mechanisms of suicidal ideation in adolescents. A total of 6474 middle school students from Sichuan and Hebei provinces, China, participated in the study. Data were collected using the Self-Assessment of Suicidal Ideation Scale, the Parental Psychological Control Scale, the Meaning in Life Scale, and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale. Statistical analyses, including mediation and chain mediation analyses, were conducted to examine the relationships between parental psychological control, basic psychological needs, meaning in life, and suicidal ideation. The results revealed the following: (1) Parental psychological control positively predicted suicidal ideation in middle school students; (2) basic psychological needs mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and suicidal ideation; (3) meaning in life mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and suicidal ideation; (4) basic psychological needs and meaning in life together played a chain-mediating role in this relationship. These findings highlight the importance of addressing parental psychological control and fostering a supportive family environment to meet adolescents' psychological needs, enhance their sense of life meaning, and reduce suicidal ideation. Insights from this study provide valuable guidance for prevention and intervention strategies aimed at safeguarding adolescents' mental health and well-being.

The Role of Loneliness with Locus of Control in Early Adulthood

Loneliness is an increasing problem among early adult individuals, especially at the age of 20-40 years. Locus of control, as individuals' beliefs about their ability to control outcomes in life, may play an important role in the experience of loneliness. This study aims to examine the effect of locus of control on the level of loneliness in early adult individuals. This study used a quantitative method with a survey approach, involving 250 early adult respondents selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire consisting of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and Levenson's Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. The results of the analysis show that locus of control has a significant negative influence on the level of loneliness, with a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.283. This shows that 28.3% of variations in loneliness levels can be explained by locus of control. This study indicates that individuals with higher locus of control tend to experience lower levels of loneliness. The findings provide important insights in the development of interventions to support the mental health of early adult individuals and achieve the expected research objectives.

Факторы выбора стратегий волевой регуляции у студентов вузов

&lt;p&gt;The article presents the results of a study of volitional regulation strategies in university students. The hypothesis was tested that the choice of strategy is determined by the nature of the tasks facing students related to self-organization of educational activities, as well as individual characteristics of students: volitional, motivational spheres, self-awareness and psychodynamic properties. To test the hypothesis, students of different levels of education studying in full-time and distance learning departments were compared using a single-factor analysis. A total of 698 people took part in the study. The multiple linear regression method was used to test the influence of individual characteristics. The following methods were used: "Action Control Scale", "Questionnaire for identifying the severity of self-control in the emotional sphere, activity and behavior", "Brief Academic Motivation Scale", PIL test, "General Self-Efficacy Scale", a modification of the Dembo-Rubinstein self-assessment technique, "Big Five Short Portrait Questionnaire (B5-10)". To assess the strategies of volitional self-regulation, students were offered a list of ways to solve problems that arise in the course of their studies, which they had to evaluate by the frequency of their use. Then, the students' answers were processed using factor analysis. As a result, six strategies were identified: "planning", "self-regulation", "self-compulsion", "additional classes", "seeking help", "detachment from the problem". It was shown that full-time and distance learning students differ significantly in five of the six strategies. Master's students more often resort to self-regulation, bachelor's students more often seek help, and specialist students more often resort to self-compulsion. It was also shown that the choice of strategies is significantly influenced by the characteristics of volitional regulation and academic motivation of students.&lt;/p&gt;

Examination of the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the patient self-advocacy scale for psychiatric users

Objective In 2020, > 6 million individuals with mental disorders received psychiatric care. Advocacy is important to ensure that the rights of psychiatric patients, for whom involuntary hospitalization sometimes occurs, are maintained. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Patient Self-Advocacy Scale (PSAS) by Brashers et al. to measure the degree of patient self-advocacy and examine its reliability and validity.Methods Five researchers translated the original PSAS into Japanese. The translated questionnaire was piloted with five psychiatric users and further revised. The revised content was back-translated by a professional translator and checked by the original author. An online questionnaire was administered to verify the validity and reliability of the completed Japanese PSAS. The questionnaire was distributed to individuals who received mental health services on a mailing list. Some respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire a second time to examine the reliability of the retest method. Reliability was examined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the entire scale and subscales and evaluating the results of the correlation coefficients with the retest. For validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, and correlation coefficients were calculated using related scales (the Japanese versions of the Desirability of Control, Desire for Autonomy, and Health Locus of Control scales).Results The questionnaire received 214 responses, and the test-retest questionnaire received 48 responses. Most respondents had been diagnosed with mood disorders (48.1%) or schizophrenia (40.7%), and 46.8% had been receiving psychiatric care for > 10 years. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the overall scale and subscale analyses and correlation coefficients for retests ranged from 0.66-0.83 and 0.69-0.84, respectively. Regarding validity, exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors with items similar to those in the original version, and confirmatory factor analysis showed goodness of fit (CMIN/DF = 2.834, GFI = 0.896, AGFI = 0.841, RMSEA = 0.093, AIC = 198.542, CFI = 0.888). Correlations with relevant scales were significant with those of most subscales.Conclusion The Japanese PSAS was valid and reliable. This scale can be used to assess self-advocacy among psychiatric users and may help understand attitudes toward rights and advocacy.