Control Variable Method Research Articles

Numerically Evaluation of Dynamic Behavior of Post-Tensioned Concrete Flat Slabs under Free Vibration

The objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamic behaviour of post-tensioned concrete flat slabs with different geometries and damping ratios. Four groups of models with different lengths, widths, thicknesses and damping ratios designed according to the AS3600 standard. These were used to determine the influence of each parameter on the vibration serviceability by comparing the control variable method with the reference model. The vibration assessment parameters were used as natural frequency, peak acceleration, and response factor. Both the SCI/CSTR43 standard theoretical calculations method and the Strand7 finite element analysis (FEA) method are used to determine the effect of different geometries and damping ratios on vibration. The feasibility of the Strand7 FEA method for vibration analysis is also assessed by calculating the errors of the two methods. The paper concludes that the Strand7 FEA method is highly accurate and feasible. The span in both directions has a large effect on the natural frequency, and increasing both the slab thickness and the damping ratio are effective methods to improve the vibration serviceability. Based on the research in this paper, recommendations are provided for future vibration design of post-tensioned concrete slabs.

Inversion of Space Debris Material by Synthetic Light Curves

Ground-based optical observation of GEO space debris plays an essential role in tracking, identifying, cataloging, and classifying space debris. The factors that affect the brightness of space debris include size, surface material, illumination geometry, attitude, shape, position, and so on. In order to better understand the influence of the above factors on the brightness of space debris, the synthetic light curves are analyzed. The Ashikhmin–Shirley model is chosen to simulate the light curves of space debris. The effects of orbit, attitude, model parameters, and the location of the observation station on the synthetic light curves are analyzed by the control variable method. Based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC), the optimal model parameters that characterize the surface material of space debris can be obtained by comparing the synthetic light curves with the observed light curves under certain shape, orbit, and attitude characteristics. The results are roughly in good agreement with those measured in the laboratory.

A Financial Handwritten Digit Recognition Model Based on Artificial Intelligence

Handwritten digit recognition is a kind of image information classification problem through optical character analysis. Its essence is to represent the pixel points of digital images as gray values and then replace the pixel matrix with a numerical matrix. The computer can deal with numerical problems converted from handwritten Arabic numeral recognition problems through feature extraction and classification. With the rapid development of science and technology, this technology has dramatically reduced the cost of identification and human consumption, making identification more efficient and having a specific use value. However, the current handwritten digit recognition technology will cause problems such as abnormal recognition and recognition errors, reducing recognition accuracy. This will not only increase the cost of human recognition but also increase unnecessary risks. Based on the broad application prospect of handwritten digit recognition in finance, this paper focuses on the research and analysis of the handwritten digit recognition model for its insufficient accuracy, low performance, and other problems. Based on traditional data analysis, this paper adopts deep learning and control variable methods to conduct multiple groups of experiments to explore the impact of different parameters on the accuracy of experimental results. Summarize the best recognition accuracy and achieve the best model performance.

MÉTODO DE OTIMIZAÇÃO NO TREINO DE FORÇA DO TORNOZELO DURANTE O EXERCÍCIO

ABSTRACT Introduction Good ankle joint strength is a precondition for high-quality exercise and is an important factor in preventing joint injuries. Objective Explore the method of optimizing ankle strength training during exercise. Methods 40 volunteers were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The 20 athletes in the experimental group were trained three times a week for six weeks using a control variable method, while the control group performed only professional daily physical training. Pre-training and post-training methods were used to collect and investigate the data regarding the effect of strength training on the ankle joint and its impact on skill and strength tests submitted to the athletes. Results Ankle strength training can improve ankle muscle strength and athletes’ ability to run and jump (P > 0.05). Conclusion Ankle joint strength training may improve athletes’ baseline sporting ability, improve ankle joint muscle strength, reduce the likelihood of joint injuries, and contribute to improved outcomes of various abilities, meriting further study and replication. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Tire-road friction coefficient estimation method design for intelligent tires equipped with PVDF piezoelectric film sensors

Intelligent tires, as an emerging technology, have great potential in real-time monitoring of tire-road contact information and new automotive active safety design. In this paper, a tire-road friction coefficient estimation method is proposed based on intelligent tire technology. First, an intelligent tire finite element model with the use of five PVDF piezoelectric film sensors attached to the inner liner of the tire is built using ABAQUS software, and the validity of the finite element model is verified by a piezoelectric intelligent tire test platform. Then, through the finite element analysis method and control variable method, the influence of sideslip angle on the voltage signal of each piezoelectric film under the rolling state of tire is analyzed, and when the sideslip angle is 4°, the influence of load, tire pressure, vehicle speed and slip ratio on the voltage signal of each piezoelectric film under the rolling state of tire is analyzed. Finally, based on the signal response analysis of the piezoelectric film sensors, the response mechanism of the predicted object and the linear correlation analysis, the input eigenvalues of each prediction model are extracted. The longitudinal contact patch length estimation model based on the numerical method and the sideslip angle, vertical force, lateral force and aligning moment estimation model based on the neural network algorithm are built, and the predicted parameters are input into the brush tire model to solve the tire-road friction coefficient. The result shows that the estimation error percentage of the friction coefficient estimation method without genetic algorithm optimization is 16.98%, and the estimation error percentage of the friction coefficient estimation method with genetic algorithm optimization is 5.14%, indicating that the genetic algorithm optimization effect is ideal, and the friction coefficient estimation method is practical. ● Developing an intelligent tire finite element model equipped with PVDF sensors ● Real vehicle test verifies the validity of the intelligent tire finite element model ● Analyzing the signal response of PVDF sensors under different working conditions ● Estimating the tire-road friction coefficient using intelligent tire system and brush tire model

A Simultaneous Distinguishing Measurement Method of Carbon Dioxide Gas Concentration and Air Humidity Based on Double Fiber Bragg Gratings

Due to the advantages of small size, high sensitivity and strong anti-interference ability, optical fiber sensors are widely used in gas detection. Meanwhile, concentration and humidity detection based on optical fiber sensing are paramount technologies in the field of gas sensing. However, how to solve the issue of cross sensitivity of concentration and humidity of optical fiber gas sensors and realize synchronous detection of two parameters are current common challenges. In this study, taking carbon dioxide as an example, a detection method based on double fiber Bragg grating (FBG) string is proposed to measure carbon dioxide concentration and air humidity simultaneously. Here, a pair of FBGs are welded in series on an optical fiber after being filled with special materials. Using the control variable method, the performance parameters of the sensor can be determined through calculation. The experimental results demonstrate that the gas concentration sensitivity is 0.5952 pm/ppm in the range of 0 ppm~2250 ppm. In the range of 25%~65%, the air humidity sensitivity is 28.62 pm/RH. Moreover, it is less affected by temperature and has satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility. The sensor realizes high sensitivity and low crosstalk measurement of concentration and humidity and can be applied to the simultaneous detection of carbon dioxide concentration and air humidity in specific confined space.

Influence of Exhaust Temperature and Flow Velocity of Marine Diesel Engines on Exhaust Gas Boiler Heat Transfer Performance

Due to the relatively cheap price of diesel, most Marine engines use diesel as Marine fuel, but its emissions contain a lot of carbon. To reduce carbon emissions, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established an Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Energy Efficiency Existing-Ship Index (EEXI). Currently, a popular way is to reduce EEDI by optimizing the heat transfer performance of exhaust gas boilers on new ships, but there is little research on the EEXI index of existing ships. For operating ships, the thermal conductivity of exhaust gas boiler materials and other parameters has been fixed, so the main factors affecting the heat transfer coefficient of the exhaust gas boiler are exhaust gas temperature and flow velocity. Therefore, this paper studies the influence of engine exhaust temperature and flow rate on boiler heat transfer coefficients and optimizes it to achieve the EEXI value required by IMO. Firstly, based on the conservation of mass and energy as the basic equation, a heat exchange model of the exhaust gas boiler is established by using the hybrid modeling method and lumped parameter method. Secondly, for the given boiler, since other parameters are basically unchanged, the input temperature and flow rate of the model are changed by the control variable method, and the temperature of the boiler outlet is simulated by the test algorithm. Through the simulation operation of an Aalborg OC-type boiler, the results show that when the exhaust gas flow velocity is 15 m/s, 17.2 m/s, 22.4 m/s and 25 m/s, respectively, the heat transfer coefficient at each flow velocity increases first and then slowly decreases with the increase of temperature, and there is an optimal temperature at each velocity, which is 230 °C, 227 °C, 225 °C and 224 °C, respectively. The innovation of this study lies in the research on the inlet temperature and flow rate of the exhaust gas boiler of the operating ship based on the EEXI, and the relevant results are obtained, which provides theoretical guidance for the operation management of the exhaust gas boiler of the operating ship.

Vibration Characteristics and Experimental Research of an Improved Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

Bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (BPEH) can remove mechanical energy waste, which is expected to realize the self-power supply of wireless sensors. To further improve the energy harvesting efficiency, we designed an improved bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (IBPEH). The restoring force model of the composing beam is acquired based on fitting experimental data, and the nonlinear magnetic model is obtained by using the magnetic dipole method. The electromechanical coupling dynamics model of the system is established based on Newton’s second law and Kirchhoff’s law. Based on the control variable method, the influences of excitation frequency and excitation amplitude on the vibration characteristics of IBPEH and BPEH are compared in simulation analysis. Moreover, the correctness of the theoretical analyses is verified by experiments. The results show that variations in the number of magnets and appropriate adjustments in their positions can broaden the operating frequency bandwidth of the bistable piezoelectric energy harvester, and realize large-amplitude periodic motion at lower excitation amplitudes. IBPEH can yield a higher voltage than BPEH under the same excitation conditions. This paper provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the potential well and further improving the electric energy harvest efficiency of the bistable piezoelectric energy harvester device.

Experimental Study of the Suppression Effect of N2/CO2 On the LPG Explosion Behavior in a Half-Open Duct with Large Aspect Ratios

ABSTRACT This work aims to investigate the effect of N2/CO2 on the explosion behavior of premixed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-air in a half-open duct. Experiments were performed in a duct (L/D = 47.5) with the ignition end closed and the other end open. Firstly, the optimal explosion concentration of LPG was determined using the stepwise approximation method, secondly, the effects of different volume fractions (VFs) of N2/CO2 on the pressure dynamic process, flame propagation velocity, and explosion severity of LPG-air explosion were analyzed, and finally the inerting effects of N2 and CO2 were compared using the control variable method. The results show that the explosion pressure and flame propagation velocity reach a maximum when the VF of LPG is 4.8% (without inert gas), and two pressure peaks (the first pressure peak (P 1 ) and the second pressure peak (P 2 )) are observed. When the VF of LPG is 4.8%, the maximum pressure and the average flame propagation velocity in the tube decrease and the explosion intensity inside and outside the duct was effectively mitigated as the VF of N2/CO2 increases, and the explosion is completely suppressed as the VF of inert gas reached 30%. P 2 is significantly suppressed, and the maximum explosion pressure (P max ) occurs at when the VF of N2/CO2 is above 15%. The suppression effects of CO2 are more remarkable at a lower VF (below 18%), those of N2 are more significant at a higher VF (above 18%), and P 1 also follows this rule. For a given volume fraction of inert gas, the suppression effect of N2/CO2 on the degree of explosion severity becomes more significant when approaching the optimal LPG explosion concentration (4.8%).

New models for the influence of rainwater on the performance of photovoltaic modules under different rainfall conditions

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is considered one of the most promising clean energy technologies. Dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic modules is one of the important reasons for the decline of photovoltaic system performance, and the influence of rainfall is particularly significant. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of rainwater on the output power of photovoltaic modules under different rainfall conditions. In this paper, a prediction model for dust density under different inclination angles is established based on outdoor test data, and the control variable method is used to design three different PV module performance testing schemes under different rainfall conditions, and a dimensionless model for output power is proposed. Empirical models of global solar radiation are combined, and thus output power prediction models under different rainfall conditions are developed. It is found that rainstorm conditions (Rainfall 50–100 mm) increased the peak PV module output power by 16.1%–28.2% compared to light rainfall conditions (Rainfall less than 10 mm), with the rain showing better cleaning effects for PV modules with higher dust densities. It is worth noting that PV module surface dust does not necessarily have only a negative effect on system performance. The influence mechanism of rainwater on the output power of photovoltaic modules and the prediction model established in this paper is helpful in improving the prediction accuracy of the output power of photovoltaic modules under rainfall conditions, and thus the efficient cleaning strategy is formulated.

Experimental and simulation study on braking noise characteristics and noise reduction strategies of the friction pair between the SiCp/A356 brake disc and the synthetic pad

During the braking process, abnormal noise often occurs between the friction pair of SiCp/Al composite disc and synthetic brake pad. Through 1:1 bench noise test and simulation method based on complex eigenvalue analysis, the induction mechanism, influencing factors, variation rule and noise reduction strategy of braking noise were studied. The results of MM-1000 friction reduced-scale test and simulation show that the sound pressure levels of two groups of friction pairs using SiCp/A356 composite material are lower than those of FE-928W friction pair under the same working conditions. The friction surfaces of different friction pairs show different degrees of surface scratches, material transfer and peeling, which will cause the friction pairs to have different tribological properties and contact relationships, resulting in differences in braking noise. 1:1 bench test and simulation results show that the main type of brake noise of service brake parts is brake squeal, which is induced by the braking temperature rise. Its main frequency is concentrated around 2.2 kHz, and the maximum sound pressure level can reach 110 dB(A). Braking squeal is more likely to occur when the energy input of a single brake is too large, resulting in high temperature rise of the brake parts, or when the brake temperature is kept at a high level in continuous braking for several times. The orthogonal test and the control variable method were used to study the influence law of 10 variables on the tendency of braking noise. It is found that the brake pad is the main component of the braking noise, and the friction coefficient of the friction pair and the Young's modulus have a significant effect on the tendency of braking noise. Considering the test results and simulation laws, the brake noise control strategies were proposed, such as increasing the chamfer depth of the pad friction surface, reducing the friction coefficient of the friction pair, increasing the young's modulus of the pad and controlling the brake temperature rise. In addition, compared with the original model, the instability tendency coefficient (TOI) of the new disc model established through variable selection is reduced by 81.21 %, and the brake noise tendency is obviously reduced, which verifies the effectiveness of the brake noise control strategy at the simulation level.

Designing a superhydrophobic quality and strengthening mechanism for foam concrete

In this study, a superhydrophobic concrete system was created by modifying the concrete by adding calcium stearate (CS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and then blending the resultant mixture with foam prepared using an anionic composite foaming agent to achieve superhydrophobic properties. Through the control variable method design experiment, two groups of optimal mix ratios, C3P5H0.125 and C3P8H0.05, were obtained, and the contact angles were 150.4° and 153°, respectively. It was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that PDMS had bonded to the cement hydration product and dispersed uniformly. The microstructure of the pore surface of foam concrete was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the surface roughness of the superhydrophobic foam concrete was found to be significantly higher than that of ordinary foam concrete. The density range of the prepared superhydrophobic foam concrete specimens was 500–700 kg/m3, its strength range was 1.5–3.1 MPa, the water absorption rate was as low as 5 %, which was 86 % lower than the highest water absorption rate in the experimental group, and 40 % of all pore sizes was below 200 μm. The prepared foam concrete revealed excellent anti-contamination and self-cleaning properties, abrasion resistance, and chemical stability. Under continuous mechanical wear and harsh environments, the overall superhydrophobicity of the concrete specimens remained stable. With these excellent attributes and an easy production process, the foam concrete prepared in this study offers broad application prospects.

Deposition Characteristics of Aerosol Particles on the Surface of PV Modules: Numerical Study

AbstractThe deposition of aerosol particles can significantly affect the surface transmittance of photovoltaic (PV) modules and thus reduce photoelectric efficiency. With the aid of the control variable method, orthogonal experimental design, and stepwise linear regression method, a numerical simulation study of the deposition process of aerosol particles on the surface of a PV module is carried out in this paper. The influence laws of inflow wind velocity (v), particle diameter (d), installation angle (α), and particle concentration (c) on the deposition process of aerosol particles are analyzed, respectively. The deposition mechanism of aerosol particles on the surface of the PV module is disclosed, and the prediction model of deposition rate (n) is proposed. The results show that v, d, and c all positively affect n of the aerosol particles within the value ranges of each investigation variable in this study. α positively affects n of the aerosol particles when v is less than 3.65 m s−1. α negatively affects the n of the aerosol particles when v is larger than 3.65 m s−1. The prediction model could accurately predict the n of aerosol particles. This research has a theoretical guiding significance for the formulation process of cleaning strategies for the surface of PV modules.

Study on the Performance of Variable Density Multilayer Insulation in Liquid Hydrogen Temperature Region

The storage of hydrogen is important for the development of hydrogen energy, especially for the storage of liquid hydrogen, which has been receiving more and more attention recently. In order to study the thermal insulation performance of variable-density multilayer insulation (VDMLI) structures under different working conditions at liquid hydrogen temperatures without incorporating a composite structure, we established a heat transfer model based on a layer-by-layer calculation method. Then, we carried out numerical calculations to analyze the influence of the total number of layers, the thermal boundary temperature, and vacuums on the performance of MLI at liquid hydrogen temperatures. To investigate the optimization of variable-density configurations on the thermal insulation performance of VDMLI and to obtain accurate variable-density configurations, we proposed a variable-density configuration method based on the control variable method and the insertion by region method. The results indicate that the optimal variable-density configuration is the insertion of 4 layers of radiation shields in the low-density region, 15 layers in the medium-density region and 38 layers in the high-density region. Compared with a uniform-density structure, the heat flux is reduced by 8.6%.

Simulation Calculation of New Steel Tube Structure based on Vortex-Induced Vibration Control Technology of Steel Tube Tower

This paper proposes a new three-tube structure to replace the original steel tube. The vortex-induced vibration of the three-tube structure is simulated by two-way fluid-structure coupling. With the control variable method, the simulation calculation of multiple groups of three-pipe structures under uniform incoming flow at different wind speeds is carried out. By analyzing the vortex kinetic energy diagram and displacement diagram, the best outer diameter and tube center distance of the three-tube structure to suppress vortex-induced vibration in the leeward direction are obtained. By summarizing the situation of a symmetrical vortex, the conditions of the symmetrical vortex are understood. Then, by comparing the amplitude of the vortex-induced vibration of the original structure with that of the three-tube structure, the three-tube structure is further optimized to obtain a new structural design that can effectively control vortex-induced vibration.

Simulation study of membrane distillation regenerator based on reduced pressure air gap

To reduce the regeneration energy consumption and improve the regeneration effect of liquid desiccant in membrane-based liquid desiccant air conditioning (M-LDAC), this paper combines the widely used Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) and Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) methods, and innovatively proposes a reduced pressure air gap membrane distillation regeneration system, and applies the control variable method to simulate the influencing factors (desiccant temperature, flow rate, and air gap side vacuum) in the system. The results showed that the desiccant temperature and air-gap side vacuum had more influence on the system membrane flux than the flow rate, and the simulation showed that there was an optimal range of vacuum, and the membrane flux reached 12.55 kg/(m2·h) when the desiccant temperature was 90 °C, the flow rate was 0.2 m/s, and the vacuum was 40 Kpa, which increased the membrane flux by 14.8% compared with 10 Kpa. The analysis proves that the use of vacuum on the air gap side can effectively improve the membrane flux, which provides a reference for the optimal design of future liquid desiccant regenerator modules.

Experimental Study on the Performance of Basalt Fiber Modified Pervious Concrete Based on Entropy Method

In order to solve the problem the permeability coefficient and strength of pervious concrete pavement are difficult to coordinate. In this paper, the basalt fiber was incorporated into pervious concrete, and the single factor control variable method was used to carry out the test of basalt fiber modified pervious concrete, and combined with the microstructure image, the influence law of different diameters, lengths, and dosages of basalt fibers on mechanical properties and pervious properties of pervious concrete were studied. The optimal incorporation index of basalt fiber was determined by a new analysis method—the entropy method. Finally, it is concluded that basalt fiber can improve the mechanical and pervious properties of pervious concrete by changing the internal structure of pervious concrete. In addition, when the diameter of basalt fiber increases from 14 μm to 20 μm, the compressive strength of pervious concrete decreases by 17.79%. The splitting tensile strength showed a trend of increasing to decreasing. The porosity and water permeability increased by 2.55% and 48.66%, respectively. When the basalt fiber length increases from 12 mm to 24 mm, the compressive strength of pervious concrete increases by 20.54%, and the splitting tensile strength increases first and then decreases. The porosity and water permeability increased by 6.40% and 57.68%, respectively. When the content of basalt fiber increases from 2 kg/m3 to 6 kg/m3, the compressive strength of pervious concrete decreases by 16.25%. The splitting tensile strength increases by 23.72%. The porosity and permeability decreased by 7.75% and 39.36%, respectively. Finally, the entropy method is used to comprehensively analyze the optimum incorporation indexes of basalt fiber, which can achieve the optimal mechanical properties and water permeability at the same time with, 20 μm in diameter, 24 mm in length, and 2 kg/m3 in dosage, and it provides a reference value for the popularization and application of basalt fiber pervious concrete in practical engineering.

Sensitivity and uncertainties assessment in radiative forcing due to aerosol optical properties in diverse locations in China

Aerosol optical properties play an important role in affecting direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF). However, DARF estimation is still uncertain due to the complexity of aerosol optical properties. Therefore, in this study, the spatiotemporal distributions of aerosol properties and their effects on DARF in China from 2004 to 2020 are investigated using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model. The results show that the aerosol optical parameters vary greatly and change with seasonal regularity, which is greatly affected by human activities. The control variable method was employed on aerosol optical properties for better estimation of DARF. Single scattering albedo (SSA) has the greatest effect on DARF, followed by aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the asymmetric factor (ASY) among the seven examined stations in China. The average DARF decreases by 4.2 % when the SSA increases by 0.3 % but increases by 34.7 % when the SSA decreases by 3 % in mainland China. When the AOD changes from −60 to +60 %, DARF changes from −54.7 % to +58.4 %. The variation in DARF is between −3 % and +3 % when the ASY varies from −30 % to +30 %. The instability in DARF resulted from the complicated and volatile nature of aerosol optical properties in the region; the aerosol optical properties are greatly affected by the aerosol types and relative humidity. The results of this study have important reference significance for understanding the variation of DARF and formulating pollution prevention and control policies in the region.

Robust extended state estimation for nonlinear complex networks with colored noise

In this article, a robust extended state Kalman filter estimation algorithm for nonlinear complex networks is designed, fully considering the state coupling and colored noise among system nodes. The innovative measurement information subtraction method at adjacent moments deals with colored noise, making it more in line to meet engineering requirements. The states information of system nodes is redundant, and the collected data are processed by the quantizer, which greatly reduces the impact of network bandwidth constraints. Based on the bounds of the dynamic change rate of the nonlinear function rather than the bounds of the procedure itself, the upper bound of the error covariance is obtained, and real-time gain optimization is realized. Finally, the rationality and accuracy of the estimator are verified by simulation. According to the control variable method, the effects of the quantization density and quantization level of the quantizer on the stability of system are briefly demonstrated.

System resilience distribution identification and analysis based on performance processes after disruptions.

Resilience is a system's ability to withstand a disruption and return to a normal state quickly. It is a random variable due to the randomness of both the disruption and resilience behavior of a system. The distribution characteristics of resilience are the basis for resilience design and analysis, such as test sample size determination and assessment model selection. In this paper, we propose a systematic resilience distribution identification and analysis (RDIA) method based on a system's performance processes after disruptions. Typical performance degradation/recovery processes have linear, exponential, and trigonometric functions, and they have three key parameters: the maximum performance degradation, the degradation duration, and the recovery duration. Using the Monte Carlo method, these three key parameters are first sampled according to their corresponding probability density functions. Combining the sample results with the given performance function type, the system performance curves after disruptions can be obtained. Then the sample resilience is computed using a deterministic resilience measure and the resilience distribution can be determined through candidate distribution identification, parameter estimation, and a goodness-of-fit test. Finally, we apply our RDIA method to systems with typical performance processes, and both the orthogonal experiment method and the control variable method are used to investigate the resilience distribution laws. The results show that the resilience of these systems follows the Weibull distribution. An end-to-end communication system is also used to explain how to apply this method with simulation or test data in practice.