Controlled Drug Release Research Articles

Nanoparticles in Renal Hypertension Therapy: Advances, Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives

Renal hypertension, a secondary form of hypertension stemming from kidney dysfunction, poses significant health burdens due to its association with cardiovascular complications and end-stage renal disease (Goldblatt, 1934; Bakris, 2021). Current therapeutic strategies often rely on antihypertensive drugs, but these are limited by suboptimal bioavailability, systemic side effects, and lack of targeted action (Go et al., 2013). These limitations underscore the need for innovative treatment modalities. Nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have surfaced as an innovative approach revolutionary approach to address these challenges by enabling precise, targeted therapy with improved efficacy and reduced adverse effects (Langer & Peppas, 2021). Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, customizable surface modifications, and the capacity to deliver therapeutic agents directly to renal tissues have made nanoparticles a promising approach (Maeda, 2015). Significant progress in this domain includes the creation of lipid-based carriers, polymeric systems, metallic nanostructures, and inorganic nanoplatforms. Among these, lipid-based systems, including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, stand out for their versatility and efficiency, facilitating effective drug encapsulation and sustained release, while polymeric carriers like PLGA nanoparticles enhance drug stability and control release profiles (Wang et al., 2018; Patel et al., 2020). Metallic nanoparticles, including gold and silver systems, offer the advantage of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, while mesoporous silica nanoparticles enable high drug loading capacity and renal-targeted delivery (Zhang et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2022). Clinical translation of these technologies remains a work in progress, yet preclinical studies reveal their promise in hypertension management. Functionalized nanoparticles delivering ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and nitric oxide donors have demonstrated superior outcomes in animal models by improving renal perfusion and endothelial function while reducing systemic toxicity (Singh et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020). Further integration of artificial intelligence and computational modeling is paving the way for optimized nanoparticle design, enhancing their therapeutic precision and scalability (Farokhzad et al., 2017). Despite promising advancements, significant challenges persist. These include concerns regarding biocompatibility, toxicity, large-scale manufacturability, and compliance with regulatory requirements (Kinnear et al., 2021). Bridging these gaps through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative research is imperative for successful clinical translation. Nanoparticle systems hold immense potential for transforming renal hypertension treatment, providing safer and more effective therapeutic options while minimizing healthcare burdens associated with chronic disease management.

Neuro-computational simulation of blood flow loaded with gold and maghemite nanoparticles inside an electromagnetic microchannel under rapid and unexpected change in pressure gradient.

In cardiovascular research, electromagnetic fields generated by Riga plates are utilized to study or manipulate blood flow dynamics, which is particularly crucial in developing treatments for conditions such as arterial plaque deposition and understanding blood behavior under varied flow conditions. This research predicts the flow patterns of blood enhanced with gold and maghemite nanoparticles (gold-maghemite/blood) in an electromagnetic microchannel influenced by Riga plates with a temperature gradient that decays exponentially, under sudden changes in pressure gradient. The flow modeling includes key physical influences like radiation heat emission and Darcy drag forces in porous media, with the flow mathematically represented through unsteady partial differential equations solved using the Laplace transform (LT) method. Results, including shear stress (SS) and rate of heat transfer (RHT), are graphically detailed, demonstrating changes in blood velocity profile with modifications in the Hartmann number and the width of electrodes, and differences in temperature and RHT between hybrid nano-blood (HNB) and nano-blood (NB). The key results indicate an increase in blood velocity distribution with higher modified Hartmann number, and a decrease with wider electrodes. Temperature is elevated in both hybrid nano-blood (HNB) and nano-blood (NB). Notably, HNB with gold and maghemite enhances heat transmission in the flow. Furthermore, an artificial intelligence-driven methodology employing an artificial neural network (ANN) has been incorporated to facilitate rapid and precise evaluations of SS and RHT, demonstrating remarkable predictive accuracy. The proposed algorithm exhibits outstanding accuracy, achieving 99.998% on the testing dataset and 96.843% during cross-validation for predicting SS, and 100% on the testing dataset, and 95.008% during cross-validation for predicting RHT. The implementation of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence promises new tools for doctors and surgeons, potentially transforming patient care in fields such as oncology, cardiology, and radiology. This model also facilitates the generation of precise electromagnetic fields to guide drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles for applications in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, MRI contrast enhancement, blood flow monitoring, cancer treatment, and controlled drug release.

Curcumin-encapsulated Pluronic micelles in chitosan/PEO nanofibers: a controlled release strategy for wound healing applications

Abstract Chitosan-based nanofibers loaded with therapeutic agents are promising for wound treatment but loading hydrophobic compounds remains challenging. To address the limitations of curcumin incorporation in chitosan/polyethylene oxide (CS/PEO) nanofibers, we developed a novel Pluronic-based micelle to encapsulate curcumin, followed by the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as an antibacterial agent to improve the performance of the wound dressings’ materials. We successfully fabricated CS/PEO scaffolds via electrospinning, incorporating curcumin-loaded micelles and synthesized ZnO-NPs. Comprehensive morphology characterization was performed using SEM, and the presence of ZnO-NPs and curcumin was verified by EDX and FT-IR spectroscopy. The developed nanofibers showed a slower release profile, with approximately 80 % of curcumin released into the aqueous medium within 24 h and appearing to progress to a steady state by five days. Notably, the nanofiber mats exhibited antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and supported fibroblast proliferation and attachment, indicating excellent biocompatibility. These findings suggest that the developed nanofiber scaffold, characterized by its controlled drug release, potent antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility, holds promise as an advanced wound dressing material.

Oral Microalgae-Based Biosystem to Enhance Irreversible Electroporation Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel local tumor ablation technique that can potentially stimulate immune responses. However, IRE alone cannot effectively activate the immune system or prevent distant metastases. Therefore, this study utilized the biocompatibility of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and polydopamine (PDA) adhesive properties to encapsulate a PD-1 inhibitor (PI). The PDA coating protects the drug from degradation by stomach acid and enhances its intestinal absorption. This carrier demonstrates excellent in vivo drug release control and biodistribution, significantly increasing the oral bioavailability of PI. Combining IRE with this natural carrier significantly improves the therapeutic efficacy, which increases the local drug concentration and activates the immune system. This system demonstrates significantly improved therapeutic efficacy against local tumors compared with PI or IRE alone and significantly reduces PI-associated side effects. A convenient oral delivery system is developed using this readily available natural micro-carrier that not only improves the therapeutic effect of IRE but also mitigates its adverse effects, indicating significant potential for clinical applications. This discovery offers a new strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment with the potential to improve patient outcomes.

Advancements in Aquasomes‐Based Topical Drug Delivery for Enhanced Dermatological Treatments

ABSTRACTBackgroundAquasomes are novel nanoparticulate carriers that are applied topically to deliver medications, particularly in dermatology. These carriers are composed of a polyhydroxy oligomer layer covering a solid core, usually composed of ceramic or calcium phosphate. The bioactivity of delicate molecules, such as proteins, peptides, and genetic material, is preserved by this special structure. Aquasomes are especially useful for improving the stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of therapeutic substance, while reducing systemic absorption and unfavorable side effects.MethodThe efficacy of aquasomes in treating dermatological conditions has been the subject of recent research. Their capacity to administer anti‐inflammatory medications for ailments like acne, psoriasis as well as wound healing has been investigated. Additionally, research has looked into how well aquasomes can help bigger molecules pass through the epidermal barrier. The effectiveness, safety, as well as skin irritation of aquasomes have been evaluated through comparisons with traditional topical formulations.ResultsAquasomes were less irritating and more effective than conventional topical applications for localized skin conditions. Furthermore, a 2024 study showed that aquasomes improved the ability of big molecules to pass through the epidermal barrier, which made them appropriate for noninvasive medication administration.ConclusionIn the fields of dermatology and cosmetics, aquasomes hold great promise as a topical treatment delivery system. With fewer adverse effects, they provide improved stability, bioavailability, along with controlled drug release. The therapeutic value for dealing with skin conditions and enhancing cosmetic formulations will be maximized with continued research to optimize their properties.

Mesoporous Silica with Dual Stimuli-Microenvironment Responsiveness via the Pectin-Gated Strategy for Controlled Release of Rosmarinic Acid.

Traditional drug-delivery methods are limited by low bioavailability and nonspecific drug distribution, resulting in poor therapeutic efficacy and potential risks of toxicity. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted wide attention as drug-delivery carriers due to their large specific surface area, adjustable pore size, good mechanical strength, good biocompatibility, and rich hydroxyl groups on their surface. In this paper, MSNs were synthesized by a template method, and the morphology and pore structure were regulated. The obtained particles possessed a narrow particle size distribution and good sphericity with a diameter of 878 nm, and their growth process was consistent with the La-Mer growth mechanism. Furthermore, MSNs were modified with amino acids and loaded with rosmarinic acid (RosA), accompanied by the "outer packaging" of pectin to obtain RosA@MSNs-Pec. RosA was added at 200, 150, and 100 mg within 72 h, with a drug loading of 193, 175.5, and 156 mg/g and an encapsulation rate of 19.3, 17.6, and 15.6, respectively. Interestingly, RosA@MSNs-Pec demonstrated the dual pH and pectinase response property, and its release curve conformed to the Higuchi model, indicating that its drug-controlled release was based on Fick's law.

Utilization of Nanoparticles for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a predominant cause of vision loss, posing significant challenges in its management despite advancements such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Nanomedicine, with its novel properties and capabilities, offers promising potential to transform the treatment paradigm for AMD. This review reports the significant advancements in the use of diverse nanoparticles (NPs) for AMD in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, nanoceria, nanofibers, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, dendrimers, and polymer nanoparticles delivered in forms such as gels, eye drops, intravitreally, or intravenously. Drug delivery was the most common use of NPs for AMD, followed by photodynamic therapy dose enhancement, antioxidant function for nanoceria, biomimetic activity, and immune modulation. Innovative approaches arising included nanotechnology-based photodynamic therapy and light-responsive nanoparticles for controlled drug release, as well as gene therapy transfer. Nanomedicine offers a transformative approach to the treatment and management of AMD, with diverse applications. The integration of nanotechnology in AMD management not only provides innovative solutions to overcome current therapeutic limitations but also shows potential in enhancing outcomes and patient quality of life.

Fabrication of Functional Polymers with Gradual Release of a Bioactive Precursor for Agricultural Applications

Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric materials and stimulus-responsive hydrogels are widely used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, biomedical, and consumer sectors. The effectiveness of these formulations depends significantly on the appropriate selection of polymer support. Through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis, these materials can gradually release bioactive agents, enabling controlled drug release. The objective of this work is to synthesize, characterize, and apply two controlled-release polymeric systems, focusing on the release of a phyto-pharmaceutical agent (herbicide) at varying pH levels. The copolymers were synthesized via free radical polymerization in solution, utilizing tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the organic solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator, without the use of a cross-linking agent. Initially, the herbicide was grafted onto the polymeric chains, and its release was subsequently tested across different pH environments in a heterogeneous phase using an ultrafiltration (UF) system. The development of these two controlled-release polymer systems aimed to measure the herbicide’s release across different pH levels. The goal is to adapt these materials for agricultural use, enhancing soil quality and promoting efficient water usage in farming practices. The results indicate that the release of the herbicide from the conjugate systems exceeded 90% of the bioactive compound after 8 days at pH 10 for both systems. Furthermore, the two polymeric systems demonstrated first-order kinetics for herbicide release in aqueous solutions at different pH levels. The kinetic constant was found to be higher at pH 7 and 10 compared to pH 3. These synthetic hydrogels are recognized as functional polymers suitable for the sustained release of herbicides in agricultural applications.

ROS-differentiated release of Apelin-13 from hydrogel comprehensively treats myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury still faces the lack of clinically approved drugs. Apelin-13 is a highly promising drug candidate of MI/R injury, but hampered by its extremely short half-life in plasma. This calls for efficient and smart delivering system for Apelin-13 delivery, but has not been reported. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogelator YFF-TK-FFY is designed, which co-assembles with Apelin-13 to form the peptide hydrogel Apelin-13@Gel TK. This hydrogel responds to ROS at varying levels in the surrounding environment of MI/R and releases Apelin-13 at different rates. In an MI/R injury mouse model, Apelin-13@Gel TK rapidly releases Apelin-13 in response to the high ROS in the core area of MI/R injury, efficiently reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis within three days. In the ROS-low border zone, Apelin-13@Gel TK provides a slow and sustained release of Apelin-13, promoting angiogenesis and lymphatic remodeling, and facilitating the resolution of inflammation in the later repair stage after MI/R injury. By offering a spatiotemporally controlled drug release in response to ROS gradients in the MI/R microenvironment, this smart hydrogel presents a promising therapeutic strategy for effective treatment of MI/R injury.

Development and preclinical testing of a naloxone prodrug depot for extended protection against opioid overdose

The opioid crisis, driven by synthetic opioids like fentanyl, demands innovative solutions. The opioid antidote naloxone has a short action ( ~ 1 hour), requiring repeated doses. To address this, we present a new and simple naloxone prodrug delivery system repurposing a hydrophilic derivative of acoramidis, a potent transthyretin ligand. When the fully soluble prodrug solution is administered subcutaneously, the prodrug forms a zwitterionic depot at physiological pH, enabling extended naloxone release. This non-polymeric depot-forming approach is rare and employs carboxylesterase 2 for selective bioactivation, ensuring controlled drug release. In male rats and cynomolgus monkeys, a single subcutaneous dose provides steady naloxone release over several days, reducing blood-brain barrier diffusion, withdrawal symptoms, and CNS toxicity. Preclinical studies demonstrated efficacy in rat overdose models and achieved monkey naloxone levels matching effective human therapeutic levels. Although monkey efficacy was not assessed, combined rat efficacy and monkey pharmacokinetics suggest strong potential for successful human translation.

Amphoteric Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanoparticles as a Platform for Immobilization of Proteins and Cells, Enabling Bioanalyte Sensing.

Cellulosic nanomaterials have significantly promoted the development of sensing devices, drug delivery, and bioreactor processes. Their synthetic flexibility makes them a prominent choice for immobilizing biomolecules or cells. In this work, we developed a practical and user-friendly approach to accessing cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs). The synthetic route is convenient and does not require a separate purification protocol. These particles are extensively characterized with FTIR, PXRD, TGA, DLS, and SEM. Later, we functionalized them with two chemically orthogonal handles: hydroxylamine and aldehyde. While the prior engaged glycan on the bacterial surface, the latter could capture an antibiotic to promote an in vitro controlled drug release. Besides, their dense functionalization enables efficient inter-CNP reactions, resulting in an amphoteric covalent cross-linked CNP capable of immobilizing proteins and cells. Also, it enables orthogonal dual immobilization to offer proximity control. Its capabilities were validated by installing an aldehyde-equipped bacterium and an activable fluorophore to offer a platform for detecting H2S, a secretory reductant. It conveniently extends to H2S detection in chicken eggs. Overall, the probe-, enzyme-, and bacterial cell-equipped amphoteric cross-linked CNP offers the potential to support bioprocesses for producing enzymes, secondary metabolites, vitamins, and hormones.

Optimization of the poloxamer 407-conjugated gelatin to synthesize pH-sensitive nanocarriers for controlled paclitaxel delivery

Chemotherapy is one of the most prevalent and efficacious treatments for a wide variety of cancers; however, chemotherapeutic agents have clinically limited applications due to their low water solubility and risk of side effects. Nanomedicine can help to easily deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic agents for cancer treatment. Here, we describe a nanocarrier system that enables the sustainable and controllable release of hydrophobic anticancer drugs, Paclitaxel, based on poloxamer 407-conjugated gelatin (GeP) copolymers. The particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and thermal stability of the nanogels were characterized. The successful synthesis of nanogels was confirmed by analyzing their chemical components. Among the GePs at different amounts of poloxamer 407, a ratio of gelatin and poloxamer (Ge:P) at 1:15 for preparation resulted in the nanogels being positive in charge, spherical in shape, and 97.84 ± 2.94 nm in hydrodynamic diameter (Dh), with optimal drug-carrying efficacy. The in vitro drug release from nanogels was accelerated in the tumor microenvironment at pH 5.5 in comparison to pH 7.4, and the drug release kinetics from nanogels were due to Fickian diffusion. Finally, the cytotoxicity assays indicated that GePs were biocompatible nanocarriers without toxicity on both normal (VERO) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) lines, which could improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of paclitaxel. Overall, these results revealed an optimal ratio (1:15) of Ge:P for the synthesis of pH-responsive hybrid nanogels for sufficient paclitaxel releasement to kill MCF-7 for effective cancer treatment.

Dual ligand functionalized pH-sensitive liposomes for metastatic breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo assessment.

This research demonstrates the design and development of a novel dual-targeting, pH-sensitive liposomal (pSL) formulation of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), i.e., (5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL) to manage breast cancer (BC). The motivation to explore this formulation is to overcome the challenges of systemic toxicity and non-specific targeting of 5-FU, a conventional chemotherapeutic agent. The proposed formulation also combines folic acid (FA) and iRGD peptides as targeting ligands to enhance tumor cell specificity and penetration, while the pH-sensitive liposomes ensure the controlled drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The physicochemical characterization revealed that 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL possesses optimal size, low polydispersity index, and favorable zeta potential, enhancing its stability and targeting capabilities. In vitro studies demonstrated significantly enhanced cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of cell migration in MCF-7 BC cells compared to free 5-FU and non-targeted liposomal formulations. DAPI staining revealed significant apoptotic features, including chromatin condensation (CC) and nuclear fragmentation (NF), with 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL inducing more pronounced apoptosis compared to 5-FU-pSL. Furthermore, in vivo analysis in a BC rat model showed superior anti-tumor efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and improved safety profile of the 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL formulation. This dual-targeting pSL system presents a promising approach for enhancing the therapeutic index of 5-FU, offering a potential strategy for more effective BC treatment.

Chitosan and hyaluronic acid in breast cancer treatment: Anticancer efficacy and nanoparticle and hydrogel development.

The pervasive global health concern of breast cancer necessitates the development of innovative therapeutic interventions to enhance efficacy and mitigate adverse effects. Chitosan and hyaluronic acid, recognized for their biocompatibility and biodegradability, present compelling options for novel drug delivery systems and therapeutic platforms in the context of breast cancer management. This discourse will delineate the distinctive attributes of chitosan and hyaluronic acid, encompassing their inherent anticancer properties, targeting capabilities, and suitability for chemical modifications. These characteristics render them exceptionally well-suited for the fabrication of nanoparticles and hydrogels. The intrinsic anticancer potential of chitosan, in conjunction with its mucoadhesive properties, and the robust binding affinity of hyaluronic acid to CD44 receptors, facilitate precise and efficacious drug delivery to malignant cells, thus circumventing the limitations inherent in conventional treatment modalities. The incorporation of these materials into nanocarriers allows for the concurrent delivery of therapeutic agents, thereby potentiating synergistic effects, while hydrogel systems provide localized, controlled drug release and facilitate tissue regeneration. An analysis of advancements in their synthesis, functionalization, and application is presented, while also acknowledging challenges pertaining to scalability and clinical translation.

Optogenetics in medicine: innovations and therapeutic applications.

Optogenetics, an innovative approach integrating photonics and genetic engineering, enables precise control over molecular and cellular processes, opening up exciting new opportunities for precision-guided medicine. In this review, we highlight recent advances in optogenetic tools and their applications across a range of medical conditions, including vision restoration in retinitis pigmentosa via light-activated ion channels, precise immune response modulation in cancer immunotherapy, and blood glucose management in diabetes through controllable drug release. Optogenetics also plays a critical role in bioelectronic medicine, enabling seamless communication between electronic systems and biological tissues to enhance therapeutic precision. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential transition of optogenetics from experimental models to clinical therapies, emphasizing its immense potential to transform future medical treatments.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lipid/Soluplus-Stabilized Nanocrystals of Paclitaxel and Bosutinib for a Synergistic Effect in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been employed for the treatment of lung cancer, owing to their role in regulating irregulated pathways or mutated genes. Bosutinib, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, has been recently investigated for lung cancer treatment. Bosutinib can also be used with paclitaxel as a combinatorial approach to receive a synergistic effect for the effective management of lung cancer. Furthermore, the nanocrystals of each can also be prepared and in combination can produce a more pronounced impact than the drug combination. Herein, the prepared Soluplus/lipid-stabilized nanocrystals of paclitaxel and bosutinib were rod to cubic in shape of about 150-250 nm. The nanocrystals were stable, provided controlled drug release, and exhibited a higher aerosolization performance. The nanocrystal combination demonstrated higher anticancer activity than the drug combination synergy against A549 cancer cells. The nanocrystals increased the level of cellular internalization in cancer cells, thereby inducing higher ROS generation and apoptosis of cancer cells. Furthermore, the lipid/Soluplus-stabilized nanocrystals exhibited higher translocation potential compared with only Soluplus-stabilized nanocrystals. The nanocrystals administered intratracheally showed a lower drug distribution to other organs, with prolonged drug retention in the lungs, suggesting the higher efficacy of developed nanocrystals in targeting the lungs. In conclusion, lipid-modified nanocrystals can be a novel approach for the effective management of lung cancer.

Pillar[n]arene-Based Supramolecular Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy.

Macrocyclic supramolecular materials play an important role in encapsulating anticancer drugs to improve the anticancer efficiency and reduce the toxicity to normal tissues through host-guest interactions. Among them, pillar[n]arenes, as an emerging class of supramolecular macrocyclic compounds, have attracted increasing attention in drug delivery and drug-controlled release due to their high biocompatibility, excellent host-guest chemistry, and simplicity of modification. In this review, we summarize the research progress of pillar[n]arene-based supramolecular nanodrug delivery systems (SNDs) in recent years in the field of tumor therapy, including drug-controlled release, imaging diagnostics and therapeutic modalities. Furthermore, the opportunities and major limitations of pillar[n]arene-based SNDs for tumor therapy are discussed.

Enhancing hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with DOX-loaded SiO2 nanoparticles via mTOR-TFEB pathway autophagic flux inhibition

Chemotherapeutic drugs often fail to provide long-term efficacy due to their lack of specificity and high toxicity. To enhance the biosafety and reduce the side effects of these drugs, various nanocarrier delivery systems have been developed. In this study, we loaded the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and an MRI contrast agent into silica nanoparticles, coating them with pH-responsive and tumor cell-targeting polymers. These polymers enable the carrier to achieve targeted delivery and controlled drug release in acidic environments. This integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategy successfully achieved both the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that the nanocarrier inhibits autophagic flux in liver cancer cells by targeting the autophagy-lysosome pathway and regulating the nuclear translocation of TFEB, thereby promoting tumor cell death. This novel diagnostic-integrated nanocarrier is expected to be a promising tool for targeted liver cancer treatment.

A Comprehensive Review of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and emulsions are alternatives to other popular colloidal carriers. Because of its advantages, solid lipid nanoparticles were developed in the early 1990s, including controlled drug release, focused drug delivery, and outstanding durability. The many methods utilized to manufacture solid lipid nanoparticles and excipients, including the membrane contractor technique, are summarised in this article, along with their possible benefits and drawbacks. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) stability relies on maintaining particle size, drug encapsulation, and integrity over time. Excipients like surfactants and lipids influence stability, preventing aggregation and oxidation. Drying techniques, such as spray drying and lyophilization, enhance stability by converting SLNs to solid forms, while lipid composition and drug-lipid compatibility are crucial factors. So, the instrumental techniques employed and the difficulties associated with SLN manufacturing are thoroughly examined. Particular focus is placed on the SLN release pattern and drug integration models in SLN. The main uses of SLNs, including targeted drug delivery, and the analytical approaches used in SLN assessments, are covered in detail. The main objective of this work is a thorough overview of solid lipid nanoparticles, including production methods, characterization, and routes of administration. A discussion of the components of the SLN delivery mechanism and the in vivo destiny of the carriers are also included.

Advancements and Prospects in Nanorobotic Applications for Ophthalmic Therapy.

This study provides a bibliometric and bibliographic review of emerging applications of micro- and nanotechnology in treating ocular diseases, with a primary focus on glaucoma. We aim to identify key research trends and analyze advancements in devices and drug delivery systems for ocular treatments. The methodology involved analyzing 385 documents indexed on the Web of Science using tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. The results show a marked increase in scientific output, highlighting prominent authors and institutions, with England leading in the field. Key findings suggest that nanotechnology holds the potential to address the limitations of conventional treatments, including low ocular bioavailability and adverse side effects. Nanoparticles, nanovesicles, and polymer-based systems appear promising for prolonged and controlled drug release, potentially offering enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, micro- and nanotechnology could transform ocular disease treatment, although challenges remain concerning the biocompatibility and scalability of these devices. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish these innovations within the therapeutic context of ophthalmology.